Nā Paena

ʻO nā protein nā mea kūlohelohe macromolecular i loaʻa i kahi kaulahao o nā waikawa amino i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi paʻa peptide. ʻO ka hana koʻikoʻi o kēia mau pūhui ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hopena kemika i loko o ke kino (enzymatic role). Eia kekahi, hana lākou i ka pale, hormonal, structural, nutritional, energy functions.

Ma ka hoʻolālā, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā protein i maʻalahi (proteins) a me ka paʻakikī (proteids). ʻOkoʻa ka nui o nā koena amino acid i loko o nā molekole: ʻo ka myoglobin he 140, ʻo ka insulin he 51, e wehewehe ana i ke kaumaha molecular kiʻekiʻe o ka pūhui (Mr), mai 10 000 a 3 000 000 Dalton.

He 17% ka nui o ke kaumaha o ke kanaka: 10% he ili, 20% he cartilage, iwi, a he 50% he io. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia ka hana o nā protein a me nā protein i kēia lā, ʻo ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana nerve, ka hiki ke ulu, hana hou i ke kino, ke kahe o nā kaʻina metabolic i ka pae cellular pili pono i ka hana o ka amino. nā ʻakika.

Ka moʻolelo o kaʻike

ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ke aʻo ʻana i nā protein i hoʻomaka ʻia i ke kenekulia XVIII, i ka wā i noiʻi ai kahi pūʻulu ʻepekema i alakaʻi ʻia e ka chemist Farani Antoine Francois de Furcroix i albumin, fibrin, gluten. Ma muli o kēia mau haʻawina, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā protein a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kahi papa ʻokoʻa.

I ka makahiki 1836, no ka manawa mua, ua hāʻawi ʻo Mulder i kahi hoʻohālike hou o ke ʻano kemika o nā protein e pili ana i ka manaʻo o nā radical. Ua ʻae ʻia a hiki i ka makahiki 1850. ʻO ka inoa hou o ka protein - protein - ka mea i loaʻa i ka makahiki 1838. A i ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua ʻike ka ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo A. Kossel i kahi ʻike kupaianaha: ua hōʻea ʻo ia i ka hopena o nā amino acids nā kumu kumu nui o ka. "nā mea kūkulu hale". Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX e ka mea loea Kelemania ʻo Emil Fischer.

I ka makahiki 1926, he kanaka ʻepekema ʻAmelika, ʻo James Sumner, i ka wā o kāna noiʻi ʻana, ua ʻike ʻo ia ka enzyme urease i hana ʻia i loko o ke kino no nā protein. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻike i ka holomua o ka honua o ka ʻepekema a alakaʻi i ka ʻike i ke koʻikoʻi o nā protein no ke ola kanaka. I ka makahiki 1949, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Fred Sanger, kahi kanaka biochemist Pelekane, i ke kaʻina amino acid o ka insulin hormone, i hōʻoia i ka pololei o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana he mau polymers linear o nā waikawa amino nā protein.

I ka makahiki 1960, no ka manawa mua ma ke kumu o ka diffraction X-ray, ua loaʻa nā ʻōnaehana spatial o nā protein i ka pae atomic. Ke hoʻomau nei ke aʻo ʻana o kēia pūhui organika kiʻekiʻe a hiki i kēia lā.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka protein

ʻO nā ʻāpana kumu nui o nā protein he amino acids, aia nā pūʻulu amino (NH2) a me nā koena carboxyl (COOH). I kekahi mau hihia, pili nā radical nitric-hydrogen me nā kalapona kalapona, ka helu a me ka wahi e hoʻoholo ai i nā ʻano kikoʻī o nā mea peptide. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ke kūlana o ke kalapona e pili ana i ka hui amino i ka inoa me kahi prefix kūikawā: alpha, beta, gamma.

No nā protein, hana nā alpha-amino acids ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana hoʻonohonoho, no ka mea, ʻo lākou wale nō, i ka wā e hoʻolōʻihi ai i ke kaulahao polypeptide, hāʻawi i nā ʻāpana protein i ke kūpaʻa a me ka ikaika. Loaʻa nā pūhui o kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻelua: L a me D (koe wale ka glycine). ʻO nā ʻano o ka ʻano mua he ʻāpana o nā protein o nā mea ola i hana ʻia e nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, a ʻo ka ʻano ʻelua he ʻāpana o nā hale o nā peptides i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka synthesis non-ribosomal i loko o nā fungi a me nā bacteria.

Hoʻopili ʻia nā poloka kūkulu o nā protein e kahi paʻa polypeptide, i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i hoʻokahi amino acid i ka carboxyl o kekahi amino acid. ʻO nā hale pōkole ka mea maʻamau i kapa ʻia ʻo peptides a i ʻole oligopeptides (ke kaumaha molekala 3-400 daltons), a me nā mea lōʻihi, aia ma mua o 10 mau amino acids, polypeptides. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, loaʻa i nā kaulahao protein 000 - 50 mau koena amino acid, a i kekahi manawa 100 - 400. Hoʻokumu nā protein i nā hale kikoʻī kikoʻī ma muli o nā pilina intramolecular. Ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau protein conformations.

ʻEhā mau pae o ka hui pūmua:

  1. ʻO ka mea mua he laina laina o nā koena amino acid i hoʻopili pū ʻia e kahi paʻa polypeptide ikaika.
  2. ʻO ka lua - ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻāpana protein i loko o ke ākea a i ʻole ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻana.
  3. Tertiary – he ala o ka hoʻomoe ʻana i kahi kaulahao polypeptide helical, ma ka pelu ʻana i ka hale lua i loko o ka poepoe.
  4. Quaternary - hui pū ʻia (oligomer), i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hui ʻana o kekahi mau kaulahao polypeptide o kahi hoʻolālā tertiary.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka protein i 3 mau pūʻulu:

  • fibrillary;
  • pōʻeleʻele;
  • membrane.

ʻO ke ʻano mua o nā polokina he mau molekole e like me ke kaula i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hana i nā fiber lōʻihi a i ʻole nā ​​hale papa. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā protein fibrillar i hōʻike ʻia e ka ikaika mechanical kiʻekiʻe, hana lākou i nā hana pale a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kino. ʻO nā ʻelele maʻamau o kēia mau protein he keratins lauoho a me nā collagens kiko.

Hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā kaulahao polypeptide i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano ellipsoidal paʻa. ʻO kēia nā enzymes, nā mea lawe koko, a me nā protein kiko.

ʻO nā pūhui membrane nā hale polypeptide i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka pūpū o nā organelles cell. Ke hana nei kēia mau pūhui i ka hana o nā mea loaʻa, e hele ana i nā molekala pono a me nā hōʻailona kikoʻī ma o ka ʻili.

I kēia lā, nui nā ʻano protein, i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka nui o nā koena amino acid i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o lākou, ke ʻano spatial a me ke ʻano o ko lākou wahi.

Eia nō naʻe, no ka hana maʻamau o ke kino, he 20 alpha-amino acid wale nō o ka L-series e koi ʻia, 8 o ia mau mea ʻaʻole i synthesized e ke kino kanaka.

Nā waiwai o ke kino a me ka kemika

ʻO ka hoʻolālā spatial a me ka hoʻohuihui amino acid o kēlā me kēia protein e hoʻoholo i kona ʻano physicochemical waiwai.

ʻO nā paʻakai nā mea paʻa e hana i nā hāʻina colloidal i ka wā e launa pū ai me ka wai. I loko o nā emulsion aqueous, aia nā protein i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, no ka mea, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana me nā pūʻulu polar a me ionic (–NH2, –SH, –COOH, –OH). ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o kahi molekele protein e pili ana i ka ratio o ka carboxyl (-COOH), nā koena amine (NH) a me ka pH o ka mea waena. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā waikawa amino dicarboxylic (glutamic a me aspartic) i ke ʻano o nā protein o ka holoholona, ​​​​e hoʻoholo ai i ko lākou hiki ʻole i nā hopena wai.

Aia kekahi mau mea i ka nui o ka diamino acids (histidine, lysine, arginine), ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā wai e like me nā cations protein. I loko o nā hāʻina wai, paʻa ka pūhui ma muli o ka hoʻokuke ʻana o nā ʻāpana me nā uku like. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pH o ke kikowaena e komo i kahi hoʻololi quantitative o nā pūʻulu ionized i loko o ka protein.

I loko o kahi ʻakika, hoʻopau ʻia ka decomposition o nā pūʻulu carboxyl, e alakaʻi ana i ka emi ʻana o ka hiki ʻole o ka ʻāpana protein. I ka alkali, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e lohi ka ionization o nā koena amine, ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka uku maikaʻi o ka protein.

I kekahi pH, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo isoelectric point, alkaline dissociation e like me ka acidic, ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana a me ka precipitate nā ʻāpana protein. No ka hapa nui o nā peptides, aia kēia waiwai i loko o kahi wahi ʻakika iki. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā hale me ka mana nui o nā waiwai alkaline. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā protein i loko o kahi ʻakika, a ʻo kahi hapa liʻiliʻi i kahi alkaline.

