ʻO ka iʻa maʻamau ka ʻelele nui loa o ka ʻohana iʻa. ʻO ka inoa ʻelua o ka iʻa ʻo ka iʻa ʻEulopa, ua wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻano (Silurus glanis) ma ke ʻano he ʻano iʻa wai maʻemaʻe, nui ka nui a ʻaʻohe unahi.
Aia ka genus Soma i 14 mau ʻano nui o ka ʻohana catfish, ʻo ia hoʻi:
- Silurus glanis – nā iʻa iʻa maʻamau;
- Silurus soldatovi - Soldatova catfish;
- Silurus asotus – Amur catfish;
- Silurus biwanensis ;
- Silurus duanensis;
- Silurus grahamii;
- Silurus lithophilus;
- ʻO ka iʻa ma ka ʻauwae;
- ʻO ka iʻa pipi a Aristotle;
- ʻIʻa pipi hema;
- Silurus microdorsalis;
- Silurus biwanensis;
- Silurus lanzhouensis;
- Silurian triostegus.
ʻO ka iʻa iʻa maʻamau ka mea maʻamau i waena o nā ʻohana, ʻo ia ka ʻelele ʻoi loa o ka genus - Soma.
Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona
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I ka papa helu honua, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe ichthyologists i ke ʻano o ka iʻa ma ke ʻano he ʻano o nā iʻa iʻa. Wahi a ka noiʻi ʻepekema, ʻo nā ʻelele mua o ka papa, ʻo nā ray-finned, i noho i loko o nā kino wai 390 miliona mau makahiki BC. iʻa ʻiʻo. He ʻāpana kahiko kēia, e like me ka ʻike ʻia e nā atavisms he nui ma ke kino o ka iʻa.
Inā i ka makahiki i hala aku nei ua hiki ke hopu i ka iʻa iʻa iʻoi aku ma mua o 350 kg me ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma mua o 4 m me ka pilikia ʻole, a laila i kēia mau lā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia mau pahu ma mua o 30 kg, a ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ke kaumaha o nā mea hoʻohālike ma mua o 15. kg. ʻO ka hōʻailona nui loa o ka iʻa i hopu ʻia i ko mākou ʻāina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka nānā iʻa o ka ʻāina ʻo Kursk. He iʻa poʻokela ia he 200 kg, ua hopu ʻia ma kahi ʻāpana o ka muliwai Seim i ka makahiki 2009.
He poʻo nui a paʻa i ka mokulele ākea me ka waha ākea a ākea nā maka liʻiliʻi (e pili ana i ka nui o ke kino), ʻo ia nā hōʻailona maʻamau o kahi iʻa. Hiki i ka waha waha ke ale i ka ʻai o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka nui, pinepine nā manu a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e hele mai i kahi lua wai i loko o kahi waihona.
ʻEkolu mau ʻumi ʻumi i kau ʻia ma ke poʻo o ka iʻa, ʻo ka lua mua a me ka lōʻihi loa aia ma ka ʻauwae luna, a ʻo ke koena ʻelua ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo. Mahalo i ka ʻumi i loaʻa i ka iʻa ka inoa ʻo "lio diabolo", aia ka manaʻo e mālama ʻia ka merman, e kau ana ma luna o ka iʻa i ka hohonu o ka waihona, e paʻa ana i kahi mau ʻumi. ʻO nā haʻalulu no ka "hoʻokele kaʻa o ka wai" he mea hoʻopā hou.
ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke kino o ka iʻa e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ke kau, kahi noho, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kala o lalo a me nā mea i kau ʻia ma luna. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, heʻeleʻele a hina ke kala, kokoke i kaʻeleʻele. I loko o nā waihona me kahi kahawai pāpaʻu a me nā mea kanu nui, kokoke ke kala o ka iʻa i ka ʻoliva a i ʻole ʻōmaʻomaʻo-hina, me nā wahi o nā leo ʻeleʻele i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma luna ona. Ma nā wahi i lanakila ai ka lalo one, he kala ka i'a me ka melemele nui a me ka ʻōpū māmā.
ʻOi aku ka ʻeleʻele o ka ʻili o ka iʻa ma mua o ke kino ponoʻī, ʻaʻole nui ka ʻili o luna (dorsal), ʻaneʻane ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ke kino palahalaha, no laila paʻakikī loa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka iʻa e waiho ana i loko o ka lua ma lalo. . ʻO ka anal fin, ʻokoʻa i ka hope, ʻoi aku ka nui, pālahalaha a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 2/3 o ke kino holoʻokoʻa, aia ma waena o ka ʻāʻī a me ka pelvic fins.
