Me he mea lā ʻaʻohe palena o ka pepehi ʻana i nā mea ola a laila ʻai iā lākou. Manaʻo paha ʻoe ua lawa nā haneli miliona o nā holoholona i luku ʻia ma UK i kēlā me kēia makahiki e hoʻomākaukau i nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole no kekahi, akā ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu kekahi poʻe i kā lākou mea a ke ʻimi mau nei lākou i mea hou no kā lākou ʻahaʻaina. .
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ʻike hou ʻia nā holoholona exotic ma nā menus hale ʻaina. I kēia manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ostriches, emus, quails, alligators, kangaroos, guinea fowls, bison a me nā dia ma laila. ʻAʻole koke e loaʻa nā mea a pau e hiki ke hele, kolo, lele a lele paha. Lawe pākahi mākou i nā holoholona mai ka nahelehele a hoʻopaʻa iā lākou. ʻO nā mea ola e like me nā ʻostriches, e noho ana ma nā ʻohana ʻohana a holo manuahi ma ka pā kula ʻo ʻApelika, ua hānai ʻia i loko o nā hale liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka lepo ma Beretania anuanu.
Mai ka manawa e hoʻoholo ai nā kānaka e ʻai lākou i kekahi holoholona, hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi. Hiki koke i nā mea a pau ke hoihoi i ke ola o ka holoholona - pehea a me kahi e noho ai, ka mea e ʻai ai, pehea e hānau ai a pehea e make ai. A ʻo kēlā me kēia hoʻololi ʻana no ka ʻino. ʻO ka hopena hope o ke komo ʻana o ke kanaka he mea pōʻino ia, nā ʻano kūlohelohe, kahi i hoʻāʻo ai nā kānaka e hoʻopau a luku. Ke hoʻololi nui nei mākou i nā holoholona i hiki ʻole iā lākou ke hana hou me ke kōkua ʻole o ke kanaka.
Ke ulu nei ka hiki o nā kānaka ʻepekema ke hoʻololi i nā holoholona i kēlā me kēia lā. Me ke kōkua o nā hana ʻenehana hou loa - genetic engineering, ʻaʻohe palena o ko mākou mana, hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā mea āpau. Hoʻopili ka ʻenekinia genetic i nā loli i ka ʻōnaehana olaola, nā holoholona a me ke kanaka. Ke nānā ʻoe i ke kino o ke kanaka, he mea ʻē paha ia he ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa i kauoha ʻia, akā ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO kēlā me kēia freckle, kēlā me kēia mole, ke kiʻekiʻe, ka maka a me ka lauoho lauoho, ka helu o nā manamana lima a me nā manamana wāwae, nā ʻāpana āpau o kahi ʻano paʻakikī loa. (Manaʻo wau ua maopopo kēia. Ke hele mai kahi hui kūkulu i kahi ʻāpana ʻāina e kūkulu i kahi skyscraper, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻōlelo, "E hoʻomaka ʻoe ma kēlā kihi, kūkulu mākou ma ʻaneʻi, a ʻike mākou i ka hopena." Loaʻa iā lākou nā papahana kahi i hana ʻia ai nā mea a pau ma mua o ka wili hope.) Pēlā pū me nā holoholona. Koe wale no kēlā me kēia holoholona ʻaʻole hoʻokahi hoʻolālā a papahana paha, akā miliona.
ʻO nā holoholona (a me nā kānaka pū kekahi) he mau haneli miliona, a ma ke kikowaena o kēlā me kēia cell he nucleus. Aia i kēlā me kēia nucleus kahi mole DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) e lawe ana i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā genes. ʻO lākou ke kumumanaʻo no ka hana ʻana i kekahi kino. Hiki ke ulu i kahi holoholona mai kahi keena liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia me ka maka ʻōlohelohe. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, hoʻomaka kēlā me kēia keiki e ulu mai ke kelepona i hana ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomoʻa ai ka sperm i kahi hua. Aia i loko o kēia pūnae ka hui pū ʻana o nā genes, ʻo ka hapalua o ia mau mea no ka hua o ka makuahine, a ʻo ka hapa ʻē aʻe i ka sperm o ka makua kāne. Hoʻomaka ka puʻunaue e māhele a ulu, a ʻo nā genes ke kuleana no ke ʻano o ke keiki hānau ʻole - ke ʻano a me ka nui o ke kino, ʻoiai no ka wikiwiki o ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana.
