Vitamin B12
ʻO ka ʻike o ka ʻatikala

Hua'ōlelo kemika:

C63H88ʻO CoN14O14P

kahi wehewehe pōkole o

He mea koʻikoʻi ka Vitamin B12 no ke olakino o ka lolo, ʻōnaehana nerve, DNA synthesis a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke koko. ʻO ka mea nui, he meaʻai ia no ka lolo. He kī nui kona hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā me ka ʻelemakule o ke kino - pili ka nele o ka vitamin B12 me ka naʻau impairment. Hiki i nā hemahema haʻahaʻa ke alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka hana noʻonoʻo a me ka luhi mau. ʻO kekahi o nā huaora koʻikoʻi no nā mea ʻai meaʻai, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea i loaʻa i nā huahana holoholona.

Eia hoʻi iʻikeʻia he: cobalamin, cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamil, cobamamide, kā Castle mea kūwaho.

Ka moʻolelo o kaʻike

I nā makahiki 1850, ua wehewehe kahi kauka Pelekane i ka palapala make, e hāʻawi ana ia i ka mucosa gastric āpau a me ka nele o ka waikawa ʻōpū. Hōʻike nā mea maʻi me nā ʻōuli o ka anemia, ka lelo o ke alelo, ka helu ʻana o ka ʻili, a me nā hele maʻamau. ʻAʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau no kēia maʻi, a he maʻi make ʻole kēlā. Ua maʻi palapū ʻole nā ​​mea maʻi, haukapila a ʻaʻohe o lākou manaʻolana no ka mālama.

ʻO George Richard Minot, MD ma Harvard, ka manaʻo i hiki i nā mea i loko o ka meaʻai ke kōkua i nā mea maʻi. I ka 1923, hui pū ʻo Minot me William Perry Murphy, e hoʻokumu ana i kāna noiʻi ma nā hana ma mua a George Whipple. I kēia noi ʻana, lawe ʻia nā ʻīlio i kahi ʻano anemia, a laila hoʻāʻo e hoʻoholo i nā meaʻai e hoʻihoʻi i nā hunaola ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā mea ʻai, ka ʻulaʻula, a me ke akepaʻa ka hopena.

I ka makahiki 1926, ma kahi ʻaha kūkā ma Atlantic City, ua hōʻike ʻo Minot a me Murphy i kahi ʻike kupaianaha - 45 mau maʻi me ka anemia anemia i hoʻōla ʻia e ka lawe ʻana i ka nui o ke ake maka. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana a hana pinepine ʻia i loko o 2 mau pule. No kēia mea, ua loaʻa iā Minot, Murphy a me Whipple ka makana Nobel ma ka Lapaʻau i 1934. I ʻekolu mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua ʻike ʻo William Castle, he ʻepekema hoʻi o Harvard, no ka maʻi ka maʻi. ʻO ka poʻe me ka ʻōpū i hoʻoneʻe pinepine ʻia i make i ka anemia make, a kōkua ʻole ka ʻai ʻana i ke ake. ʻO kēia kumu, aia i loko o ka mucosa gastric, i kapa ʻia ʻo "intrinsic" a he mea pono ia no ka omo maʻamau o ka "extrinsic factor" mai ka meaʻai. ʻO ka "intrinsic factor" i hala ʻole i nā mea maʻi me ka anemia pernicious. I ka 1948, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka "extrinsic factor" i ke ʻano crystalline mai ke akepaʻa a paʻi ʻia e Karl Folkers a me kāna mau mea hana. Ua kapa ʻia ka huaola B12.

I ka makahiki 1956, ua wehewehe ke kauka kemika Pelekane ʻo Dorothy Hodgkin i ke ʻano o ka mole o ka wikamina B12, no laila i loaʻa iā ia ka Nobel Prize in Chemistry i ka makahiki 1964. I ka makahiki 1971, ua hoʻolaha ʻo chemist keola ʻo Robert Woodward i ke kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻana o ka vitamina ma hope o nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.

Hiki ke hoʻōla maʻalahi ʻia ka maʻi make me nā injection o ka lāʻau B12 maʻemaʻe a me ka ʻole o nā hopena ʻaoʻao. Ola hou nā mea maʻi.

ʻO nā meaʻai momona ka Vitamin B12

Hōʻike ʻia ka loaʻa koke (μg / 100 g) o ka huaora:

Pepeiao11.28
Kuihi Kuikilana3.06
Feta1.69
ʻO Yogurt0.37

Koi i kēlā me kēia lā no ka wikamina B12

Hoʻoholo ʻia ka lawe ʻana o ka wikamina B12 e nā kōmike kōmikeʻai i kēlā me kēia ʻāina a mai 1 a 3 micrograms i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka maʻamau i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka US Food and Nutrite Board ma 1998 penei:

makahikiMen: mg / lā (Nā Units International / lā)Nā wahine: mg / lā (Nā Units International / lā)
Nā pēpē 0-6 mahina0.4 µg0.4 µg
Nā pēpē 7-12 mahina0.5 µg0.5 µg
Children 1-3 makahiki0.9 µg0.9 µg
4-8 makahiki1.2 µg1.2 µg
9-13 makahiki1.8 µg1.8 µg
Nā ʻōpio 14-18 makahiki2.4 µg2.4 µg
Nā mākua 19 a ʻoi2.4 µg2.4 µg
Hapai (kekahi mau makahiki)-2.6 µg
Nā makuahine hānai (i nā makahiki)-2.8 µg

I ka makahiki 1993, ua hoʻokumu ke Kōmike Meaʻai ʻEulopa i ka lawe ʻana o ka wikamina B12 i kēlā me kēia lā.