Ma ka helu isoelectric, ʻaʻole paʻa nā proteins i ka hoʻonā a, ma muli o ka hopena, coagulate maʻalahi ke wela. Ke hoʻohui ʻia ka waikawa a i ʻole ka alkali i ka protein precipitated, e hoʻopiha hou ʻia nā molekala, a laila hemo hou ka pūhui. Eia nō naʻe, mālama nā proteins i ko lākou mau ʻano ʻano ma kekahi mau ʻāpana pH o ka waena. Inā hoʻopau ʻia nā mea paʻa e paʻa ana i ka hoʻolālā spatial o ka protein, a laila ua deformed ka conformation kauoha o ka mea, ma muli o ka lawe ʻana o ka mole i ke ʻano o kahi coil chaotic random. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano he denaturation.

ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana i nā waiwai o ka protein e alakaʻi i ka hopena o nā mea kemika a me ke kino: ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ka ultraviolet irradiation, ka haʻalulu ikaika, ka hui pūʻana me nā protein precipitants. Ma muli o ka denaturation, nalowale ka ʻāpana i kāna hana olaola, ʻaʻole i hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā waiwai i nalowale.

Hāʻawi ka protein i ke kala i ka wā o nā hopena hydrolysis. Ke hui pū ʻia ka hopena peptide me ka keleawe sulfate a me ka alkali, ʻike ʻia kahi kala lilac (biuret reaction), i ka wā e wela ai nā protein i loko o ka waikawa nitric - kahi ʻulaʻula melemele (xantoprotein reaction), i ka wā e launa pū ai me kahi solution nitrate o ka mercury - kala raspberry (Milon). pane). Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau haʻawina e ʻike i nā ʻano protein o nā ʻano like ʻole.

ʻO nā ʻano protein hiki ke hoʻohui i ke kino

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka waiwai o nā waikawa amino no ke kino kanaka. Hana lākou i ka hana o nā neurotransmitters, pono lākou no ka hana kūpono o ka lolo, hāʻawi i ka ikehu i nā ʻiʻo, a mālama i ka lawa o ka hana o kā lākou mau hana me nā huaora a me nā minela.

ʻO ka mea nui o ka pilina e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomohala maʻamau a me ka hana o ke kino. Hoʻopuka nā amino acids i nā enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin, antibodies. ʻO ka synthesis o nā protein i loko o nā mea ola e mau ana.

Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia kaʻina hana inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa i hoʻokahi ʻakika amino pono nā cell. ʻO ka hōʻino ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā protein e alakaʻi i nā maʻi digestive, ka ulu lohi, psycho-emotional instability.

Hoʻohui ʻia ka hapa nui o nā amino acids i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka i loko o ke ake. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā pūhui e pono e hele mai i kēlā me kēia lā me ka meaʻai.

ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā amino acids i nā ʻāpana aʻe:

  • hiki ʻole ke pani ʻia;
  • semi-replaceable;
  • hiki ke pani.

He mau hana kiko'ī ko kēlā me kēia hui o nā mea. E noʻonoʻo pono iā lākou.

Nā Pono ʻAkino Pono

ʻAʻole hiki i ke kanaka ke hana i nā pūhui organik o kēia hui iā ia iho, akā pono lākou e mālama i kona ola.

No laila, ua loaʻa i kēlā mau amino acid ka inoa "pono" a pono e hoʻolako mau ʻia mai waho me ka meaʻai. ʻAʻole hiki ke hana ʻia ka protein me ka ʻole o kēia mea hale. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ka nele o ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi pūhui e alakaʻi i nā maʻi metabolic, ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻiʻo, ke kaumaha o ke kino, a me ka pau ʻana o ka hana protein.

ʻO nā amino acids koʻikoʻi no ke kino o ke kanaka, no ka poʻe haʻuki a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi.

  1. ʻO Valin. He mea ia o ka branched chain protein (BCAA). Pono ka Valine no ke kahe ʻana o ka metabolism muscle, ka hana noʻonoʻo maʻamau. Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa lapaʻau i hui pū ʻia me ka leucine, isoleucine no ka mālama ʻana i ka lolo, ate, ʻeha ma muli o ka lāʻau, ka waiʻona a i ʻole ka ʻona o ke kino.
  2. Leucine a me Isoleucine. E ho'ēmi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka glucose i ke koko, e pale i ka ʻiʻo ʻiʻo, e puhi i ka momona, e lawelawe ma ke ʻano he catalysts no ka synthesis o ka hormone ulu, hoʻihoʻi i ka ʻili a me nā iwi. ʻO Leucine, e like me valine, pili i nā kaʻina hana hoʻolako ikehu, he mea nui loa ia no ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻomanawanui o ke kino i ka wā hoʻoikaika kino. Eia kekahi, pono ka isoleucine no ka synthesis o ka hemoglobin.
  3. Threonine. Kāohi ia i ka degeneration momona o ke ake, komo i ka protein a me ka momona metabolism, ka synthesis o collagen, elastane, ka hana ʻana o ka iwi iwi (enamel). Hoʻonui ka amino acid i ka pale ʻana, ka maʻalahi o ke kino i nā maʻi ARVI. Loaʻa ʻo Threonine i loko o nā ʻiʻo iwi, ʻo ke kikowaena o ka ʻōnaehana, ka puʻuwai, e kākoʻo ana i kā lākou hana.
  4. Methionine. Hoʻomaikaʻi ia i ka digestion, komo i ka hana ʻana i nā momona, pale i ke kino mai nā hopena ʻino o ka radiation, hoʻemi i nā hōʻike o ka toxicosis i ka wā hāpai, a hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i ka maʻi rheumatoid. Hoʻopili ka amino acid i ka hana ʻana o ka taurine, cysteine, glutathione, ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale a wehe i nā mea ʻawaʻawa mai ke kino. Kōkua ka Methionine e hoʻemi i nā pae histamine i loko o nā cell i nā poʻe me nā allergies.
  5. Tryptophan. Hoʻoulu i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka hormone ulu, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiamoe, hoʻemi i nā hopena ʻino o ka nicotine, hoʻopaʻa i ke ʻano, hoʻohana ʻia no ka synthesis o serotonin. Hiki i ka tryptophan i loko o ke kino kanaka ke lilo i niacin.
  6. ʻO Lysine. Hoʻokomo i ka hana ʻana o albumins, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, tissue repair and collagen formation. ʻO kēia amino acid kahi ʻāpana o nā protein āpau a pono e hōʻemi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka triglycerides i ke koko serum, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka iwi maʻamau, ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana o ka calcium a me ka mānoanoa o ka hoʻolālā lauoho. He hopena antiviral ʻo Lysine, ke kāohi nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā maʻi hanu a me nā herpes. Hoʻonui ia i ka ikaika o ka ʻiʻo, kākoʻo i ka metabolism nitrogen, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomanaʻo pōkole, kūkulu, libido. Mahalo i kāna mau waiwai maikaʻi, kōkua ka 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid i ka mālama ʻana i ka naʻau, pale i ka ulu ʻana o ka atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, a me nā herpes genital. ʻO Lysine i hui pū ʻia me ka huaʻa C, proline e pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā lipoproteins, ka mea e hoʻopiʻi ai i nā aʻa a alakaʻi i nā pathologies cardiovascular.
  7. Phenylalanine. Hoʻopau i ka ʻai, hoʻemi i ka ʻeha, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano, hoʻomanaʻo. I loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, hiki i ka phenylalanine ke hoʻololi i loko o ka amino acid tyrosine, he mea nui ia no ka synthesis o nā neurotransmitters (dopamine a me norepinephrine). Ma muli o ka hiki o ka pūhui ke hele i ka pale koko-lolo, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e mālama i nā maʻi neurological. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka amino acid e hakakā i ka foci keʻokeʻo o ka depigmentation ma ka ʻili (vitiligo), schizophrenia, a me ka maʻi o Parkinson.

ʻO ka nele o nā amino acids pono i ke kino o ke kanaka e alakaʻi i:

  • hoʻoulu ulu;
  • ka hōʻino i ka biosynthesis o ka cysteine, nā protein, ka puʻupaʻa, ka thyroid, ka ʻōnaehana nerve;
  • dementia;
  • Kaumaha emi;
  • phenylketonuria;
  • ho'ēmi i ka palekana a me ka pae hemoglobin koko;
  • pilikia hoʻonohonoho.

I ka pāʻani ʻana i nā haʻuki, ʻo ka hemahema o nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā i luna e hōʻemi i ka hana haʻuki, e hoʻonui ana i ka pōʻino.

