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He loea ka toxicologist i ka ʻoihana olakino nona ke kuleana no ka ʻike ʻana, ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano pōʻino āpau i ke kino o ke kanaka ma o ka hoʻopōʻino ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole nā mea ʻino (poisoning). ʻO nā hana nui o ka mea toxicologist ʻo ia ka noiʻi ʻana i kēlā mau maʻi o ke kino o ke kanaka, ʻo ke kumu o ia mau hopena ʻona o nā kemika a me kā lākou pūhui. ʻO ka hana a kēia loea e ʻike i nā toxins a hoʻopaʻa i nā kaʻina hana o kā lākou neutralization a me ka hoʻopau ʻana, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o kēia mau mea i ke kino o ke kanaka.
He aha ka hana a ka mea toxicologist i loko o kahi lāʻau lapaʻau: nā kino, nā maʻi, nā hōʻailona
No laila, ʻo ke kauka nāna e aʻo i nā mea make a me kā lākou hopena i ke olakino i kapa ʻia he toxicologist i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ma ke ʻano he ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau ʻokoʻa, ua hoʻomaka ka toxicology e puka mai i ke kenekulia 19, a ua loaʻa kona inoa mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene ʻelua - "toxicos" (poison) a me "logos" (science).
ʻO nā hana nui o ka toxicologist ʻaʻole wale ka ʻike a me ka neutralization o nā mea ʻawaʻawa e pili ana i kahi kino, akā ʻo ka ʻimi pū ʻana i nā ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka lāʻau make a me kā lākou hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hana a ke kauka. Eia kekahi, mai poina i ka nui o nā mea make i loko o nā mea liʻiliʻi hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai lāʻau no ke kanaka, ʻo ia ke kumu e aʻo kikoʻī ai ka poʻe toxicologists i ka hoʻohui ʻana a me nā hopena kemika o nā mea ʻona me ke kino o ke kanaka. I kekahi manawa, hiki i ka nui o ka lā'au make ke ho'ōla i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi, a hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lāʻau maʻamau ke alakaʻi i nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole. Hana ʻia kēia mau haʻawina e nā toxicologists.
I ka wā e pili ana i nā maʻi i loko o ka mākaukau o ka mea toxicologist, he mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo inā loaʻa kekahi ʻona, ʻeha mau ka naʻau, ke koko, ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa. ʻO nā maʻi o kēia mau kino i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka e pono e ʻike pinepine ʻia e nā toxicologists. ʻO nā maʻi e lapaʻau ʻia e ke kanaka ʻona, ʻo ia nō ka maʻi ʻaʻai, nā ʻano ʻona a pau o ke kino, ka ʻona, a me ka hōʻole ʻana o ke kīkī. Pono ʻoe e nīnau i kahi loea i nā hihia kānalua o nā mea ʻona like ʻole: i ka hihia o ka ʻawaʻawa, nā narcotic, nā meaʻai a i ʻole nā mea ʻona a me ka home (ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kemika, no ka laʻana), e pili ana i nā iniseti a me nā nahesa (nā nahu), me hoʻohana lāʻau ʻole i kekahi mau lāʻau.
Hoʻopili ka mea toxicologist i ka nānā ʻana i nā mea maʻi me nā hōʻailona mau o ka ʻona, ate a me ka hōʻino ʻole. Hiki ke ʻona o ke kino ma ke ʻano ʻeha a maʻi paha. I ka ʻona nui, hiki ke ʻona me ka overdose o kahi mea ʻawaʻawa i ka wā o kāna hoʻohana hoʻokahi. ʻO ia ʻano ʻona e hele nui loa me nā hōʻailona ʻike. ʻO kahi laʻana he ʻona nui i ka hihia o ka waiʻona, i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ke kanaka, ma hope o ka inu ʻana i ka maʻi nui, loaʻa ka ʻeha ma kona poʻo, nā lālā, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻomanaʻo i kekahi mau manawa mai nā hanana o ka lā ma mua.
I ka ʻona mau ʻana, hōʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā mea ʻawaʻawa i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, e komo mau ana i kēia kino, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hana koke i ka pane, akā ma hope o ka hopena kumulative hāʻawi lākou i nā hōʻailona he nui i paʻakikī loa e ʻike. Me ka ʻona mau loa, hoʻomaka ka mea maʻi e ʻimi i ka insomnia, nā pilikia o ka naʻau, ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, nausea, dizziness, headaches, luhi, pallor o ka ʻili, nā loli i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili a me ka lauoho. ʻO kēia mau hōʻike āpau e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻoholo he pono e nīnau i kahi toxicologist e ʻike i nā kaʻina pathological a me nā kūlana i loko o ke kino a e ʻimi i nā ala e hakakā ai i nā maʻi.