Eia hou, hiki ke hoʻohui i nā genes o kekahi holoholona a me nā genes o kekahi e hana i kekahi mea ma waena. Aia i ka makahiki 1984, hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ma ka Institute of Animal Physiology, ma UK, ke hana i kekahi mea ma waena o ke kao a me ka hipa. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o DNA a i ʻole hoʻokahi gene mai kahi holoholona a mea kanu a hoʻohui iā lākou i kahi holoholona a mea kanu ʻē aʻe. Hana ʻia kēlā ʻano hana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kumu o ke ola, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka holoholona ma mua o ka hua manu, a i kona ulu ʻana, lilo ka gene hou i ʻāpana o kēia holoholona a hoʻololi mālie iā ia. Ua lilo kēia kaʻina hana o ka genetic engineering i ʻoihana maoli.
Ke hoʻolilo nei nā hoʻolaha honua nui i nā piliona paona ma ka noiʻi ma kēia wahi, ʻo ka hapa nui e hoʻomohala i nā ʻano meaʻai hou. Ka mua "nā meaʻai hoʻololi genetically" ke hoʻomaka nei e kū i nā hale kūʻai a puni ka honua. I ka makahiki 1996, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻae ʻia ma UK no ke kūʻai ʻana aku i ka puree tōmato, ka aila rapeseed a me ka hū palaoa, nā huahana genetically engineered. ʻAʻole pono nā hale kūʻai UK e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā meaʻai i hoʻololi ʻia. No laila, ma ka manaʻo, hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai i kahi pizza i loaʻa nā ʻekolu o nā meaʻai i luna, a ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike e pili ana.
ʻAʻole ʻoe maopopo inā pono nā holoholona e ʻeha i hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻai i kāu mea e makemake ai. I ka wā o ka noiʻi genetic no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, pono e ʻeha kekahi mau holoholona, manaʻoʻiʻo mai iaʻu. ʻO kekahi o nā pōʻino mua i ʻike ʻia o ka genetic engineering he mea pōʻino i ʻAmelika i kapa ʻia ʻo Beltsville pig. Ua manaʻo ʻia he puaʻa ʻiʻo nui, i mea e ulu wikiwiki ai a momona, ua hoʻokomo nā ʻepekema i kahi gene ulu kanaka i loko o kāna DNA. A hānai lākou i ka puaʻa nui me ka ʻeha mau. Ua loa'a i ka pua'a Beltsville ka ma'i ma'i ma'i ma kona mau lala a hiki ke kolo wale i kona makemake e hele. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke kū a hoʻohana i ka hapa nui o kona manawa e moe ana me ka nui o nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kēia wale nō ka pōʻino hoʻokolohua maopopo i ʻae ʻia e nā ʻepekema i ka lehulehu e ʻike, ua komo nā puaʻa ʻē aʻe i kēia hoʻokolohua, akā aia lākou i loko o kahi kūlana hoʻopailua a mālama ʻia lākou ma hope o nā pani pani. ОEia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻōki ka haʻawina puaʻa Beltsville i nā hoʻokolohua. I kēia manawa, ua hana nā ʻepekema genetic i kahi ʻiole super, ʻelua ʻelua o ka nui o ka rodent maʻamau. Ua hana ʻia kēia ʻiole ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi moʻo kanaka i loko o ka DNA o ka ʻiole, kahi i alakaʻi ai i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā maʻi kanesa.
I kēia manawa ke hana nei nā ʻepekema i nā hoʻokolohua like i ka puaʻa, akā no ka makemake ʻole o ka poʻe e ʻai i ka ʻiʻo i loaʻa i ke ʻano maʻi kanesa, ua kapa hou ʻia ka gene i ka "gene ulu." I ka hihia o ka bipi Belgian blue, ua loaʻa i nā mea ʻenekinia genetic kahi gene kuleana no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻiʻo a pāpālua iā ia, a pēlā e hana ai i nā bipi nui. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, aia kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo nā bipi i hānau ʻia mai kēia hoʻokolohua ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o nā ʻūhā a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke pelvis ma mua o ka bipi maʻamau. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ke hoʻomaopopo i ka mea e hana nei. ʻO ke keiki bipi nui aʻe a me ke ala hānau haiki e ʻoi aku ka ʻeha o ka hānau ʻana no ka bipi. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole hiki i nā bipi i hoʻololi i ka genetic ke hānau keiki. ʻO ka hopena o ka pilikia he ʻāpana caesarean.
Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia hana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, i kekahi manawa no kēlā me kēia hānau ʻana a i kēlā me kēia manawa e ʻoki ʻia ai ka bipi e ʻoi aku ka ʻeha. I ka hopena, ʻoki ka pahi ʻaʻole ka ʻili maʻamau, akā i ka ʻiʻo, ʻo ia nā ʻōpala e lōʻihi a paʻakikī hoʻi e hoʻōla.