Nā Puna Meaʻai o nā Akina Amino Pono

Papa No. 1 "Nā meaʻai waiwai i nā protein pono"
inoa huahana
ʻO ka ʻike amino no 100 grams o ka huahana, grams
tryptophanekoluIsoleucineleucine
'A'ole pa'akai0,170,5960,6251,17
ʻO Hazelnut0,1930,4970,5451,063
'alemona0,2140,5980,7021,488
Mele0,2870,6880,7891,472
ʻO Fistashki0,2710,6670,8931,542
Peanut0,250,8830,9071,672
Nut nut Palakila0,1410,3620,5161,155
Nihi hua paina0,1070,370,5420,991
Coconut0,0390,1210,1310,247
ʻO nā hua'ōleʻa0,3480,9281,1391,659
kaʻuala na anoano0,5760,9981,12812,419
ʻO nā hua fllax0,2970,7660,8961,235
Nā mea kanu Sesame0,330,730,751,5
Nā hua ʻōpala0,1840,6860,8191,321
Lentil maloʻo0,2320,9241,1161,871
ʻO ka mung pī maloʻo0,260,7821,0081,847
ʻO ka moa maloʻo0,1850,7160,8281,374
Piʻi ʻōmaʻomaʻo maka0,0370,2030,1950,323
Soy maloʻo0,5911,7661,9713,309
tofu maka0,1260,330,40,614
Tofu paʻakikī0,1980,5170,6280,963
Tofu palai0,2680,7010,8521,306
ʻO Okara0,050,0310,1590,244
Tempe0,1940,7960,881,43
Natto0,2230,8130,9311,509
Miso0,1550,4790,5080,82
Nā pīni ʻeleʻele0,2560,9090,9541,725
ʻO nā piʻa ʻulaʻula0,2790,9921,0411,882
Piʻi ʻulaʻula0,2480,8820,9251,673
Piʻi ʻike0,2370,810,8711,558
ʻO nā pīpī keʻokeʻo0,2770,9831,0311,865
Nā pīni kaula0,2230,7920,8311,502
Ulu ka palaoa0,1150,2540,2870,507
ʻO ka palaoa palaoa holoʻokoʻa0,1740,3670,4430,898
nulu'Īkalia0,1880,3920,570,999
Palaoa palaoa holoʻokoʻa0,1220,2480,3140,574
Palaoa Rye0,0960,2550,3190,579
Oats (flakes)0,1820,3820,5030,98
Paʻa keʻokeʻo0,0770,2360,2850,546
Laiki palaunu0,0960,2750,3180,62
Laiki ʻāhiu0,1790,4690,6181,018
ʻōmaʻomaʻo Buckwheat0,1920,5060,4980,832
Palaoa palai0,170,4480,4410,736
Millet (palaoa)0,1190,3530,4651,4
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka bale0,1650,3370,3620,673
Kuna paila0,0230,1290,1290,348
waiū pipi0,040,1340,1630,299
Waiū hipa0,0840,2680,3380,587
Hōʻailona0,1470,50,5911,116
Kūʻai Swiss0,4011,0381,5372,959
tī lika0,320,8861,5462,385
ʻO ka moʻo Mozzarella0,5150,9831,1351,826
hua0,1670,5560,6411,086
Pipi (filet)0,1761,071,2192,131
puaʻa (ham)0,2450,9410,9181,697
ʻOhi0,2570,9221,1251,653
Kuleke0,3111,2271,4092,184
Tuna keʻokeʻo0,2971,1631,2232,156
Salmon, salmon0,2480,9691,0181,796
Trout, Mikizha0,2791,0921,1482,025
ʻAla ʻAkelanika0,1590,6220,6541,153
Ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka papa helu 1 "Nā huahana waiwai i nā protein pono"
inoa huahana
ʻO ka ʻike amino no 100 grams o ka huahana, grams
lysinemethioninephenylalaninevaline
'A'ole pa'akai0,4240,2360,7110,753
ʻO Hazelnut0,420,2210,6630,701
'alemona0,580,1511,120,817
Mele0,9280,3620,9511,094
ʻO Fistashki1,1420,3351,0541,23
Peanut0,9260,3171,3371,082
Nut nut Palakila0,4921,0080,630,756
Nihi hua paina0,540,2590,5240,687
Coconut0,1470,0620,1690,202
ʻO nā hua'ōleʻa0,9370,4941,1691,315
kaʻuala na anoano1,2360,6031,7331,579
ʻO nā hua fllax0,8620,370,9571,072
Nā mea kanu Sesame0,650,880,940,98
Nā hua ʻōpala0,9520,5020,7581,095
Lentil maloʻo1,8020,221,2731,281
ʻO ka mung pī maloʻo1,6640,2861,4431,237
ʻO ka moa maloʻo1,2910,2531,0340,809
Piʻi ʻōmaʻomaʻo maka0,3170,0820,20,235
Soy maloʻo2,7060,5472,1222,029
tofu maka0,5320,1030,3930,408
Tofu paʻakikī0,8350,1620,6170,64
Tofu palai1,1310,220,8370,867
ʻO Okara0,2120,0410,1570,162
Tempe0,9080,1750,8930,92
Natto1,1450,2080,9411,018
Miso0,4780,1290,4860,547
Nā pīni ʻeleʻele1,4830,3251,1681,13
ʻO nā piʻa ʻulaʻula1,6180,3551,2751,233
Piʻi ʻulaʻula1,4380,3151,1331,096
Piʻi ʻike1,3560,2591,0950,998
ʻO nā pīpī keʻokeʻo1,6030,3511,2631,222
Nā pīni kaula1,2910,2831,0170,984
Ulu ka palaoa0,2450,1160,350,361
ʻO ka palaoa palaoa holoʻokoʻa0,3590,2280,6820,564
nulu'Īkalia0,3240,2360,7280,635
Palaoa palaoa holoʻokoʻa0,2440,1360,4030,375
Palaoa Rye0,2330,1390,4110,379
Oats (flakes)0,6370,2070,6650,688
Paʻa keʻokeʻo0,2390,1550,3530,403
Laiki palaunu0,2860,1690,3870,44
Laiki ʻāhiu0,6290,4380,7210,858
ʻōmaʻomaʻo Buckwheat0,6720,1720,520,678
Palaoa palai0,5950,1530,4630,6
Millet (palaoa)0,2120,2210,580,578
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka bale0,3690,190,5560,486
Kuna paila0,1370,0670,150,182
waiū pipi0,2640,0830,1630,206
Waiū hipa0,5130,1550,2840,448
Hōʻailona0,9340,2690,5770,748
Kūʻai Swiss2,5850,7841,6622,139
tī lika2,0720,6521,3111,663
ʻO ka moʻo Mozzarella0,9650,5151,0111,322
hua0,9120,380,680,858
Pipi (filet)2,2640,6981,0581,329
puaʻa (ham)1,8250,5510,9220,941
ʻOhi1,7650,5910,8991,1
Kuleke2,5570,791,11,464
Tuna keʻokeʻo2,4370,7851,0361,367
Salmon, salmon2,030,6540,8631,139
Trout, Mikizha2,2870,7380,9731,283
ʻAla ʻAkelanika1,3030,420,5540,731

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka papa ʻaina i ka ʻikepili i lawe ʻia mai ka United States Agricultural Library - USA National Nutrient Database.

Semi-replaceable

Hiki ke hana ʻia e ke kino nā mea hoʻohui i kēia ʻāpana inā hāʻawi ʻia lākou me ka meaʻai. Ke hana nei kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻakika semi-essential i nā hana kikoʻī ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia.

E noʻonoʻo i kā lākou ʻano.

  1. Arginine. ʻO ia kekahi o nā waikawa amino nui loa i ke kino o ke kanaka. Hoʻoikaika ia i ka ho'ōla ʻana o nā ʻiʻo i hōʻino ʻia, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā pae cholesterol a pono e mālama i ke olakino o ka ʻili, nā ʻiʻo, nā ʻāʻī, a me ke ake. Hoʻonuiʻo Arginine i ke kūkuluʻiaʻana o nā T-lymphocytes, ka mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka pūnaewele immune, e hana i mea pale, e pale ana i ka hoʻokomoʻana i nā pathogens. Eia kekahi, hoʻoikaika ka amino acid i ka detoxification o ke akepaʻa, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke koko, hoʻolohi i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi koko, pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā clots koko, hoʻonui i ka potency a hoʻonui i nā kīʻaha koko. Hoʻokomo ʻia i ka metabolism nitrogen, creatine synthesis a hōʻike ʻia no ka poʻe makemake e lilo i ke kaumaha a loaʻa ka nui o ka ʻiʻo. Loaʻa ka arginine i ka wai seminal, ka ʻiʻo pili o ka ʻili a me ka hemoglobin. ʻO ka hemahema o ka pūhui i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka he mea weliweli ia no ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi diabetes mellitus, infertility i nā kāne, lohi i ka wā ʻōpio, hypertension, a me ka immunodeficiency. Nā kumu kūlohelohe o ka arginine: kokoleka, niu, gelatin, ʻiʻo, waiu, wōnati, palaoa, oats, pīni, soy.
  2. Histidine. Aia i loko o nā ʻiʻo a pau o ke kino kanaka, nā enzymes. Ke komo nei i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻike ma waena o ka ʻōnaehana kikowaena waena a me nā keʻena peripheral. Pono ka histidine no ka hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka wai ʻōpū me kona komo ʻana. Eia kekahi, pale ka waiwai i ka hiki ʻana o ka autoimmune, nā hopena allergy. ʻO ka nele o kahi ʻāpana ke kumu o ka nalo ʻana o ka lohe, hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka ulu ʻana o ka rheumatoid arthritis. Loaʻa ka histidine i nā cereals (raiki, palaoa), nā meaʻai waiū, a me ka ʻiʻo.
  3. Tirosine. Hoʻoulu i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā neurotransmitters, hoʻemi i ka ʻeha o ka wā premenstrual, kōkua i ka hana maʻamau o ke kino holoʻokoʻa, hana ma ke ʻano he antidepressant kūlohelohe. Hoʻemi ka amino acid i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā lāʻau narcotic, caffeine, kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻai a lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea mua no ka hana ʻana o dopamine, thyroxine, epinephrine. I loko o ka protein synthesis, hoʻololi hapa ʻo tyrosine i ka phenylalanine. Eia kekahi, pono ia no ka synthesis o nā hormones thyroid. ʻO ka nele o ka amino acid e hoʻolōʻihi i nā kaʻina metabolic, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke koko, hoʻonui i ka luhi. Loaʻa ʻo Tyrosine i nā ʻanoʻano paukena, ʻalemona, oatmeal, pīkī, iʻa, avocados, soybeans.
  4. Cystine. Loaʻa ia i loko o ka beta-keratin - ke kumu nui o ka protein o ka lauoho, nā pā kui, ka ʻili. Hoʻopili ʻia ka waikawa amino e like me ka N-acetyl cysteine ​​​​a hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuhū o ka mea puhi, ka haʻalulu septic, ka maʻi kanesa, a me ka bronchitis. Mālama ʻo Cystine i ke ʻano tertiary o nā peptides, proteins, a hana pū kekahi ma ke ʻano he antioxidant ikaika. Hoʻopaʻa ia i nā radical manuahi luku, nā metala ʻona, pale i nā cell mai nā x-ray a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka radiation. ʻO ka amino acid kahi ʻāpana o ka somatostatin, insulin, immunoglobulin. Hiki ke loaʻa iā Cystine mai kēia mau meaʻai: broccoli, aniani, hua ʻai, hua manu, kālika, ʻulaʻula.

ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa o nā waikawa amino semi-essential ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ke kino e hana i nā protein ma mua o ka methionine, phenylalanine.

Hoʻololi

Hiki i ke kino o ke kanaka ke hana kuokoa i na hui kino o keia papa, e uhi ana i ka pono o na kino a me na nenoai o loko. Hoʻopili ʻia nā waikawa amino i hoʻololi ʻia mai nā huahana metabolic a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka nitrogen. No ka hoʻopiha i ka maʻamau o kēlā me kēia lā, pono lākou i kēlā me kēia lā i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā protein me ka meaʻai.

E noʻonoʻo i nā mea i pili i kēia ʻāpana:

  1. ʻAlanine. Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka ikehu, hoʻoneʻe i nā toxins mai ke akepaʻa, hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka glucose. Kāohi i ka haki ʻana o ka ʻiʻo ʻiʻo ma muli o ke kaʻina alanine, i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia ʻano: glucose - pyruvate - alanine - pyruvate - glucose. Mahalo i kēia mau hopena, hoʻonui ka mea kūkulu hale o ka protein i nā mālama ikehu, e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o nā cell. Hoʻopau ʻia ka nui o ka nitrogen i ka pōʻai alanine mai ke kino i ka mimi. Eia kekahi, hoʻoulu ka mea i ka hana o nā antibodies, e hōʻoia i ka metabolism o nā waikawa, nā sugars a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana. Nā kumu o ka alanine: nā huahana waiu, avocados, ʻiʻo, moa, hua manu, iʻa.
  2. ʻO Glycine. Hoʻokomo ʻia i ka kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, ka hormone synthesis, hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka creatine i loko o ke kino, hāpai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka glucose i ka ikehu. ʻO Collagen he 30% glycine. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ke kelepona me ka ʻole o ke komo ʻana o kēia pūhui. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ināʻeha nāʻiʻo, me kaʻole o ka glycine,ʻaʻole hiki i ke kino o ke kanaka ke ho'ōla i nāʻeha. ʻO nā kumu o nā waikawa amino: ka waiū, ka pī, ka paʻakai, ka iʻa, ka ʻiʻo.
  3. Glutamine. Ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hui organik i ka glutamic acid, komo ia i ka pale koko-lolo a hana i wahie no ka lolo e hana. Hoʻopau ka amino acid i nā toxins mai ke akepaʻa, hoʻonui i nā pae GABA, mālama i ka leo ʻiʻo, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka noʻonoʻo, a komo i ka hana o nā lymphocytes. Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau L-glutamine i ka bodybuilding e pale i ka haki ʻana o ka ʻiʻo ma o ka lawe ʻana i ka nitrogen i nā kino, ka wehe ʻana i ka amonia ʻona a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hale kūʻai glycogen. Hoʻohana ʻia ka waiwai e hoʻomaha i nā hōʻailona o ka luhi mau loa, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka naʻau, mālama i ka rheumatoid arthritis, peptic ulcer, alcoholism, impotence, scleroderma. ʻO nā alakaʻi i ka ʻike o ka glutamine he pāpaʻi a me ka spinach.
  4. Carnitine. Hoʻopaʻa a wehe i nā ʻakika momona mai ke kino. Hoʻonui ka amino acid i ka hana o nā huaora E, C, hoʻemi i ke kaumaha nui, hoʻemi i ka ukana ma ka puʻuwai. I loko o ke kino kanaka, hana ʻia ka carnitine mai ka glutamine a me ka methionine i loko o ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa. ʻO ia o nā ʻano like ʻole: D a me L. ʻO ka waiwai nui loa no ke kino ʻo L-carnitine, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka permeability o nā membrane cell no nā momona momona. No laila, hoʻonui ka amino acid i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lipids, hoʻolohi i ka synthesis o nā molekala triglyceride i loko o ka waihona momona subcutaneous. Ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i ka carnitine, hoʻonui ka lipid oxidation, hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana o ka nalowale ʻana o ke kiko adipose, i hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ikehu i mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano o ATP. Hoʻonui ka L-carnitine i ka hana ʻana o ka lecithin i loko o ke ake, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā pae cholesterol, a pale i ke ʻano o nā plaque atherosclerotic. ʻOiai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole pili kēia amino acid i ka ʻāpana o nā pūhui koʻikoʻi, ʻo ka hoʻohana maʻamau o ka mea e pale ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā pathologies naʻau a hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokō i ka lōʻihi o ka ola. E hoʻomanaʻo, e emi ana ke kiʻekiʻe o ka carnitine me ka makahiki, no laila e hoʻokomo mua ka poʻe ʻelemakule i kā lākou meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā. Eia kekahi, hoʻohui ʻia ka hapa nui o ka waiwai mai nā huaora C, B6, methionine, hao, lysine. ʻO ka nele o kekahi o kēia mau pūhui ke kumu o ka nele o L-carnitine i ke kino. ʻO nā kumu kūlohelohe o nā amino acids: ka moa, nā yolks hua manu, ka paukena, nā kumulāʻau sesame, ke keiki hipa, ka cheese cottage, kaʻaila kawa.
  5. Asparagine. Pono no ka synthesis o ka amonia, ka hana kūpono o ka ʻōnaehana nerve. Loaʻa ka amino acid i nā huahana waiū, asparagus, whey, hua manu, iʻa, nati, ʻuala, ʻiʻo moa.
  6. ʻakika Aspartic. Hoʻokomo i ka synthesis o arginine, lysine, isoleucine, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi wahie honua no ke kino - adenosine triphosphate (ATP), e hāʻawi i ka ikehu no nā kaʻina intracellular. Hoʻoulu ka aspartic acid i ka hana ʻana o nā neurotransmitters, hoʻonui i ka neʻe o ka nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), pono ia e mālama i ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana nerve a me ka lolo. Hoʻohui ʻia ka pūhui ma ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kona neʻe ʻana i loko o nā cell ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā huahana aʻe i ka meaʻai: ke kō, ka waiū, ka pipi, ka ʻiʻo moa.
  7. Glutamic acid. ʻO ia ka neurotransmitter excitatory koʻikoʻi i loko o ke kuamoʻo. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hui organik i ka neʻe ʻana o ka potassium ma waena o ka pale koko-lolo i loko o ka wai cerebrospinal a he hana nui i ka metabolism o nā triglycerides. Hiki i ka lolo ke hoʻohana i ka glutamate i wahie. Hoʻonui ka pono o ke kino no ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā waikawa amino me ka epilepsy, ke kaumaha, ke ʻano o ka lauoho hina mua (a hiki i 30 mau makahiki), nā maʻi o ka ʻōnaehana nerve. Nā kumu kūlohelohe o ka glutamic acid: walnuts, tōmato, haloo, iʻa, iʻa, yogurt, cheese, hua maloʻo.
  8. Hoʻoulu ʻo Proline i ka synthesis collagen, pono no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ʻiʻo cartilage, e hoʻolalelale i nā hana ho'ōla. Nā kumu proline: nā hua, ka waiū, ka ʻiʻo. Manaʻo ʻia nā mea kanu e lawe i kahi amino acid me nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai.
  9. ʻo Serin. Hoʻoponopono i ka nui o ka cortisol i loko o ka ʻiʻo ʻiʻo, komo i ka synthesis o nā antibodies, immunoglobulins, serotonin, hoʻoikaika i ka absorption o ka creatine, pāʻani i ka hana i ka metabolism momona. Kākoʻo ʻo Serine i ka hana maʻamau o ka ʻōnaehana nūnū waena. ʻO nā kumu meaʻai nui o nā waikawa amino: cauliflower, broccoli, nati, hua manu, waiū, soybeans, koumiss, pipi, palaoa, pīkī, ʻiʻo moa.