Nā loiloi a me nā ʻenehana diagnostic i hoʻohana ʻia e nā toxicologists i kā lākou hana
Ke kamaʻilio ʻana i kahi toxicologist, pono ka mea maʻi e hele i kahi ʻano o nā hoʻokolohua e wehewehe i ke kiʻi o ke kūlana pathological o ke kino. No nā kumu maʻamau, ʻo ka nānā ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau no nā amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, methamphetamine, morphine, cannadinoids a me nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe, a me nā hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka mimi a me ke koko. No ka ʻike pololei ʻana i nā maʻi o ka pancreas, ate a me nā puʻupaʻa, he mea nui e hāʻawi i ka toxicologist me nā hopena hōʻike aʻe:
- ka nui o ka protein;
- alanine aminotransferase;
- lipase;
- alkaline phosphatase;
- cholinesterase;
- Aspartate aminotransferase;
- bilirubin pololei a piha;
- alpha 1-ʻakika glycoprotein;
- ka manawa prothrombin a me ka fibrinogen;
- alpha-1-antitrypsin;
- nā hakina protein;
- gamma-glutamyltransferase;
- amylase.
I ka manawa like, hiki i ka toxicologist, ma muli o ka maʻi a i ʻole ke kino i hoʻopilikia ʻia, hiki ke kuhikuhi i kāna mau maʻi i nā kaʻina diagnostic e like me ka ultrasound abdominal, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging a me ka electrocardiogram.
Nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka pale ʻana i ka lāʻau ʻona mai nā toxicologists
I mea e pale ai i nā hopena o nā mea ʻawaʻawa i ke kino o ke kanaka, ʻōlelo ka poʻe akamai, ʻo ka mea mua, e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke pili i ke kanaka me nā mea make. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kēia lula ma muli o ka hiki ʻole i nā kemika wale nō ke ʻona, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i kēlā me kēia lā hiki ke hoʻokahi manawa, ʻoiai he nui nā huahana meaʻai i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano kikoʻī i loaʻa nā ʻano like. hiki ke kōkua i ka mahi ʻana i nā kānaka ʻona i ka meaʻai. microorganisms.
Manaʻo ka poʻe Toxicologists i mea e pale aku ai i ka make ʻana o ka meaʻai, pono e mālama ʻia nā lula maʻalahi i kēlā me kēia lā:
- mai haʻalele i nā lula o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe pilikino - hiki i ka holoi lima pinepine ke pale i ka ulu ʻana o ka 60% o nā maʻi a me nā mea make;
- e mālama mau i ka hale a me nā mea hana i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā huahana meaʻai;
- mai ʻai i nā meaʻai ʻaʻole maopopo loa ka maikaʻi a me ka palekana. I ka manawa like, hiki i nā palapala hōʻoia like ʻole, nā hōʻailona kūʻokoʻa ma ka hōʻailona, ka hōʻoia mokuʻāina a me nā hōʻailona maikaʻi hiki ke lilo i mea hōʻoia no ka palekana o ka meaʻai;
- i loko o ka lumi kuke, pono e hoʻohana i nā mea ʻoki ʻoki a me nā papa no ka meaʻai i kuke ʻia a me ka maka;
- hōʻoia i ka palekana a me ka palekana o nā huahana meaʻai mai nā mea lawe i nā maʻi a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa - nā ʻano pepeke;
- e hōʻoia i ka mālama pono ʻana i nā meaʻai kūpono no ka meaʻai: pale i ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai ma ka papahele, ma ke ʻano ākea, me ka mālama ʻole ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana;
- ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā hua i loko o ka lumi kuke - ka hana ʻana i nā hua i loaʻa ʻole i ka mālama wela me ka solution soda, solution chloramine a me ka wai maʻemaʻe;
- ʻO ka holoi ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā huaʻai i ka wai kahe, a i ka wā e ʻai ai - holoi hou me ka wai acidified;
- ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻano meaʻai āpau e pono ai;
- ʻO ka hoʻomaloʻo wikiwiki ʻana o ka meaʻai wela ma ka wili ʻana, pale i ka hui ʻana o nā mea anu a me nā mea wela i hoʻokahi kīʻaha i mea e pale ai i ka palaha;
- ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai ma kahi mahana ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 5 degere Celsius;
- i ka wā e hoʻomehana ai i ka meaʻai, pono e hoʻolapalapa ʻia, a laila mālama ʻia no 2 mau hola ma kahi mahana o 70 degere;
- ka mālama ʻana i ke ola o nā huahana i paʻi ʻia, i hōʻike ʻia e ka mea hana ma ka ʻeke, me ka emi ʻana o nā manawa i ʻae ʻia e 12 mau hola (inā hōʻike ʻia hiki ke ʻai ʻia ka huahana ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i nā hola 48, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e ai wale no ka 36 e hiki mai ana);
- ka pale ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai ke kānalua ʻia ko lākou maikaʻi a palekana paha.
No laila, ke komo nei ka toxicology a me nā loea i kēia kahua i ka pale ʻana, ka mālama ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā pilina maikaʻi ʻole o nā mea like ʻole a me ke kino o ke kanaka, ma muli o ka hopena o ka lāʻau make i ka hope. ʻO ka mea toxicologist, ma o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻoihana, ʻike i ke kumu o ka ʻona, hoʻopau i nā hōʻailona, a hōʻoia pū ʻia ʻaʻole komo nā mea ʻawaʻawa i loko o nā kino a nānā i nā loli i ka pane o ke kino i kāna lapaʻau ponoʻī. Me nā lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi, e liʻiliʻi ka hopena o ka ʻona i ka manawa pōkole, a hoʻomaikaʻi ka maikaʻi o nā maʻi.