makahikiMen: mg / lā (Nā Units International / lā)Nā wahine: mg / lā (Nā Units International / lā)
Nā keiki 6-12 mahina0.5 µg0.5 µg
Children 1-3 makahiki0.7 µg0.7 µg
4-6 makahiki0.9 µg0.9 µg
7-10 makahiki1.0 µg1.0 µg
Nā ʻōpio 11-14 makahiki1.3 µg1.3 µg
ʻO nā ʻōpio 15-17 a ʻoi paha makahiki1.4 µg1.4 µg
Hapai (kekahi mau makahiki)-1.6 µg
Nā makuahine hānai (i nā makahiki)-1.9 µg

Pākaukau hoʻohālikelike o ka huina nui o ka wikamina B12 i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka ʻikepili ma nā ʻāina like ʻole a me nā hui.

makahikiMen: mg / lā (Nā Units International / lā)
Union Europa (me Helene)1,4 mcg / lā
Pelekiuma1,4 mcg / lā
Palani2,4 mcg / lā
Kelemania, ʻAukekulia, Kuikilana3,0 mcg / lā
ʻIlelani1,4 mcg / lā
Ikalia2 mcg / lā
Nekelana2,8 mcg / lā
Nā'āina Nordic2,0 mcg / lā
Pokukala3,0 mcg / lā
Kepania2,0 mcg / lā
Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻia1,5 mcg / lā
USA2,4 mcg / lā
ʻO ka World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization o nā United Nations2,4 mcg / lā

Hoʻonui ka pono no ka wikamina B12 i nā ʻano like.

  • i ka poʻe kahiko, hoʻohaʻahaʻa pinepine ka huna ʻana o ka waikawa hydrochloric i loko o ka ʻōpū (kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka wikamina B12), a piʻi pū ka helu o nā koʻohune i loko o ka ʻōpū, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka pae o ka wikamina i loaʻa i ka kino;
  • me ke atrophic, hiki i ke kino ke komo i ka wikamina B12 kūlohelohe mai ka ʻai e hoʻemi;
  • me ka malignant (pernicious) anemia, ʻaʻohe mea o ke kino e kōkua ai e omo i ka B12 mai ke alimentary tract;
  • i ka wā o ka gastrointestinal (e laʻa me ka truncation o ka ʻōpū a i ʻole ka hemo ʻana), nalowale ke kino i nā hunaola e hūnā i ka waikawa hydrochloric a loaʻa i kahi mea intrinsic e paipai i ka hoʻopili ʻana o B12;
  • i ka poʻe i ka meaʻai ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā huahana holoholona; a me nā kamaliʻi he mea ʻai meaʻai a vegan paha nā makuahine hānai.

I nā hihia i luna aʻe nei, hemahema paha ke kino i ka wikamina B12, a hiki i nā hopena koʻikoʻi loa. No ka pale a me ka mālama ʻana i kēlā ʻano ʻano, kēnā nā kauka e hele nei i ka lawe ʻana o ka wikamina synthetic waha a i ʻole ke ʻano o nā injection.

ʻO ke kino a me ke kemikino o ka huaora B12

I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka wikamina B12 kahi hui holoʻokoʻa o nā mea i loaʻa. Hoʻopili pū ʻia me cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, a me cobamamide. ʻO cyanocobalamin ka mea e hana nui i ke kino o ke kanaka. Kuhi ʻia kēia vitamona ka mea paʻakikī loa i kāna hanana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā huaora ʻē aʻe.

ʻO Cyanocobalamin he ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i ke kala a kū i ke ʻano o nā crystals a i ʻole pauka. ʻAʻohe hohono a kala ʻole paha. Hehee ia i loko o ka wai, kūpaʻa i ka ea, akā luku ʻia e nā kukuna ultraviolet. Paʻa paʻa ka Vitamin B12 i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ka pae hoʻoheheʻe o cyanocobalamin mai 300 ° C), akā nalowale kāna hana i kahi wahi acidic loa. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ethanol a me ka methanol. No ka mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai ʻo B12, pono mau ke kino e lawa. ʻAʻole like me nā wikamina hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka momona, i mālama ʻia i loko o nā aʻa adipose a hoʻohana lohi ʻia e ko mākou mau kino, lawe ʻia nā wikamina hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai mai ke kino ke loaʻa kahi lāʻau ma mua o ka koi o kēlā me kēia lā.

Ka papahana o ke kiʻi ʻana iā B12 i loko o ke koko.

Hoʻopili ka Vitamin B12 i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā genes, pale i nā aʻa, a pēlā aku. Akā, no ka hana pono ʻana o kēia wikamina hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai, pono e hoʻopau pono ʻia a komo. Hāʻawi nā mea like ʻole i kēia.

I ka meaʻai, hoʻohui ʻia ka wikamina B12 me kekahi protein, a ma lalo o ka mana o ka wai gastric a me pepsin, hemo i loko o ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka. Ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo B12, hoʻopili ka protein paʻa iā ia a pale iā ia ke lawe ʻia i ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi. Once ka wikamina i loko o nā ʻōpū, kahi mea i kapa ʻia intrinsic factor B12 e hoʻokaʻawale i ka vitamina mai ka protein. ʻAe kēia i ka wikamina B12 e komo i ke kahe o ke koko a hana i kāna hana. No ka B12 e lawe pono ʻia e ke kino, pono ke olakino ka ʻōpū, ʻōpū liʻiliʻi, a me ka pancreas. Eia hou, pono e hana i kahi nui lawa o ka intrinsic factor i ka gastrointestinal tract. ʻO ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona nui hiki ke hoʻopili i ka omo ʻana o ka wikamina B12, ʻoiai ke emi nei ka hana ʻana o ka acid acid.

Manaʻo mākou e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻoe iā ʻoe iho me ka ʻano o ka Vitamin B12 i ka nui loa o ka honua. Aia ma mua o 30,000 mau huahana pili kaiapuni, nā kumukūʻai maikaʻi a me nā hoʻolaha maʻamau, mau 5% hōʻemi me ka code promo CGD4899, manuahi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i hoʻouna ʻia loaʻa.