No laila, komo nā amino acids i ka hana o nā hana koʻikoʻi a pau i ke kino o ke kanaka. Ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai meaʻai, ʻōlelo ʻia e kūkākūkā me kahi loea. ʻOiai ʻo ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau o nā waikawa amino, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia he palekana, akā hiki ke hoʻonui i nā pilikia olakino huna.

Nā ʻano protein ma ke kumu

I kēia lā, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano protein: hua manu, whey, mea kanu, ʻiʻo, iʻa.

E noʻonoʻo i ka wehewehe ʻana o kēlā me kēia.

  1. Huamoa. Manaʻo ʻia ka benchmark ma waena o nā protein, ua helu ʻia nā protein ʻē aʻe āpau e pili ana iā ia no ka mea ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka digestibility. ʻO ka haku mele ʻana o ka yolk e pili ana i ka ovomucoid, ovomucin, lysocin, albumin, ovoglobulin, coalbumin, avidin, a me albumin ka mea protein. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia nā hua moa maka no ka poʻe me nā maʻi ʻeha. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi inhibitor o ka trypsin enzyme, kahi e hoʻolōʻihi ai i ka ʻai ʻana o ka meaʻai, a me ka protein avidin, ka mea e hoʻopili ai i ka vitamina H. ʻAʻole i hoʻopili ʻia ka hui hopena e ke kino a hoʻokuʻu ʻia. No laila, koi nā meaʻai meaʻai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hua keʻokeʻo ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai i ka meaʻai mai ka biotin-avidin complex a hoʻopau i ka trypsin inhibitor. ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o kēia ʻano protein: he awelika absorption rate (9 grams i kēlā me kēia hola), kiʻekiʻe amino acid composition, kōkua e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o ke kino. ʻO nā pōʻino ʻole o ka protein hua moa me ko lākou kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka allergenicity.
  2. waiu waiu. Loaʻa i nā protein i kēia māhele ka helu haʻihaʻi kiʻekiʻe loa (10-12 grams i kēlā me kēia hola) ma waena o nā protein holoʻokoʻa. Ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i nā huahana e pili ana i ka whey, i loko o ka hola mua, piʻi nui ka pae o nā peptides a me nā waikawa amino i ke koko. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole e loli ka hana waikawa o ka ʻōpū, kahi e hoʻopau ai i ka hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ke kinoea a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kaʻina hana digestive. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻiʻo ʻiʻo o ke kanaka e pili ana i ka ʻike o nā amino acids pono (valine, leucine a me isoleucine) kahi kokoke loa i ka hui ʻana o nā protein whey. ʻO kēia ʻano protein e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka cholesterol, hoʻonui i ka nui o ka glutathione, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e pili ana i nā ʻano amino acids. ʻO ka hemahema nui o ka protein whey ʻo ia ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka pūhui, kahi e pono ai ke lawe ʻia ma mua a ma hope koke o ke aʻo ʻana. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka protein ʻo ia ka whey momona i loaʻa i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i nā cheese rennet. Hoʻokaʻawale i ka concentrate, hoʻokaʻawale, whey protein hydrolyzate, casein. ʻO ka mua o nā ʻano i loaʻa ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a loaʻa nā momona, lactose, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka hana kinoea. ʻO ka pae protein i loko o ia mea he 35-70%. No kēia kumu, ʻo ka whey protein concentrate ke ʻano haʻahaʻa loa o ka hale kūkulu hale i nā pōʻai meaʻai haʻuki. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale kahi huahana me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, loaʻa iā ia he 95% mau hapa protein. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻopunipuni nā mea hana hewa i kekahi manawa ma ka hoʻolako ʻana i kahi hui o ka hoʻokaʻawale, concentrate, hydrolyzate e like me ka protein whey. No laila, pono e nānā pono ʻia ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻohui, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai ka mea hoʻokahi. ʻO Hydrolyzate ke ʻano pipiʻi loa o ka protein whey, ua mākaukau no ka hoʻopili koke ʻana a komo koke i ka ʻiʻo ʻiʻo. ʻO Casein, i ka wā i komo ai i loko o ka ʻōpū, e lilo ia i clot, e hoʻokaʻawale no ka manawa lōʻihi (4-6 grams i kēlā me kēia hola). Ma muli o kēia waiwai, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka protein i loko o nā ʻano pēpē pēpē, no ka mea, komo i ke kino me ka paʻa a me ke kaulike, ʻoiai ke kahe ikaika o nā amino acids e alakaʻi i nā deviations i ka ulu ʻana o ka pēpē.
  3. Huaʻai. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻopiha ʻia nā protein i loko o ia mau huahana, i ka hui pū ʻana me kekahi i kekahi e hana lākou i kahi protein piha (ʻo ka hui maikaʻi loa he legumes + grains). ʻO nā mea hoʻolako nui o nā mea kanu o ka mea kanu nā huahana soy e hakakā ana i ka osteoporosis, saturate i ke kino me nā huaora E, B, phosphorus, iron, potassium, zinc. Ke ʻai ʻia, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka protein soy i nā pae cholesterol, hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka prostate, a hoʻemi i ka hopena o ka ulu ʻana o nā neoplasms malignant i ka umauma. Hōʻike ʻia ia no nā poʻe me ka intolerance i nā huahana dairy. No ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui, hoʻohana ʻia ka soy isolate (loaʻa ka 90% protein), ka soy concentrate (70%), ka palaoa soy (50%). ʻO ka helu o ka lawe ʻana i ka protein he 4 grams i kēlā me kēia hola. ʻO nā hemahema o ka waikawa amino: ka hana estrogenic (ma muli o kēia, ʻaʻole pono e lawe ʻia ka pūhui e nā kāne i nā ʻano nui, no ka mea hiki ke hana ʻia ka hānau ʻana), ka hele ʻana o trypsin, ka mea e hoʻolohi i ka digestion. Nā mea kanu i loaʻa nā phytoestrogens (nā pūhui non-steroidal e like me ke ʻano o nā hormones wahine): flax, licorice, hops, clover ʻulaʻula, alfalfa, hua waina ʻulaʻula. Loaʻa ka protein i nā mea kanu a me nā huaʻai (kāpeti, pomegerane, ʻapala, kāloti), cereals a me nā legumes (raiki, alfalfa, lentils, hua flax, oats, palaoa, soy, bale), inu (beer, bourbon). Hoʻohana pinepine i nā haʻuki Hoʻohana ka meaʻai i ka protein pea. He hoʻokaʻawale hoʻomaʻemaʻe loa ia i loaʻa ka nui kiʻekiʻe o ka amino acid arginine (8,7% no ka gram o ka protein) e pili ana i ka whey, soy, casein a me nā mea hua manu. Eia kekahi, waiwai nui ka protein pea i ka glutamine, lysine. ʻO ka nui o nā BCAA i loko o ia mea hiki i 18%. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, hoʻonui ka protein raiki i nā pono o ka hypoallergenic pea protein, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻai o nā meaʻai maka, nā mea pāʻani, a me nā mea ʻai meaʻai.
  4. ʻiʻo. ʻO ka nui o ka protein i loko o ia mea a hiki i ka 85%, kahi o 35% he mau amino amino hiki ke hoʻololi. Hōʻike ʻia ka protein ʻiʻo e ka momona momona ʻole, he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka absorption.
  5. Iʻa. Paipai ʻia kēia paʻakikī no ka hoʻohana ʻana e kahi kanaka maʻamau. Akā ʻaʻole makemake nui i ka poʻe haʻuki e hoʻohana i ka protein e uhi i ka pono o kēlā me kēia lā, no ka mea, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka protein iʻa i nā waikawa amino 3 mau manawa ma mua o ka casein.

No laila, e hoʻemi i ke kaumaha, loaʻa ka nui o ka ʻiʻo, i ka wā e hana ai i ka hoʻomaha e ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana i nā protein paʻakikī. Hāʻawi lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā amino acids ma hope koke o ka ʻai ʻana.

ʻO ka poʻe haʻuki obese e maʻalahi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka momona e makemake i ka 50-80% lohi wikiwiki ma mua o ka protein wikiwiki. ʻO kā lākou hana nui e pili ana i ka meaʻai lōʻihi o nā ʻiʻo.

ʻOi aku ka lohi o ka casein ma mua o ka protein whey. Ma muli o kēia, piʻi mālie ka neʻe ʻana o nā waikawa amino i ke koko a mālama ʻia i kahi kiʻekiʻe no 7 mau hola. ʻAʻole like me ka casein, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka protein whey i loko o ke kino, kahi e hana ai i ka hoʻokuʻu ikaika loa o ka pūhui i kahi manawa pōkole (hapalua hola). No laila, ʻōlelo ʻia e lawe iā ia e pale i ka catabolism o nā protein muscle ma mua a ma hope koke o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa.

Noho ʻia kahi kūlana waena e ka hua keʻokeʻo. No ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ke koko ma hope koke o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana a mālama i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka protein ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ikaika, pono e hui pū ʻia kāna ʻai me kahi whey isolate, kahi amino acid koke. Hoʻopau kēia hui ʻana o ʻekolu mau protein i nā hemahema o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana, hoʻohui i nā ʻano maikaʻi a pau. ʻO ka mea kūpono loa me ka whey soy protein.

