ʻO ka wāwae (mai ka Lūkini gamba ʻo ia hoʻi he hock o nā holoholona) kahi ʻāpana o ka lālā lalo i waena o ke kuli a me ka kuʻekuʻe wāwae.

Iwi iwi. Hana ʻia ka wāwae i ʻelua mau iwi i hoʻopili ʻia e ka membrane iwi (1):

• ʻo ka tibia, kahi iwi lōʻihi a nui, aia ma ke alo o ka wāwae
• ʻo ka fibula (i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo fibula), kahi iwi lōʻihi a wīwī aia ma hope a ma hope o ka tibia.

Ma ka piko o luna, hoʻolaha ka tibia me ka fibula (a i ʻole fibula) a me ka femur, ka iwi waena o ka ʻūhā, e hana i ke kuli. Ma ka welau o lalo, hoʻopuka ka fibula (a fibula) me ka tibia a me ka talus e hana i ka kuʻekuʻe wāwae.

Nā mākala wāwae. Hana ʻia ka wāwae i ʻekolu mau keʻena i hana ʻia i nā mākala like ʻole (1):

• ke keʻena mua i haku ʻia i nā mākala ʻehā: ʻo ka tibialis mua, ka extensor digitorum longus, ka extensor hallucis longus a me ke kolu o ka fibular
• ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao i haku ʻia i ʻelua mauʻiʻo: ʻo ka mākala longus fibular a me nā mākala pōkole fibular
• ka ʻaoʻao hope i hana ʻia i ʻehiku mau mākala i māhele ʻia i ʻelua mau hui:

  - ke keʻena poʻokela e pili ana i ka mākala plantar a me nā mākala triceps sural, nona nā pūʻulu ʻekolu: ka gastrocnemius ʻaoʻao, ka gastrocnemius waena a me ka mākala lā

  - ke keʻena hohonu i hana ʻia e ka poliphate, ka flexor digitorum longus, ka flexor hallucis longus a me tibialis hope.

ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao a me ka ʻaoʻao hope ma hope loa e hana i ka bipi keiki.

Hāʻawi ke koko i ka wāwae. Hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao mua e nā moku tibial mua, ʻoiai ke keʻena o hope e hāʻawi ʻia e nā moku tibial hope a me nā moku peroneal (1).

Innervation o ka wāwae. ʻO nā keʻena o mua, nā ʻaoʻao a me nā ʻaoʻao hope i hoʻopili ʻia e ka nerve peroneal hohonu, ke aʻa peroneal superficial a me ka nerve tibial. (2)

Ka lawe ʻana o ke kaupaona. Hoʻololi ka wāwae i ke kaumaha mai ka'ūhā a hiki i ka kuʻekuʻe wāwae (3).

Manaʻo kani hōʻeuʻeu. ʻO ke kūkulu a me ke kūlana o ka wāwae e kōkua i ka hiki ke neʻe a mālama i ke kūlana maikaʻi.

ʻEha ma nā wāwae. Hiki i nā kumu o ka ʻeha i ka wāwae ke loli.

• Liona iwi. ʻO kaʻeha nui i ka wāwae e pili ana i ka haki o ka tibia a i ʻole fibula (a fibula).
• Nā pathology iwi. ʻO kaʻeha ma ka wāwae e pili ana i ka maʻi iwi e like me ka osteoporosis.
• Nā maʻi maʻi muscular. Hiki i nā mākala o nā wāwae ke hoʻokau ʻia i ka ʻeha me ka ʻole o ka ʻeha e like me ka cramping ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻeha ʻana i nā mākala e like me ke kanana ʻana a i ʻole ke kanikau ʻana. I nā mākala, hiki i nā kolo ke hoʻonā i ka ʻeha i ka wāwae, keu hoʻi i nā tendinopathies e like me ka tendonitis.
• Nā pathologies Vascular. I ka lawa ʻole o ka venous ma nā wāwae, ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo o nā wāwae kaumaha. Hōʻike ʻia ia e ka ʻūlū ʻana, ke kani a me ka helu ʻana. ʻO nā kumu o nā hōʻailona o ka wāwae kaumaha. I kekahi mau hihia, ʻike ʻia nā ʻōuli ʻē aʻe e like me nā veins varicose ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā veins a i ʻole phlebitis ma muli o ke ʻano o ke kahe o ke koko.
• Nā pathology nerve. Hiki i nā wāwae ke lilo i kahua o nā pathologies hopohopo.

Nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka pathology diagnose, ʻokoʻa nā lāʻau lapaʻau e kauoha ʻia e hōʻemi i ka ʻeha a me ka mumū a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka iwi iwi.

Hōʻailona hōʻailona. I ke ʻano o nā pathologies vascular, hiki i ka compression elastis ke kuhikuhi ʻia e hōʻemi i ka dilation o nā uaua.

Lapaʻau ʻoki kino. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka maʻi maʻi i hōʻike ʻia, hiki ke hana ʻia ke ʻoki.

Hoʻomaʻo Orthopedic. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka haki, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ke kau ʻana i kahi plaster a i ʻole kahi kēpau.

Lapaʻau kino. Hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia nā hoʻoponopono kino, ma o nā papahana hoʻoikaika kino e like me ka physiotherapy a i ʻole ka physiotherapy.

Ninaninau kino. ʻO ka mea mua, hana ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua i mea e nānā a loiloi ai i nā ʻōuli i ʻike ʻia e ka mea maʻi.

Nānā Lapaʻau. I mea e ʻike ai i kekahi mau pathology, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ke koko a me ka mimi e like me, e laʻa me ke ana o ka phosphor a me ka calcium.

ʻImi hoʻokolohua kiʻi. ʻO ka X-ray, CT a i ʻole MRI scintigraphy examinations, a i ʻole ka densitometry iwi no nā pathologies iwi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻoia a hohonu paha i ka ʻike.

ʻO ultrasound Doppler. Hiki i kēia ultrasound kikoʻī ke nānā i ke kahe o ke koko.

I ka 2013, ka New England Journal of Medicine i wehe i kahi ʻatikala e hōʻike ana i nā hana hou o nā bionic prostheses. Ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi kahi hui o nā kānaka noiʻi mai ka Chicago Rehabilitation Institute i kahi wāwae robotic ma kahi mea hoʻomanawanui. Hiki i ka mea hope ke kaohi i kēia wāwae bionic e ka noʻonoʻo. (4)