Nā waiwai kūpono a me kona hopena ma ke kino

Ka launa pū me nā mea ʻē aʻe

ʻOiai nā maʻi a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau he nui e hiki ke hoʻopili maikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka wikamina B12, ʻo kekahi mau mea momona, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke kākoʻo i kona hopena a i ʻole hiki ke hana maʻamau.

  • folicʻakika: Kēia mea he "hoa" pololei o ka wikamina B12. ʻO ia ke kuleana no ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka folic acid i kāna ʻano biologically ma hope o nā ʻano like ʻole - i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hoʻoikaika ia. Me ka ʻole o ka wikamina B12, ʻeha koke ke kino mai ka hemahema o ka hana folic acid, ʻoiai ke waiho nei i loko o kā mākou kino i kahi ʻano kūpono ʻole nona. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, koi pū ka lāʻau B12 i ka waikawa folic: i kekahi o nā hopena, hoʻokuʻu ka waikawa folic (ʻoi aku ka nui methyltetrahydrofolate) i kahi hui methyl no ka huaʻai B12. Hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo Methylcobalamin i kahi hui methyl i homocysteine, me ka hopena i hoʻololi ʻia i methionine.
  • biotin: ʻO ka lua o ka biologically active form of vitamin B12, adenosylcobalamin, koi i ka biotin (ʻo ka lāʻau B7 a i ʻole ka huaora H) a me ka magnesium i mea e hoʻokō ai i kāna hana nui i ka mitochondria. I ke kumu o ka nele o ka biotin, kū mai kahi hanana kahi i lawa ka nui o adenosylcobalamin, akā makehewa ia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia kāna mau hoa hana. I kēia mau hihia, hiki mai paha nā ʻōuli o ka hemahema o ka wikamina B12, ʻoiai ʻo ka pae o B12 i ke koko e noho maʻamau. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hōʻike kahi urinalysis i ka hemahema o ka huaora B12, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka wikamina B12 ʻaʻole ia e alakaʻi i ka hōʻoki ʻana i nā ʻōuli e pili ana, ʻoiai ʻo ka huaʻai B12 ka mea maʻalahi ʻole ma muli o ka hemahema biotin. Pilikino loa ka biotin i nā radical manuahi, no laila pono ka biotin hou i nā hihia o ke koʻikoʻi, nā haʻuki koʻikoʻi a me nā maʻi.
  • ka pōhaku: ʻO ka lawe ʻana o ka wikamina B12 i loko o ka ʻōpū me ke kōkua o kahi kumu intrinsic hilinaʻi pololei i ka calcium. I nā hihia o ka hōʻemi calcium, lilo kēia hana omo i palena palena loa, i hiki ai ke alakaʻi i kahi hemahema o ka wikamina B12. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia ka lawe ʻana i ka metaphenin, kahi lāʻau diabetes e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai i nā pae calcium o ka ʻōpū a hiki i ka nui o nā mea maʻi e hoʻomohala i ka hemahema B12. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻana hiki i kēia ke offset ʻia e ka lawelawe like ʻana o ka huaora B12 a me ka calcium. ʻO ka hopena o nā papaʻai pono ʻole, nui ka poʻe e ʻeha i ka acidity. ʻO kēia ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka hapa nui o ka puna e hoʻopau ai i ka waikawa. No laila, hiki i ka acidity nui i loko o nā ʻōpū ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia omo B12. ʻO ka nele o ka wikamina D hiki ke alakaʻi i ka nele o ka calcium. I kēia hihia, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e lawe i ka wikamina B12 me ka calcium i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka helu o ka lawe ʻana o ka mea intrinsic.
  • nā wikamina B2 a me B3: hoʻolaha lākou i ka hoʻohuli o ka wikamina B12 ma hope o ka hoʻohuli ʻia ʻana i kāna ʻano coenzyme bioactive.

Hoʻohui ʻia o ka huaora B12 me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe

ʻO nā meaʻai kiʻekiʻe i ka wikamina B12 maikaʻi no ka ʻai ʻana. ʻO ka Piperine, kahi mea i loaʻa i ka pepa, kōkua i ke kino e omo i ka B12. Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka meaʻai i kaʻiʻo a me ka iʻa.

Hōʻike nā noiʻi ʻo ka ʻai ʻana i ka ratio kūpono o ka folate i ka B12 hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino, hoʻoikaika i ka puʻuwai, a hoʻemi i ka pilikia o ka ulu ʻana. akā naʻe, hiki i ka nui o ka waikawa ke hoʻopilikia i ka absorption o ka B12 a me ka hope. No laila, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka nui kūpono o kēlā me kēia o lākou ke ala wale nō e pale ai i nā hemahema. Nui ka folate i ka folate, a loaʻa nui ka B12 i loko o nā huahana holoholona e like me ka iʻa, nā ʻiʻo kūlohelohe a me nā ʻiʻo wīwī, nā huahana waiū, a me nā hua manu. E ho'āʻo e hoʻohui iā lākou!

Nā B12 Kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā ​​Mea Hoʻohui Nutritional?

E like me nā wikamina, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka B12 mai nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe. Aia kahi noiʻi e hōʻike nei hiki i nā mea hoʻopili synthetic dietary ke hōʻeha i ke kino. Eia hou, hiki i ke kauka wale nō ke hoʻoholo i ka nui kikoʻī o kahi mea i koi ʻia no ke olakino a me ke olakino. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau hihia, pono nui nā wikamina synthetic.