Waiwai no ke kanaka

ʻO ka hana a nā protein i loko o nā mea ola he mea nui a aneane hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo i kēlā me kēia hana, akā e hōʻike pōkole mākou i ka mea nui o lākou.

  1. Palekana (kino, kemika, immune). Mālama nā protein i ke kino mai nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā maʻi, nā meaʻawaʻawa, nā maʻi bacteria, e hoʻoulu i ke ʻano o ka synthesis antibody. I ka hui ʻana o nā protein pale me nā mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hana biological o nā pathogens. Eia kekahi, pili nā protein i ke kaʻina o ka coagulation fibrinogen i loko o ka plasma koko, kahi e kōkua ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi clot a me ka blockage o ka ʻeha. Ma muli o kēia, inā pōʻino ka uhi o ke kino, pale ka protein i ke kino mai ke kahe koko.
  2. hoʻopalekana. ʻO nā enzyme a pau, ka mea i kapa ʻia nā catalysts biological, he mau protein.
  3. Lawelawe. ʻO ka mea lawe nui o ka oxygen he hemoglobin, he protein koko. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻano waikawa amino ʻē aʻe i ke kaʻina o nā hopena e hana i nā pūhui me nā huaora, nā hormones, nā momona, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i kā lākou lawe ʻana i nā cell, nā ʻāpana o loko, a me nā ʻiʻo.
  4. ʻAiʻai. ʻO nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā protein reserve (casein, albumin) nā kumu meaʻai no ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ka pēpē i loko o ka ʻōpū.
  5. Hormonal. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hormones i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka (adrenaline, norepinephrine, thyroxine, glucagon, insulin, corticotropin, somatotropin) he mau protein.
  6. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i ke Keratin - ka mea nui i kūkulu ʻia o ka lauoho, collagen - pili i ka ʻiʻo, elastin - nā paia o nā kīʻaha koko. Hāʻawi ka protein o ka cytoskeleton i ke ʻano i nā ʻāpana a me nā cell. He filamentous ka hapa nui o nā protein.
  7. Motora. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka Actin a me ka myosin (nā ʻiʻo ʻiʻo) i ka hoʻomaha a me ka ʻoki ʻana o nā ʻiʻo ʻiʻo. Hoʻoponopono nā protein i ka unuhi, splicing, ka ikaika o ka transcription gene, a me ke kaʻina hana o ka neʻe ʻana o ke kelepona ma o ka pōʻai. ʻO nā protein kaʻa ke kuleana no ka neʻe ʻana o ke kino, ka neʻe ʻana o nā cell i ka pae mole (cilia, flagella, leukocytes), intracellular transport (kinesin, dynein).
  8. hōʻailona. Hana ʻia kēia hana e nā cytokines, nā mea ulu, nā protein hormone. Hāʻawi lākou i nā hōʻailona ma waena o nā kino, nā mea ola, nā pūnaewele, nā ʻiʻo.
  9. Mea hoʻokipa. Loaʻa i kekahi ʻāpana o ka mea hoʻokipa protein kahi hōʻailona hoʻonāukiuki, ʻo kekahi e pane a hāpai i nā loli conformational. No laila, hoʻopili nā pūhui i ka hopena kemika, hoʻopaʻa i nā molekala mediating intracellular, lawelawe ma ke ʻano he ʻānai ion.

Ma kahi o nā hana i luna aʻe, hoʻoponopono nā protein i ka pae pH o ke kaiapuni i loko, e hana ma ke ʻano he kumu mālama o ka ikehu, e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hana hou ʻana o ke kino, e hana i ka hiki ke noʻonoʻo.

I ka hui pū ʻana me nā triglycerides, ua komo nā protein i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā membrane cell, me nā carbohydrates i ka hana ʻana o nā mea huna.

Hoʻolālā protein

He kaʻina hana paʻakikī ka synthesis protein i loko o nā ʻāpana ribonucleoprotein o ke kelepona (ribosomes). Hoʻololi ʻia nā protein mai nā waikawa amino a me nā macromolecules ma lalo o ka mana o ka ʻike i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā genes (i loko o ka nucleus cell).

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia protein nā koena enzyme, i hoʻoholo ʻia e ke kaʻina nucleotide o ka genome e hoʻopili ai i kēia ʻāpana o ke kelepona. No ka mea, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo DNA i loko o ka nucleus cell, a ua hana ʻia ka protein synthesis i loko o ka cytoplasm, lawe ʻia ka ʻike mai ka code memory biological i nā ribosomes e kahi intermediary kūikawā i kapa ʻia he mRNA.

Hana ʻia ka biosynthesis protein i nā pae ʻeono.

  1. Ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻike mai DNA i ka i-RNA (transcription). I loko o nā pūnaewele prokaryotic, hoʻomaka ke kākau hou ʻana i ka genome me ka ʻike ʻana i kahi kaʻina nucleotide DNA kikoʻī e ka RNA polymerase enzyme.
  2. ʻO ka hoʻouluʻana o nā amino acids. Hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia "precursor" o kahi pūmua, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu ATP, e nā paʻa covalent me kahi mole RNA transport (t-RNA). I ka manawa like, aia ka t-RNA i nā nucleotides i hoʻopili ʻia - anticodons, ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ke code genetic pākahi (triplet-codon) o ka waikawa amino i hoʻāla ʻia.
  3. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka protein i nā ribosomes (hoʻomaka). Hoʻopili ʻia kahi mole mole i-RNA i loaʻa ka ʻike e pili ana i kahi pūmua kikoʻī i kahi ʻāpana ribosome liʻiliʻi a me kahi waikawa amino hoʻomaka i pili i ka t-RNA pili. I kēia hihia, pili like nā macromolecules transport i ka triplet i-RNA, e hōʻailona ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaulahao protein.
  4. Elongation o ke kaulahao polypeptide (elongation). Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana protein ma o ka hoʻohui pū ʻana o nā waikawa amino i ke kaulahao, lawe ʻia i ka ribosome me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka RNA transport. I kēia pae, hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana hope o ka protein.
  5. Hoʻopau i ka synthesis o ke kaulahao polypeptide (hoʻopau). Hoʻopau ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka protein e kahi triplet kūikawā o ka mRNA, a laila hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka polypeptide mai ka ribosome.
  6. ʻO ka pelu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i ka protein. No ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hiʻohiʻona o ka polypeptide, hoʻopili koke ia, e hana ana i kāna hoʻonohonoho spatial. Ma hope o ka synthesis ma ka ribosome, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka protein e nā enzymes, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka phosphorylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation, a me tyrosine.

ʻO nā protein hou i hana ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana polypeptide i ka hopena, e hana ana i nā hōʻailona e kuhikuhi ana i nā mea i ka wahi o ka mana.

Hoʻomalu ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā protein e nā genes operator, a me nā genes structural, e hana i kahi hui enzymatic i kapa ʻia he operon. Mālama ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana e nā genes regulator me ke kōkua o kahi mea kūikawā, a lākou, inā pono, synthesize. ʻO ka pilina o kēia mea me ka mea hoʻohana e alakaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka gene controlling, a ma muli o ka hopena, ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka operon. ʻO ka hōʻailona e hoʻomaka hou i ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana ka hopena o ka mea me nā mea inductor.

Ka helu o kēlā me kēia lā

Papa № 2 "Pono kanaka no ka protein"
Kawai o na kanaka
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i nā protein, grams
AnimalsNā laualaKa huina
6 mahina i 1 makahiki25
Mai 1 a 1,5 mau makahiki361248
1,5 - 3 mau makahiki401353
3 - 4 o ka makahiki441963
5 - 6 mau makahiki472572
7 - 10 mau makahiki483280
11 - 13 mau makahiki583896
14 mau keikikāne - 17 makahiki563793
14 kaikamahine - 17 makahiki6442106
hapai wahine6512109
nā makuahine hānai7248120
Nā kāne (haumāna)6845113
Wahine (haumāna)583896
'âlapa
kanaka77-8668-94154-171
na wahine60-6951-77120-137
Hana nā kāne i ka hana kino kaumaha6668134
ʻO nā kāne a hiki i 70 mau makahiki483280
ʻO nā kāne ma mua o 70 mau makahiki453075
ʻO nā wahine a hiki i 70 mau makahiki422870
ʻO nā wahine ma mua o 70 mau makahiki392665

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, pili ka pono o ke kino i nā protein i ka makahiki, ke kāne, ke kūlana kino, a me ka hoʻoikaika kino. ʻO ka nele o ka protein i nā meaʻai e alakaʻi i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hana o nā kino o loko.

Hoʻololi i loko o ke kino kanaka

ʻO ka protein metabolism kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā kaʻina e hōʻike ana i ka hana o nā protein i loko o ke kino: digestion, breakdown, assimilation in the digestive tract, a me ke komo ʻana i ka synthesis o nā mea hou e pono ai no ke kākoʻo ola. Ma muli o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, hoʻohui, a hoʻonohonoho i ka hapa nui o nā hopena kemika, pono e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻanuʻu nui i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka protein.

He kuleana nui ka ate i ka metabolism peptide. Inā ho'ōki ka hui kānana i ke komo ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana, a laila ma hope o 7 mau lā e hiki mai ka hopena make.