Ua ʻike mākou i ka wā e hana pinepine ai ka wahine i nā ʻāpana caesarean (ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻaʻole hiki pinepine kēia), lilo ia i hana ʻeha loa. ʻO ka poʻe ʻepekema a me nā mea lapaʻau e ʻae i ka ʻeha nui o ka bipi Belgian blue - akā hoʻomau nā hoʻokolohua. Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua malihini ma luna o nā bipi ʻeleʻele Swiss. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau bipi i kahi kīnā genetic e hoʻoulu ai i kahi maʻi lolo kūikawā i kēia mau holoholona. Akā, ʻo ka mea kupanaha, ke hoʻomaka kēia maʻi, hāʻawi ka bipi i ka waiū. I ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka gene i hoʻokumu i ka maʻi, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohana i ka ʻikepili hou e hoʻōla ai - ua manaʻoʻiʻo lākou inā loaʻa ka bipi i ka maʻi, e hoʻohua hou ʻo ia i ka waiū.. Weliweli, 'a'ole anei?
I loko o ka ʻIseraʻela, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i loko o nā moa he gene ke kuleana no ka nele o ka hulu ma ka ʻāʻī a me kahi gene kuleana no ko lākou hele ʻana. Ma ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua like ʻole me kēia mau genes ʻelua, ua hānai nā ʻepekema i kahi manu ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe hulu. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ke kino o nā hulu liʻiliʻi o kēia mau manu. He aha ke kumu? No laila hiki i nā mea hana ke hoʻoulu i nā manu ma ka wao nahele Negev, ma lalo o nā kukuna o ka lā wela, kahi i hiki ai ka mahana i 45C.
He aha nā leʻaleʻa ʻē aʻe i loko o ka hale kūʻai? ʻO kekahi o nā papahana aʻu i lohe ai, ʻo ia ka noiʻi ʻana no ka hānai ʻana i nā puaʻa huluhulu ʻole, nā hoʻokolohua e hoʻohua ai i nā moa hānai ʻēheu ʻole e hoʻokomo i nā moa hou aʻe i loko o ka hale, a me ka hana ʻana i ka pipi asexual, a pēlā aku. nā mea kanu like me nā genes iʻa.
Ke koi nei nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka palekana o kēia ʻano hoʻololi i ke ʻano. Eia naʻe, i loko o ke kino o kahi holoholona nui e like me ka puaʻa he mau miliona o nā genes, a ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻepekema ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli wale nō o lākou. Ke hoʻololi ʻia kahi gene a i ʻole hoʻokomo ʻia kahi gene mai kahi holoholona ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā genes ʻē aʻe o ke kino, hiki i kekahi ke waiho i mua i nā kuhiakau. A ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo i ka manawa e ʻike ʻia ai nā hopena o ia mau loli. (Me he mea lā ke hoʻololi nei ko mākou poʻe kūkulu hale noʻeau i ke kila me ka lāʻau no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
Ua hana nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻē aʻe i nā wānana weliweli e pili ana i kahi e alakaʻi ai kēia ʻepekema hou. Wahi a kekahi, hiki i ka ʻenekinia genetic ke hana i nā maʻi hou loa a mākou e pale ʻole ai. Ma kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka ʻenekinia genetic no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano pepeke, aia ka pilikia e puka mai nā ʻano parasite hou i hiki ʻole ke mālama ʻia.
Na nā hui honua e hana i kēia ʻano noiʻi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia e loaʻa iā mākou ka meaʻai hou, ʻono, ʻokoʻa a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei kekahi e hiki ke hānai i nā poʻe a pau e make ana i ka pōloli. He kumu wale nō kēia.
I ka makahiki 1995, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike o ka World Health Organization ua lawa ka meaʻai e hānai ai i nā kānaka a pau ma ka honua, a no kekahi kumu a i ʻole, nā kumu waiwai a me ka politika, ʻaʻole lawa nā kānaka i ka meaʻai. ʻAʻohe mea hōʻoia e hoʻohana ʻia ke kālā i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenekinia genetic no kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka loaʻa kālā. ʻO nā huahana ʻenekinia genetic, ʻaʻole mākou e loaʻa koke, hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi pōʻino maoli, akā hoʻokahi mea a mākou i ʻike mua ai ua pilikia nā holoholona ma muli o ka makemake o nā kānaka e hana i ka ʻiʻo haʻahaʻa e like me ka hiki.