ʻO ka Vitamin B12 ka mea maʻa mau i nā papaʻai meaʻai e like me cyanocobalamin, kahi ʻano e hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kino i nā ʻano hana o methylcobalamin a me 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā papa ʻainaʻai me ka methylcobalamin a me nā ʻano huaʻai B12. ʻAʻole hōʻike nā hōʻike e kū nei i kekahi ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano me ka pili o ka lawe ʻana a i ʻole bioavailability. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ke kino ke komo i ka wikamina B12 mai nā mea hoʻopihapiha papaʻai e kaupalena ʻia e ka hiki i nā kumu intrinsic. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma kahi o 10 mcg o kahi mcg wahaheʻe 500 mcg i lawe maoli ʻia e ka poʻe olakino.

He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Vitamin B12 no nā mea ʻai meaʻai a me nā vegans. ʻO ka hemahema o ka B12 ma waena o nā mea ʻai meaʻai e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ke ʻano o ka meaʻai a lākou e hahai ai. ʻO nā mea Vegan ka pilikia nui loa. He kumu maikaʻi ia o ka huaora i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka B12 a loaʻa pinepine ma mua o 3 mcg o B12 no kēlā me kēia 100 grams. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia kekahi mau mea hū meaʻai a me nā cereals me ka huaora B12. Loaʻa pū kekahi ʻano huahana soy, me ka waiu soy a me nā mea pani ʻiʻo, ʻo B12 synthetic. He mea nui e nānā i ke ʻano o ka huahana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou a pau i paʻa me ka B12 a hiki ke ʻano like ka nui o ka huaora.

Hoʻolālā ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole no nā pēpē, e like me nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia, me ka huaʻai B12. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā huaola B12 ma mua o nā pēpē i hānai ʻia. ʻOiai e koi ʻia ana ka hānai ʻana i ka waiū no nā mahina 6 mua o ke ola o kahi pēpē, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi huaola vitamin B12 i paʻa i ka hapa lua o ka wā pēpē.

Eia kekahi ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka poʻe mea ʻai mea ʻai a mea ʻai vegan:

  • E hōʻoia i loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi kumu hilinaʻi o ka huaora B12 i kāu meaʻai, e like me nā meaʻai paʻa a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻohui meaʻai. ʻAʻole lawa ka ʻai wale ʻana i nā hua manu a me nā huahana waiū.
  • E noi i kāu mea mālama ola e nānā i kāu pae B12 i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki.
  • E hōʻoia i ka maʻamau o kāu pae vitamin B12 ma mua a i ka wā o ka hāpai ʻana a inā ʻoe e hānai ʻana.
  • ʻO nā mea ʻai ʻelemakule, ʻo ia hoʻi nā vegans, pono paha i nā koina kiʻekiʻe o B12 ma muli o nā pilikia pili i ka makahiki.
  • ʻO nā koina kiʻekiʻe e pono ai ka poʻe hemahema. Wahi a nā puke moʻokalaleo, hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau mai 12 mcg i kēlā me kēia lā (no nā keiki) a 100 mcg i kēlā me kēia lā (no nā mākua) e mālama ai i ka poʻe me ka nele o ka huaʻai B2000.

Aia i ka papa aʻe ka papa inoa o nā meaʻai i hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi papaʻai mea ʻai a me nā mea ʻai maikaʻi no ka mālama ʻana i nā kūlana B12 maʻamau i ke kino

ProductNā mea pāʻaniʻO VeganismComments
me ka waiūʻAeʻAʻoleKahi kumu maikaʻi loa o ka huaʻai B12, akā ʻo kekahi mau ʻano i loko o ka mea ʻoi aku ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Paipai ʻia ka tī Kuisa, mozzarella, feta.
huaʻAeʻAʻoleLoaʻa ka nui nui o B12 i ka yolk. ʻO ka momona o ka huaʻai B12 nā hua manu pālū a me nā kuʻi.
waiuʻAeʻAʻole
ʻO YogurtʻAeʻAʻole
Hoʻolahalaha nā mea kanu kōʻAeʻAeHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā pāhola e nā vegans. Eia nō naʻe, pono ʻoe e nānā i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka huahana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole paʻa ʻia nā pālahalaha a pau me ka huaola B12.

Hoʻohana i ka lāʻau kūhelu

Nā pono olakino o ka huaʻai B12:

  • Ka hopena ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai: ʻo ka hemahema o ka wikamina e alakaʻi ai i nā pilikia me ka metabolism folate. ʻO ka hopena, ʻaʻole hiki i ka DNA ke hoʻohua kūpono a hōʻino ʻia. Manaʻo ka poʻe loea hiki i ka DNA hōʻino ke hāʻawi pololei i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Ke noiʻi ʻia nei i kāu papaʻai me ka huaʻai B12 me folate ke noiʻi ʻia nei ma ke ʻano he ala e pale aku ai a mālama pū i kekahi ʻano maʻi ʻaʻai.
  • Paipai i ke olakino lolo: ua loaʻa nā pae vitamona B12 haʻahaʻa e hoʻonui i ka makaʻu o Alzheimer i nā kāne a me nā wahine makua. Kōkua ʻo B12 i ka haʻahaʻa o nā pae homocysteine, a he mea nui paha ia i ka maʻi o Alzheimer. He mea nui ia no ka noʻonoʻo a kōkua paha i ka hōʻemi i nā ʻōuli ADHD a me ka hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi ʻole.
  • Hiki iā ia ke pale aku i ke kaumaha: ua hōʻike nā noiʻi he nui i ka hoʻopili ma waena o ke kaumaha a me ka hemahema o ka wikamina B12. Pono kēia wikamina no ke synthesis o kahi neurotransmitter e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke ʻano. Hoʻokahi noiʻi, i paʻi ʻia ma ka American Journal of Psychiatry, ua nānā ʻia he 700 mau wahine me ke kino kīnā ma mua o ka makahiki 65. Ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi he ʻelua manawa ka nui o nā wahine me ka hemahema o ka huaʻai B12 i ka ʻehaʻeha.
  • Kāohi ʻana i ka anemia a me nā hematopoiesis olakino: pono ka Vitamin B12 no ka hana olakino o nā hunaola ʻulaʻula e maʻamau i ka nui a me ke oʻo. Hiki i ke kino a me nā kaola ʻulaʻula ke kūpono ʻole ke alakaʻi i nā pae oxygen haʻahaʻa o ke koko, nā ʻōuli laulā o ka nāwaliwali a me nā ʻōpala.
  • Mālama i nā pae ikehu Optimal: Ma ke ʻano he huaʻai B, kōkua ka wikamina B12 i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā protein, nā momona a me nā paʻakai i "wahie" no ko mākou kino. Me ka ʻole, ʻike pinepine ka poʻe i ka luhi mau. Pono ʻia ka Vitamin B12 e lawe i nā hōʻailona neurotransmitter e kōkua i ka ʻaelike ʻana i nā mākala a mālama i nā pae ikehu i ka lā holoʻokoʻa.

Hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia ka Vitamin B12 i nā ʻano hana i nā ʻano ʻano:

  • me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa wikamina hoʻoilina (maʻi Immerslud-Grasbeck). Kau ʻia ia i ke ʻano o nā injection, mua no 10 mau lā, a laila hoʻokahi manawa i ka mahina ma ke ola holoʻokoʻa. He kūpono kēia hoʻomaʻamaʻa no ka poʻe me ka lawe ʻole ʻana o ka wikamina hemahema;
  • me ka anemia ʻino. ʻO ka maʻamau ma ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka waha a me ka nasal paha;
  • me ka hemahema o ka wikamina B12;
  • me ka lāʻau ʻino cyanide;
  • me kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ka homocysteine ​​i ke koko. Lawe ʻia ia i hui pū ʻia me ka folic acid a me ka huaʻai B6;
  • me nā maʻi maka e pili ana i nā makahiki i kapa ʻia he degeneration macular e pili ana i ka makahiki;
  • me nā ʻili liona ʻili. Ma waho aʻe o ka hōʻoluʻolu i nā ʻōuli o ka ʻili, hiki i ka wikamina B12 ke hōʻoluʻolu i ka ʻeha a me ka ʻume ma kēia maʻi.
  • me ka neuropathy ākea.

I nā lāʻau lapaʻau o kēia au, ʻekolu mau ʻano synthetic o ka wikamina B12 e ʻike pinepine ʻia - cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, cobabmamide. Hoʻohana ʻia ka mea mua i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana o intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intra-lumbar, a me ke ʻano o nā papa. Hiki ke hoʻopili wale ʻia ʻo Hydroxocobalamin ma lalo o ka ʻili a i ʻole i nā mākala. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Cobamamide e nā injection i loko o ke aa a i ʻole nā ​​mākala, a i ʻole lawe waha ʻia. ʻO ia ka wikiwiki o nā ʻano ʻekolu. Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa kēia mau lāʻau i ke ʻano o nā pauka a i ʻole nā ​​hāʻina mākaukau. A, me ke kānalua ʻole, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka huaʻai B12 i nā formivine multivitamin.

Ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka wikamina B12 i ka lāʻau kuʻuna

ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna, ʻo ka mea mua, ʻōlelo ʻia e lawe i nā meaʻai waiwai i ka vitamina B12 i ka hihia o ka anemia, nāwaliwali, ka manaʻo o ka luhi mau loa. ʻO ia mau huahana ka ʻiʻo, nā huahana dairy, ate.

Aia kekahi manaʻo e hiki i ka wikamina B12 ke hopena maikaʻi me. No laila, aʻoaʻo nā kauka kuʻuna i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hamo a me nā kalima, i hoʻopili ʻia me B12, kūwaho a me ke ʻano o nā papa lapaʻau.

ʻO ka Vitamin B12 i ka noiʻi ʻepekema hou loa

  • Ua hoʻoholo nā ʻepekema mai ka Norewai Institute of Science and Technology e pili ana ka hemahema o ka wikamina B12 i ka wā o ka hāpai ʻana me ka nui o ka pilikia o ka hānau mua. Ua komo ka noiʻi i 11216 mau wahine hāpai mai nā ʻāina he 11. ʻO ka hānau mua ʻole a me ke kaumaha o ka hānau hānau haʻahaʻa he hapakolu o ka aneane 3 miliona mau make hou i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe noiʻi ua kau ka hopena i ka ʻāina o ka noho ʻana o ka makuahine o ka pēpē - no ka laʻana, pili ka pae kiʻekiʻe o B12 me ka lakio kaumaha hānau nui ma nā ʻāina loaʻa haʻahaʻa a waena, akā ʻaʻole like ʻole i nā ʻāina me pae kiʻekiʻe o ka noho ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, i nā hihia āpau, pili ka hemahema o ka wikamina me ka makaʻu o ka hānau mua.
  • Hōʻike ka noiʻi mai ke Kulanui o Manchester i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kaha kiʻekiʻe o kekahi mau wikamina i nā ʻano kuʻuna maʻamau - ʻoi aku hoʻi nā huaʻai B6, B8 a me B12 - hiki ke hōʻemi nui i nā ʻōuli. ʻO ia mau lāʻau i hoʻoliʻiliʻi i nā ʻōuli noʻonoʻo, ʻoiai ʻo nā huina haʻahaʻa o nā wikamina i hana ʻole. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia he maikaʻi loa nā huaora B i nā wā mua o ka maʻi.
  • Ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema Norewai e pili ana nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka huaora B12 i nā pēpē me ka emi ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo o nā keiki. Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ma waena o nā keiki Nepalese no ka mea he mea maʻamau ka nele o ka vitamin B12 ma nā ʻāina o ʻAsia Hema. Ua ana mua 'ia ka nui o ka huaora i na keiki hou (2 a hiki i ka 12 mahina) a ma na keiki hookahi 5 makahiki ma hope. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā keiki me nā pae haʻahaʻa B12 ma nā hoʻokolohua e like me ka hoʻoholo puzzle, ka ʻike leka, a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā manaʻo o nā keiki ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka huaora ma muli o ka ʻai ʻole ʻana i nā huahana holoholona ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ka noho ʻana ma ka ʻāina.
  • ʻO ka mea mua o kāna ʻano wā lōʻihi e hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ke Kulanui ʻImi ʻIke ʻInikena Kanaka Makahiki e hōʻike nei i ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o ka huaora B6 a me B12 no ka lōʻihi me ka māhuahua o ka maʻi ʻaʻa maʻi ma nā kāne puhipaka. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili ma luna o 77 mau maʻi i lawe i 55 micrograms o ka huaʻai B12 i kēlā me kēia lā no 10 mau makahiki. ʻO nā mea komo āpau i ka makahiki 50 a 76 mau makahiki a ua kākau inoa ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana ma waena o 2000 a me 2002. Ma ke ʻano he hopena, ua ʻike ʻia nā kāne puhipaka he ʻehā mau manawa e hoʻomohala i ka maʻi ʻaʻai māmā ma mua o ka poʻe i lawe ʻole i ka B12. .
  • Hōʻike ka noiʻi hou i ka ʻai ʻana i kekahi mau huaora e like me B12, D, coenzyme Q10, niacin, magnesium, riboflavin, a i ʻole carnitine paha i loaʻa nā pono therapeutic no ka hopu ʻana. Hoʻopili kēia maʻi maʻi maʻi i ka 6% o nā kāne a me 18% o nā wahine ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a he ʻano koʻikoʻi loa ia. Wahi a kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ma muli paha o ka nele o nā antioxidants a i ʻole mai ka hana mitochondrial. A ʻo kahi hopena, hiki i kēia mau wikamina a me nā kumumanaʻo, nā waiwai, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūlana o ka mea maʻi a hoʻemi i nā ʻōuli o ka maʻi.

Ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka wikamina B12 i ka cosmetology

Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka huaora B12. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cyanocobalamin topically, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohui i ka nani a me ka ikaika i kou lauoho. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau vitamin B12 i nā ampoules, e hoʻohui iā ia i nā masks - nā mea kūlohelohe (e pili ana i ka aila a me nā huahana kūlohelohe) a kūʻai ʻia. No ka laʻana, e hoʻopōmaikaʻi ka lauoho i kēia mau masks:

  • mask, i loaʻa nā wikamina B2, B6, B12 (mai ka ampoules), a me ka ʻaila burdock (he punetune), 1 hua moa moa maka. Hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻohui āpau a hoʻopili ʻia i ka lauoho no 5-10 mau minuke;
  • kahi hui o ka wikamina B12 (1 ampoule) a me 2 punetēpō o ka pepa ʻulaʻula. Me kēlā ʻano mask, pono ʻoe e akahele loa a hoʻopili wale i nā aʻa o ka lauoho. E hoʻoikaika ia i nā aʻa a me ka wikiwiki i ka ulu ʻana o ka lauoho. Pono ʻoe e mālama ia mea ma mua o 15 mau minuke;
  • mask me ka huaʻai B12 mai kahi ampoule, kahi teaspoon o ka aila castor, kahi teaspoon o ka meli wai a me 1 maka. Hiki ke holoi i kēia pale maka i hoʻokahi hola ma hope o ka noi;

ʻIke ʻia ka hopena maikaʻi o ka lāʻau B12 ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻili. Manaʻo ʻia e kōkua i ka hoʻoluhi i nā wili mua, e kani i ka ʻili, e hoʻohou i kāna mau hunaola a pale iā ia mai nā hopena ʻino o ka nohona kūwaho. Kūkākūkā nā Cosmetologists i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau B12 mai kahi ampoule, e kāwili ʻia me kahi kumu momona - e lilo i ka aila a i ʻole ka petroleum jelly. ʻO kahi pale maka e hoʻouluulu pono ai kahi mask i hana ʻia i ka meli wai, ka waiʻawaʻawa, nā hua moa, ka ʻaila pono o ka lemon, me ka hoʻohui o nā huaora B12 a me B12 a me ka wai aloe vera. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia pale maka i ka maka no 15 mau minuke, 3-4 manawa i ka pule. Ma ka laulaha, maikaʻi ka huaʻai B12 no ka ʻili me nā aila cosmetic a me ka huaora A. Eia naʻe, ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea cosmetic, he mea pono ke hoʻāʻo no ke kū ʻana o nā maʻi āpau a i ʻole nā ​​hopena ʻili i makemake ʻole ʻia.

Ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka wikamina B12 i ka mālama holoholona

E like me nā kānaka, i kekahi mau holoholona, ​​hana ʻia kahi mea kūloko i loko o ke kino, kahi e pono ai ka omo ʻana o ka huaora. Pākuʻi ʻia kēia mau holoholona me nā moʻo, puaʻa, ʻiole, bipi, ferrets, lāpaki, hamsters, ʻalopeke, liona, tigika, a me nā leopadi. ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā kumu intrinsic i nā puaʻa guinea, nā lio, nā hipa, nā manu a me kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻIke ʻia i loko o nā ʻīlio he wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō ka mea i hana ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū - loaʻa ka hapa nui o ia i ka pancreas. ʻO nā mea e hoʻopili ana i ka asimilation o ka wikamina B12 i loko o nā holoholona he hemahema o ka protein, hao, huaʻai B6, ka hemo ʻana o ka momona thyroid, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka acidity Mālama nui ʻia ka huaora i ke akepaʻa, a me nā puʻupaʻa, ka puʻuwai, ka lolo a me ka ʻāpala. E like me nā kānaka, excreted ka vitamina i ka mimi, ʻoiai i ka ruminants e excreted nui ʻia i ka excrement.