ʻO ke kaʻina o ke kahe o nā kaʻina metabolic.

  1. ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka waikawa amino. Pono kēia kaʻina hana no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hale protein keu i loko o nā momona a me nā kaʻa. I ka wā o nā hopena enzymatic, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā amino acids i nā keto acids e pili ana, e hana ana i ka ammonia, kahi huahana o ka decomposition. ʻO ka deanimation o 90% o nā ʻōnaehana protein e loaʻa i loko o ke ake, a i kekahi mau hihia i loko o nā puʻupaʻa. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ka lālā branched amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine), ka mea e hana i ka metabolism i loko o nā ʻiʻo o ka iwi.
  2. Hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Urea. ʻO Ammonia, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ka deamination o nā amino acids, he mea ʻawaʻawa i ke kino kanaka. Hana ʻia ka neutralization o ka mea ʻawaʻawa i loko o ke ake ma lalo o ka mana o nā enzymes e hoʻohuli iā ia i ka uric acid. Ma hope o kēlā, komo ka urea i loko o nā puʻupaʻa, mai kahi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ka mimi. ʻO ke koena o ka mole, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka nitrogen, ua hoʻololi ʻia i glucose, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai i ka ikehu ke haki.
  3. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o nā ʻano amino acid hiki ke hoʻololi. ʻO ka hopena o nā hopena biochemical i loko o ke akepaʻa (reductive amination, transamination o keto acids, amino acid transformations), ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana protein pono e hoʻololi ʻia, e uku ana i ko lākou nele i ka meaʻai.
  4. Synthesis of plasma proteins. Almost all blood proteins, with the exception of globulins, are formed in the liver. The most important of them and predominant in quantitative terms are albumins and blood coagulation factors. The process of protein digestion in the digestive tract occurs through the sequential action of proteolytic enzymes on them to give the breakdown products the ability to be absorbed into the blood through the intestinal wall.

Hoʻomaka ka haki ʻana o nā protein i loko o ka ʻōpū ma lalo o ka mana o ka wai ʻōpū (pH 1,5-2), kahi i loaʻa ai ka enzyme pepsin, ka mea e wikiwiki ai i ka hydrolysis o nā paʻa peptide ma waena o nā waikawa amino. Ma hope o kēlā, hoʻomau ka digestion i loko o ka duodenum a me ka jejunum, kahi e komo ai ka pancreatic a me ka wai ʻōpū (pH 7,2-8,2) i loko o nā precursors enzyme inactive (trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase). Hoʻokumu ka mucosa o ka ʻōpū i ka enzyme enteropeptidase, ka mea e hoʻāla i kēia mau protease. Loaʻa nā mea proteolytic i loko o nā keʻena o ka mucosa intestinal, ʻo ia ke kumu e hana ai ka hydrolysis o nā peptides liʻiliʻi ma hope o ka absorption hope.

Ma muli o ia mau hopena, ua wāwahi ʻia ka 95-97% o nā protein i nā waikawa amino manuahi, i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi. Me ka nele a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā protease, komo ka protein undigested i ka ʻōpū nui, kahi e hana ai i nā kaʻina palaho.

Hema protein

ʻO nā protein kahi papa o nā pūhui nitrogen-molecular kiʻekiʻe, kahi mea hana a me ke ʻano o ke ola kanaka. Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻo nā protein ke kuleana no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā cell, nā ʻiʻo, nā ʻāpana, ka synthesis o ka hemoglobin, nā enzymes, nā hormones peptide, ke ʻano maʻamau o nā hopena metabolic, ko lākou nele i ka meaʻai e alakaʻi i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana kino.

Nā hōʻailona o ka nele o ka protein:

  • hypotension a me muscular dystrophy;
  • kino kīnā;
  • e hoʻemi ana i ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili o ka ʻili, ʻoi aku ma luna o ka ʻiʻo triceps o ka poʻohiwi;
  • drastic poho kaumaha;
  • luhi ka noʻonoʻo a me ke kino;
  • ka pehu (huna, a laila maopopo);
  • hauʻoli;
  • ka emi ʻana o ka turgor ʻili, ma muli o ia e maloʻo ai, ʻulaʻula, lethargic, wrinkled;
  • ka emi ʻana o ke kūlana hana o ka lauoho (nalo, ʻili, maloʻo);
  • hoʻemi i ka makemake;
  • hoʻōla ʻeha maikaʻi ʻole;
  • ka manao mau o ka pololi a i ka makewai;
  • nā hana cognitive impaired (hoʻomanaʻo, nānā);
  • nele i ke kaumaha (i nā keiki).

E hoʻomanaʻo, hiki ke ʻike ʻole ʻia nā hōʻailona o kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa o ka nele o ka protein no ka manawa lōʻihi a hūnā paha.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēlā me kēia māhele o ka nele o ka protein e hele pū me ka nāwaliwali o ka pale ʻana o ka cellular a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi i nā maʻi.

ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka maʻi o ka poʻe maʻi i nā maʻi hanu, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, a me nā pathologies o nā ʻano urinary. Me ka lōʻihi o ka nele o nā pūhui nitrogenous, hoʻomohala kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka protein-energy deficiency, i hele pū me ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka myocardium, atrophy o ka ʻiʻo subcutaneous, a me ke kaumaha o ka intercostal space.

Nā hopena o kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka nele o ka protein:

  • puʻupuʻu lohi;
  • ka emi ʻana o ka lawe ʻana o ka protein a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma muli o ka lawa ʻole o ka synthesis o nā enzyme;
  • ka emi ana o ka puuwai;
  • anemia;
  • ka uhaki ʻana i ka implantation hua manu;
  • ka hoʻopaneʻe o ka ulu (i nā keiki hānau hou);
  • nā maʻi hana o ka endocrine glands;
  • hormonal imbalance;
  • nā mokuʻāina palekana;
  • ka exacerbation o nā kaʻina hana inflammatory ma muli o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka synthesis o nā mea pale (interferon a me lysozyme);
  • emi o ka hanu hanu.

ʻO ka nele o ka protein i loko o ka ʻai meaʻai e hoʻopilikia nui i ke kino o nā keiki: lohi ka ulu ʻana, hoʻopilikia ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka iwi, lohi ka ulu ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo.

ʻElua ʻano o ka nele o ka protein i nā keiki:

  1. pupule (ka maloʻo protein deficiency). Hōʻike ʻia kēia maʻi e ka atrophy koʻikoʻi o nā ʻiʻo a me ka ʻiʻo subcutaneous (ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka protein), ka lohi o ka ulu ʻana, a me ka pohō kaumaha. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka puffiness, explicit a hūnā ʻia paha ma 95% o nā hihia.
  2. Kwashiorkor (ka nele i ka protein kaawale). I ka pae mua, loaʻa i ke keiki ka manaʻoʻole, huhū, lethargy. A laila ʻike ʻia ka lohi o ka ulu ʻana, ka hypotension muscle, ka degeneration momona o ke ake, a me ka emi ʻana o ka turgor tissue. Me kēia, ʻike ʻia ka edema, masking weight loss, hyperpigmentation o ka ʻili, ka ʻili ʻana o kekahi mau wahi o ke kino, a me ka lauoho lahilahi. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, me ka kwashiorkor, ka luaʻiʻana, ka maʻi paʻi, ka anorexia, a ma nā hihia koʻikoʻi, hiki mai ka coma a iʻole ka stupor, kahi pinepine i ka make.

Me kēia, hiki i nā keiki a me nā pākeke ke hoʻomohala i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka nele o ka protein.

ʻO nā kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nele o ka protein

ʻO nā kumu kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nele o ka protein:

  • ʻano kūpono ʻole a i ʻole quantitative imbalance o ka meaʻai (ʻai, pōloli, lean-to-protein menu, ʻai maikaʻi ʻole);
  • nā maʻi metabolic congenital o nā waikawa amino;
  • hoʻonui i ka nalowale o ka protein mai ka mimi;
  • ka lōʻihi o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā trace element;
  • ka uhaki ʻana i ka synthesis protein ma muli o nā pathologies maʻi o ke ake;
  • ka waiʻona, hoʻohui i ka lāʻau;
  • ke ahi nui, ke koko, nā maʻi lele;
  • hoʻopilikia i ka ʻai ʻana o ka protein i loko o ka ʻōpū.

ʻElua ʻano ka nele o ka protein-energy: mua a me ka lua. ʻO ka maʻi mua ma muli o ka lawa ʻole o ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai i loko o ke kino, a ʻo ka lua - he hopena o nā pilikia hana a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e kāohi ai i ka synthesis o nā enzymes.

Me kahi pae haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa o ka nele o ka protein (primary), he mea nui ia e hoʻopau i nā kumu kumu o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pathology. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, e hoʻonui i ka lawe ʻana i nā protein i kēlā me kēia lā (e like me ka paona kino maikaʻi loa), e kuhikuhi i ka lawe ʻana o nā multivitamin complexes. I ka loaʻa ʻole o nā niho a i ʻole ka emi ʻana o ka ʻai, hoʻohana ʻia nā hui ʻai meaʻai wai no ka ʻimi a hānai ʻana iā ʻoe iho. Inā paʻakikī ka nele o ka protein e ka maʻi maʻi, a laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka poʻe maʻi e hāʻawi i nā ʻano hana yoghurt. ʻAʻohe hihia e ʻōlelo ʻia e ʻai i nā huahana dairy ma muli o ka hiki ʻole o ke kino ke hana i ka lactose.