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He poepoe ke kino nui o ka i'a, no kona nee ana mai ke poo a hiki i ka fin caudal, ua oi aku ka holo, ua hoopiliia ma ka mokulele kupa. ʻO ka ʻāpana caudal o ke kino, e like me ka ʻili anal ponoʻī, he elongated, ikaika, akā ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaumaha o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hana i ka iʻa wikiwiki mai ke kī ʻana.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona a me ka hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa o ka iʻa ʻEulopa ʻo ka nele o nā unahi, hana ʻia kēia hana e nā glands, a laila e uhi i ke kino me ka mucus pale.
Kūā
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Loaʻa ka iʻa iʻa maʻamau i kahi noho ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ko mākou Motherland, kahi i lilo ai ia i mea no ka hānau ʻana, i loko o nā kīʻaha o ke kai:
- Eleʻele;
- Kasepiana;
- Azov;
- Baltika.
Ma muli o ke ʻano wela o ka iʻa, i loko o ka wai o ka Baltic, he mea ʻokoʻa kona hopu ʻana, a he paʻakikī ke kapa ʻana i ka tropy specimens i hopu ʻia.
Hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Silurus glanis ma nā muliwai ʻEulopa:
- Dnieper;
- Kuban;
- Volga;
- wisla;
- Danube;
- Hay;
- ebro;
- Meaʻai;
- Rhine;
- Loire.
I nā Pyrenees a me nā Apennines, ʻaʻole maoli kēia ʻano, ua hoʻokomo maikaʻi ʻia i ke kenekulia ma mua o ka hope i loko o nā kīʻaha o nā kahawai Po a me Ebro, kahi i hoʻonui ai i kona helu. Ua ulu like ke kūlana ma nā kahawai:
- Kenemaka;
- Palani;
- ʻO Netherlands;
- Pelekiuma.
I kēia manawa hiki ke loaʻa kēia ʻano ma ʻEulopa. Ma waho aʻe o ʻEulopa a me ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Rūsia, hiki ke loaʻa iā Silurus glanis ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Iran a me Central Asia Minor. I ke kenekulia i hala, ua nui ka hoʻoikaika a me ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia e nā ichthyologists o ka "Institute of Fisheries" e hoʻonui i ka heluna o Silurus glanis ma Lake Balkhash, kahi i hoʻonui maikaʻi ai i kāna helu, a me nā loko a me nā muliwai i komo i loko. ka ʻupena o kona kīʻaha. ʻO ka heluna kanaka ʻāhiu o Silurus glanis, ʻoiai ua hoʻonui ʻo ia i kona wahi noho, ʻaʻole ia i lilo i mea lawaiʻa kalepa ma muli o kahi heluna liʻiliʻi.
ʻO nā muliwai kahe piha, i kekahi manawa nā wahi desalinated o ke kai kokoke i ka nuku o ka muliwai, ua lilo i wahi punahele kahi e ʻoluʻolu ai ka iʻa.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā subspecies o ka Soma genus, ma waho aʻe o ʻEulopa, ua loaʻa i nā kūlana kūpono no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka heluna kanaka i nā wai mahana o nā kīʻaha kahawai:
- Kina;
- Korea;
- Iapana
- ʻInia;
- ʻAmelika;
- Inidonesia;
- ʻApelika.
Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo i nā wahi punahele o ka iʻa iʻa i loko o ka waihona, a laila ʻo ia ka wahi hohonu loa me kahi lua hohonu. Me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka mahana o ka wai, e hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi lua i waena o nā aʻa i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a holoi ʻia o nā kumulāʻau, kahi i holo ai kona "mea nona", ʻoiai no ka manawa o ka hopu holoholona, holo ʻole a no ka manawa pōkole.
ʻO ka manawa o ka noho ʻana ma kahi wahi i koho ʻia no ka iʻa iʻa hiki ke hoʻomau i kona ola ʻana, ʻo nā kūlana koʻikoʻi wale nō ma ke ʻano o kahi lako meaʻai liʻiliʻi, hiki i ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka wai ke koi iā ia e haʻalele i kona home. Piʻi koke ka nīnau, pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola maoli ʻana o kēia ʻano? ʻO Silurus glanis, e like me ka ichthyologists, hiki ke ola i ke ola o 30-60 mau makahiki, akā aia nā mea i hōʻoia ʻia ua hopu ʻia nā kānaka 70-80 mau makahiki.