ʻAʻole hōʻike iki nā ʻīlio i nā hōʻailona o ka hemahema o ka wikamina B12, akā naʻe, pono lākou no ka ulu maʻamau a me ka ulu ʻana. ʻO nā kumuwaiwai maikaʻi loa o B12 ʻo ke akepaʻa, ka hakuʻala, ka waiū, nā hua manu, a me nā iʻa. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻonui ʻia ka hapa nui o nā meaʻai i mākaukau e ʻai me nā huaora a me nā minelala e pono ai, me B12.

Pono nā pōpoki ma kahi o 20 mcg o ka wikamina B12 ma ka paona o ke kaumaha o ke kino e mālama ai i ka ulu maʻamau, hāpai keiki, lactation, a me nā pae hemoglobin. Hōʻike nā noiʻi ʻaʻole hiki i nā kime ke loaʻa i ka huaora B12 no 3-4 mau mahina me ka ʻole o nā hopena i ʻike ʻia, a ma hope o ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana e lohi nui a oki loa lākou.

ʻO ke kumu nui o ka wikamina B12 no nā mea hānai, puaʻa a me nā moa he cobalt, aia i ka lepo a me ka hānai. Hōʻike ka hemahema o ka wikamina iā ia iho i ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu, ka makemake maikaʻi ʻole, nāwaliwali, a me nā maʻi makaʻu.

Ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka wikamina B12 i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu

No nā makahiki he nui, ua hoʻāʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema e ʻimi i ke ala e loaʻa ai ka huaora B12 mai nā mea kanu, no ka mea, ʻo kāna kumu kūlohelohe maoli nā huahana holoholona. Hiki i kekahi mau mea kanu ke komo i ka huaora ma nā aʻa a pēlā e hoʻonui ʻia me ia. No ka laʻana, loaʻa i nā kīʻaha bale a i ʻole nā ​​​​palapala ka nui o ka huaora B12 ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana i ka lepo. No laila, ma o ia noiʻi ʻana, ke hoʻonui nei nā manawa kūpono no ka poʻe ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i ka nui o ka vitamina mai kāna kumu kūlohelohe.

ʻO nā kaʻao Vitamin B12

  • ʻO ke koʻohune i ka waha a i ʻole ka gastrointestinal tract kūʻokoʻa i synthesize i kahi lawa kūpono o ka wikamina B12. Inā he ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia, ʻaʻole maʻamau ka hemahema o ka vitamina. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i ka huaora mai nā huahana holoholona, ​​nā meaʻai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻohui meaʻai.
  • Hiki ke loaʻa mai ka huaora B12 kūpono mai nā huahana soy fermented, probiotics, a i ʻole algae (e like me ka spirulina)… ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe i loko o kēia mau meaʻai nā wikamina B12, a ʻo nā mea i loko o ka limu he mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui ia. ʻOiai i kēia manawa i ka spirulina, ʻaʻole ia ka ʻano hana o ka wikamina B12 i koi ʻia e ke kino o ke kanaka.
  • Loaʻa iā 12 i 10 mau makahiki no ka ulu ʻana o ka wikamina B20. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki i kahi hemahema ke hoʻomohala koke, keu hoʻi ke hoʻololi lōkahi o ka papaʻai, no ka laʻana, ke hoʻololi nei i kahi papaʻai vegetarian a vegan paha.

Nā Contraindications a me nā akahele

Nā hōʻailona o ka lawa ʻole ka wikamina B12

ʻO nā hihia lapaʻau o ka nele o ka wikamina B12 he mea maʻamau loa ia, a ma ka hapanui o nā hihia ua hoʻokumu ʻia lākou e nā maʻi metabolic koʻikoʻi, nā maʻi, a i ʻole ka hōʻole piha ʻana i nā meaʻai i loaʻa ka huaora. Hiki i ke kauka wale nō ke hoʻoholo inā he nele o kahi mea i loko o kou kino ma o ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā noiʻi kūikawā. Eia nō naʻe, ke hele nei nā pae B12 serum i ka palena iki, hiki i kekahi mau hōʻailona a me ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻole. ʻO ka mea paʻakikī loa i kēia kūlana ka hoʻoholo inā nele maoli kāu kino i ka lāʻau B12, ʻoiai hiki ke hūnā ʻia kona hemahema e like me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe. Hiki i nā ʻōuli o ka hemahema ka wikamina B12 ke hoʻopili pū:

  • hoʻonāukiuki, kānalua, loli o ke ʻano, ka huhū;
  • ʻalalā, hiamoe, kaumaha;
  • , hoʻemi i ka hiki i ka ʻike, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa hoʻomanaʻo ʻana;
  • i nā keiki - hoʻolohi hoʻomohala, hōʻike o autism;
  • nā manaʻo ʻokoʻa i nā lālā, nalo ka manaʻo o ke kūlana o ke kino;
  • nāwaliwali;
  • nā hoʻololi i ka hihiʻo, hōʻino i ke aʻalolo optic;
  • hoʻomau ʻole;
  • nā pilikia o ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular (hoʻouka ischemic ,,);
  • nā uaua hohonu;
  • luhi mau, anuanu pinepine, nalo o ka makemake ʻole.

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, hiki i ka hemahema o ka wikamina B12 ke "kapa" ʻia ma lalo o nā maʻi he nui, a ʻo nā mea āpau no ka mea he hana nui ia i ka hana o ka lolo, ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana, ka palekana, ka ʻōnaehana puni a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o DNA. ʻO ia ke kumu e pono ai e nānā i ka pae o B12 i ke kino ma lalo o ka mālama olakino ʻana a kūkā pū me kahi loea e pili ana i nā ʻano lapaʻau kūpono.

Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Vitamin B12 kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa loa no ka hoʻowahāwahā, no laila, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka pae palena o ka lawe a me nā hōʻailona o ka lāʻau ʻoi loa e ka lāʻau. Manaʻo ʻia ua kiki ʻia ka vitamini B12 nui mai ke kino aku.