ʻO nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka hemahema lua e pono ai ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi, no ka mea, pono ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ke keʻena no ka ʻike ʻana i ka maʻi. No ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumu o ka pathology, ua ana ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka loaʻa interleukin-2 i loko o ke koko a i ʻole C-reactive protein. ʻO ka plasma albumin, nā antigens ʻili, nā helu lymphocyte āpau, a me nā CD4+ T-lymphocytes e hoʻāʻo ʻia e kōkua i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka mōʻaukala a hoʻoholo i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana ʻino.

ʻO nā mea nui o ka mālama ʻana ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka wai a me ke kaulike electrolyte, ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā pathologies infectious, saturation o ke kino me nā meaʻai. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka nele o ka protein i hiki ke pale i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka maʻi i hoʻonāukiuki i kona hoʻomohala ʻana, i kekahi mau hihia, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka meaʻai makua a i ʻole ka paipu me nā mea hoʻohui. I ka manawa like, hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau i nā dosage ʻelua i kēlā me kēia lā o ke kanaka olakino.

Inā he anorexia ka mea maʻi a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke kumu o ka dysfunction, hoʻohana pū ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻonui ai i ka makemake. No ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka nui o kaʻiʻo, uaʻaeʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā steroids anabolic (ma lalo o ka nānāʻana o ke kauka). ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke koena protein i nā pākeke ke hele mālie, ma luna o 6-9 mau mahina. I nā keiki, ʻo ka manawa o ka hoʻihoʻi piha ʻana he 3-4 mau mahina.

E hoʻomanaʻo, no ka pale ʻana i ka nele o ka protein, pono e hoʻokomo i nā huahana protein o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i kāu ʻai i kēlā me kēia lā.

Overdose

He hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka ʻai ʻana o ka meaʻai i ka protein i ke olakino kanaka. ʻO ka overdose o ka protein i ka meaʻai ʻaʻole i emi iki ka pōʻino ma mua o ka nele.

Nā hōʻailona hōʻailona o ka nui o ka protein i loko o ke kino:

  • exacerbation o nā pilikia o ka puʻupaʻa a me ka ate;
  • nele i ka makemake, hanu;
  • hoʻonui i ka huhū makaʻu;
  • ke kahe nui o ka menstrual (i nā wahine);
  • ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kaumaha nui;
  • nā pilikia me ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular;
  • hoʻonui i ka popopo i loko o ka ʻōpū.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo i ka hewa o ka metabolism protein me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaulike nitrogen. Inā like ka nui o ka nitrogen i lawe ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia, ua ʻōlelo ʻia he kaulike maikaʻi ke kanaka. Hōʻike ke kaulike maikaʻi ʻole i ka lawa ʻole o ka ʻai ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻai ʻole ʻana o ka protein, e alakaʻi ana i ka puhi ʻana i kāna protein ponoʻī. Hoʻokumu kēia hanana i ka ulu ʻana o ka luhi.

ʻO ka hapa iki o ka protein i loko o ka meaʻai, pono e mālama i ke koena nitrogen maʻamau, ʻaʻole ia e pōʻino i ke olakino kanaka. I kēia hihia, hoʻohana ʻia nā amino acids ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu. Eia nō naʻe, i ka nele o ka hana kino no ka hapa nui o nā kānaka, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka protein i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1,7 grams no 1 kilokani o ke kaumaha o ke kino e kōkua i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka protein keu i loko o nā pūhui nitrogenous (urea), glucose, pono e hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā puʻupaʻa. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka hale kūkulu e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hopena waikawa o ke kino, kahi hoʻonui i ka nalowale o ka calcium. Eia kekahi, loaʻa pinepine nā pūmua holoholona i nā purine, hiki ke waiho ʻia i loko o nā hono, kahi mea mua i ka ulu ʻana o ka gout.

He kakaikahi loa ka overdose o ka protein i loko o ke kino kanaka. I kēia mau lā, i ka meaʻai maʻamau, nele loa nā protein kiʻekiʻe (amino acids).

NPP

He aha nā pōmaikaʻi a me nā pōʻino o nā protein holoholona a me nā mea kanu?

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui o nā kumu holoholona o ka protein ʻo ia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waikawa amino pono āpau e pono ai no ke kino, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi ʻano concentrated. ʻO nā pōʻino o ia protein ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nui o kahi mea hale, ʻo ia ka 2-3 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia lā. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā huahana o nā holoholona i loaʻa pinepine i nā mea ʻino (hormones, antibiotics, fats, cholesterol), ka mea e hoʻomake ai i ke kino e nā huahana palaho, holoi i ka "calcium" mai nā iwi, hana i kahi ukana ʻē aʻe ma ke ake.

Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia nā protein huaʻai e ke kino. ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā lākou nā mea ʻino e hele mai me nā protein holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i nele nā ​​​​polokalamu kanu me kā lākou drawbacks. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā huahana (koe ka soy) i hui pū ʻia me nā momona (i loko o nā ʻanoʻano), aia kahi pūʻulu piha ʻole o nā waikawa amino pono.

ʻO wai ka protein e komo maikaʻi i loko o ke kino kanaka?

  1. ʻO ka hua manu, hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o ka absorption i 95 - 100%.
  2. ʻO ka waiū, ka paʻakai - 85 - 95%.
  3. ʻO ka ʻiʻo, ka iʻa - 80 - 92%.
  4. Soy - 60 - 80%.
  5. Ka palaoa - 50 - 80%.
  6. Bean - 40 - 60%.

ʻO kēia ʻokoʻa ma muli o ka hana ʻole ʻana o ka digestive tract i nā enzyme e pono ai no ka haki ʻana o nā ʻano protein āpau.

He aha nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka ʻai ʻana i ka protein?

  1. E uhi i nā pono o ke kino i kēlā me kēia lā.
  2. E hōʻoia i ke komo ʻana o nā hui like ʻole o ka protein me ka meaʻai.
  3. Mai hōʻino i ka ʻai ʻana i ka nui o ka protein no ka manawa lōʻihi.
  4. Mai ʻai i nā meaʻai momona i ka protein i ka pō.
  5. Hoʻohui i nā protein o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. E hoʻomaikaʻi kēia i kā lākou absorption.
  6. No nā mea pāʻani ma mua o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana e lanakila ai i nā ukana kiʻekiʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e inu i ka lulu protein waiwai nui. Ma hope o ka papa, kōkua ʻo gainer i ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā mea ʻai. Hoʻonui ka pāʻani pāʻani i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā carbohydrates, nā amino acids i loko o ke kino, e hoʻoulu i ka hoʻihoʻi wikiwiki o ka ʻiʻo ʻiʻo.
  7. Pono nā protein holoholona i 50% o ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā.
  8. No ka wehe ʻana i nā huahana o ka metabolism protein, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai ma mua o ka haki ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe. No ka pale ʻana i ka dehydration, pono ʻoe e inu i ka 1,5-2 lita o ka wai non-carbonated i kēlā me kēia lā. No ka mālama ʻana i ka paʻakai paʻakai wai, ʻōlelo ʻia nā mea pāʻani e ʻai i 3 lita o ka wai.

ʻEhia ka nui o ka protein e hiki ke hoʻoemi i ka manawa?

Ma waena o nā mea kākoʻo o ka hānai pinepine ʻana, aia ka manaʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ma mua o 30 grams o ka protein i kēlā me kēia pāʻina. Manaʻo ʻia he nui ka nui o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka digestive tract a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i ka digestion o ka huahana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe kēia ma mua o ka moʻolelo.

Hiki i ke kino o ke kanaka ke lanakila ma mua o 200 grams o ka protein. E hele kekahi hapa o ka protein e komo i nā kaʻina anabolic a i ʻole SMP a mālama ʻia e like me glycogen. ʻO ka mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo, ʻo ka nui o ka protein e komo i loko o ke kino, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka ʻeli ʻana, akā e hoʻopili ʻia nā mea a pau.

ʻO ka nui o nā protein e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā waihona momona i loko o ke akepaʻa, hoʻonui i ka excitability o ka endocrine glands a me ka ʻōnaehana nūnū waena, hoʻonui i nā kaʻina o ka palaho, a he hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā puʻupaʻa.

Panina

He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā protein i nā ʻāpana āpau, nā ʻiʻo, nā ʻāpana i loko o ke kino kanaka. ʻO nā protein ke kuleana no ka hoʻoponopono, kaʻa, ka lawe ʻana, ka ikehu a me nā hana metabolic. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pūhui i ka absorption o nā minerala, nā huaora, nā momona, nā carbohydrates, hoʻonui i ka pale ʻana a lilo i mea kūkulu hale no nā ʻiʻo.

ʻO ka lawaʻana o ka protein i kēlā me kēia lā (e nānā i ka Papa No. 2 "Pono kanaka no ka Protein") ke kī i ka mālamaʻana i ke olakino a me ka maikaʻi i ka lā a pau.

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