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ʻai
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ia ʻano kaumaha o ke kino, ua maopopo ka pono o ka iʻa e ʻai nui. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana o Silurus glanis e like me ka ʻai o ka muliwai gourmet, aia pū kekahi:
- he ia;
- nā rana;
- iʻa iʻa;
- nā mea kolo;
- manu;
- uuku
- nā ʻupena pepeke;
- ilo:
- nā mea kanu o lalo a me kahakai.
I ka wā mua o ka ulu ʻana, ʻo ka ʻai o kahi kanaka e ulu nei e pili ana i ka iʻa iʻa, larvae a me nā crustaceans liʻiliʻi. Me ka hiki ʻana mai o kahi mokuʻāina makua a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaumaha, ʻaʻole hiki i ka iʻa iʻa ke alakaʻi i ka huli ʻana no ka "ʻai", ʻoi aku ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana i loko o ke kolamu wai me ka waha hāmama, kānana ʻana iā ia, e huki ana i nā kahawai wai me nā mea pio liʻiliʻi. waha.
I ke ao, ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka pipi ʻumikū e moe i loko o kona lua, a i ka hiki ʻana mai o ke anuanu o ka pō, hele ʻo ia i ka hahai holoholona. ʻO ka ʻumiʻumi ke kōkua iā ia e mālama i ke kūlana a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi e neʻe mai ana, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua huki ʻia e ka ʻumi ʻūlū, e like me ka ilo. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hana hopu holoholona a helu ʻia i ka laki, aia wale nō i ka wā liʻiliʻi e alualu ka iʻa i ka ʻai ma ke ʻano o nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, a laila, ʻaʻole lōʻihi.
ʻOhana
Mai ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi mahana wai maikaʻi paʻa ma kahi o 160 Mai ka wā o ka spawning o Silurus glanis e hoʻomaka, e hui pū me ka manawa o Mei e pua a mau a hiki i ke kau waena o ke kauwela, pili ia i ka ʻāina kahi i waiho ai ka waihona. Ke kali nei i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā spawning, hoʻomaka ka iʻa i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi pūnana ma kahi one, kahi e waiho ai ka wahine i nā hua.
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Ua hōʻoia ʻia i ka ʻepekema ʻo ka nui o nā hua i loko o kahi paʻa e pili pono ana i ke kaumaha o ka wahine, ua ʻae ʻia he 1 tausani mau hua no 30 kg o ke kaumaha o ke kanaka makua. Ma muli o ia ʻano fecundity, hiki iā Silurus glanis ke lilo i ʻano ʻano maoli o ka waihona i hānau ʻia ai no ka manawa mua ma kahi o 50-70 mau makahiki.
I ka pau ʻana o ka spawning, haʻalele ka wahine Silurus glanis i kona pūnana ʻōiwi, a me nā hopohopo āpau: pale, aeration o nā keiki e hiki mai ana, hāʻule i ke kāne. ʻO ka manawa o ka mālama kāne kāne i nā hua a hiki i 2 mau pule, ma hope o ka puka ʻana o ka pala, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke haʻalele i ka pūnana, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hānai iā lākou iho. ʻO ke kumu o ka meaʻai no lākou ke koena o ka nui o ka protein i loko o ka ʻeke caviar, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka fry.
Ma hope o 2 mau pule, ʻoiai ka palai i loko o ka pūnana, mālama ke kāne i ka hua. Ma hope wale nō o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hanauna e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pūʻulu a hoʻāʻo e hoʻāʻo e ʻimi kūʻokoʻa i ka meaʻai, a hilinaʻi ka "makuakāne" mālama i ka ikaika o nā keiki, ʻae ʻo ia e ʻauʻau wale.
ʻAʻohe ʻenemi ka iʻa nui, ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻenemi ma ke ala o ka iʻa i ka wā mua o ka ulu ʻana, ʻoiai hiki i ka pike a i ʻole ka perch ke hahai iā ia. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i ka caviar clutch, no ka mea, aia mau ma lalo o ka mākaʻikaʻi o kahi kanaka makua. ʻO ka mea nui, ke emi nei ka nui o ka poʻe Silurus glanis ma muli o ka hopu ʻana o ke kanaka me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole, a me ke komo ʻana o ke kanaka i ke kaiaola o ka waihona.