Nā hana'awaʻahu lāʻau

Hiki i kekahi mau lāʻau ke hoʻololi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka huaʻai B12 i loko o ke kino. ʻO kēia mau lāʻau:

  • chloramphenicol (chloromycetin), kahi lāʻau bacteriostatic antibiotic e pili ana i nā pae vitamin B12 i kekahi mau maʻi;
  • nā lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama ai i ka ʻōpū a me ka reflux, hiki iā lākou ke keʻakeʻa me ka omo ʻana o B12, e lohi nei i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka waikawa ʻōpū;
  • metformin, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka lapaʻau.

Inā ʻoe e lawe i kēia a i ʻole nā ​​lāʻau ʻē aʻe i kēlā me kēia manawa, pono ʻoe e kūkākūkā me kāu kauka e pili ana i kā lākou hopena ma nā pae o nā wikamina a me nā minelala i kou kino.

Ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i nā mea nui e pili ana i ka wikamina B12 i kēia kiʻi a e mahalo mākou inā ʻoe e kaʻana i ke kiʻi ma kahi pūnaewele a blog paha, me kahi loulou i kēia ʻaoʻao.

Nā Punawai ʻIke
  1. ʻO nā meaʻai 10 Vitamin B12 kiʻekiʻe loa,
  2. B12 hemahema a me ka Mōʻaukala,
  3. Nā Manaʻo Kōkua Vitamin B12,
  4. Ka manaʻo o ke komite ʻepekema e pili ana i ka meaʻai e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i nā waiwai no ka lepili pono ʻana,
  5. Nā Pūʻulu ma ka Pilikia o ka Pono Vitamin B12,
  6. ʻO Cyanocobalamin,
  7. ʻO Vitamin B12. Nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika,
  8. Nielsen, Marianne & Rostved Bechshøft, Mie & Andersen, Christian & Nexø, Ebba & Moestrup, Soren. Lawe ka Vitamin B 12 mai ka meaʻai i nā keena o ke kino - kahi ala sophisticated, multistep. Nānā kūlohelohe Gastroenterology & hepatology 9, 345-354,
  9. Pehea e pau ai ka Vitamin B12 e ke Kino?
  10. VITAMIN B12 NĀ KUMU HUI,
  11. USDA Pūnaewele ʻAoʻao Meaʻai,
  12. ʻO ka Vitamin B12 i ka mea Vegetarian,
  13. ʻO ka Vitamin B12-Meaʻai Meaʻai no nā Mea Vegetarian,
  14. Hoʻohana & VITAMIN B12,
  15. ʻO Tormod Rogne, Myrte J. Tielemans, Mary Foong-Fong Chong, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Nā hui o ka Maternal Vitamin B12 Concentration i ka hāpai ʻana me nā pilikia o ka hānau mua a me ke kaumaha haʻahaʻa o ka hānau ʻana: kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana a me ka Meta-Analysis o kēlā me kēia ʻikepili me ka poʻe komo. Ka Nūpepa ʻAmelika o Epidemiology, Volume 185, Helu 3 (2017), ʻAoʻao 212-223. doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww212
  16. J. Firth, B. Stubbs, J. Sarris, S. Rosenbaum, S. Teasdale, M. Berk, AR Yung. Nā hopena o ka huaora a me ka mineral supplementation ma nā ʻōuli o schizophrenia: kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana a me nā meta-analysis. Lapaʻau Psychological, Volume 47, Helu 9 (2017), ʻAoʻao 1515-1527. doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717000022
  17. Ingrid Kvestad a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kūlana Vitamin B-12 i ka wā kamaliʻi e pili pono me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hana noʻonoʻo 5 y ma hope i nā keiki Nepalese. Ka Nūpepa ʻAmelika o ka Nutrical Clinical, Volume 105, Helu 5, ʻAoʻao 1122-1131, (2017). doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.144931
  18. ʻO Theodore M. Brasky, Emily White, Chi-Ling Chen. Ka Lōʻihi, Kākoʻo, Hoʻokahi-Carbon Metabolism – Pili ʻO ka Vitamin B Hoʻohana e pili ana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai pūpū Lung i nā huakaʻi Vitamins a me Lifestyle (VITAL). Ka Nūpepa o Oncology Clinical, 35 (30): 3440-3448 (2017). doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.72.7735
  19. Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Sani MA, Dahri M, Ghalichi F, Ghavami A, Arjang P, Tarighat-Esfanjani A. Ke kuleana o nā meaola i ka pathogenesis a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻeha o ka migraine: Nānā. ʻO Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. Volume 102, June 2018, ʻAoʻao 317-325 doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.059
  20. ʻO ka Vitamin Nutr Compendium,
  21. A. Mozafar. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i kekahi mau huaʻai B i nā mea kanu me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea kanu kūpona. Kanu a me ka lepo. Kēkēmapa 1994, Volume 167, Hana 2, pp 305–311 doi.org/10.1007/BF00007957
  22. Sally Pacholok, Jeffrey Stuart. Hiki iā B12? He maʻi ahulau no nā hōʻike hewa. Paʻi ʻElua. Nā Puke Kea ʻo Quill. Kaleponi, 2011. ISBN 978-1-884995-69-9.
Ka paʻi hou o nā pono

Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea āpau me ka ʻole o kā mākou ʻae palapala mua ʻia.

Nā kānāwai palekana

ʻAʻole kuleana ke alakaʻi no nā hoʻāʻo ʻana e noi i kahi papa kuhikuhi, ʻōlelo aʻo a papaʻai paha, a ʻaʻole nō hoʻi e hoʻohiki i ka ʻike i kuhikuhi ʻia e kōkua a hōʻeha paha iā ʻoe iho. E akahele a nīnau mau i ke kauka kūpono.

E heluhelu e pili ana i nā wikamina ʻē aʻe:

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