Contents
Ka hopena o ke kaiapuni i ka ʻike kāne kāne o nā keiki
Hoʻopuka kahi hōʻike IGAS i kahi "kuʻikahi hoʻonaʻauao no nā keiki" i mea e hakakā ai i nā stereotypes sexist i nā hale hoʻokipa. ʻO nā ʻōlelo manaʻo e hoʻāla hou i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa wela ma nā manaʻo kāne kāne.
Nā kiʻi mai ka papa inoa o nā hale kūʻai U o Dekemaba 2012
Ua hoʻokuʻu wale ka General Inspectorate of Social Affairs i kāna hōʻike e pili ana i ka "Ke kaulike ma waena o nā kaikamahine a me nā keikikāne i ka hoʻonohonoho mālama ʻana i ka wā kamaliʻi" i noi ʻia e Najat Vallaud Belkacem. Ke nānā nei ka hōʻike: ʻo nā kulekele āpau e hāpai ana i ke kaulike e kūʻē i kahi pilikia nui, ʻo ka nīnau o nā ʻōnaehana hōʻike e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kāne a me nā wahine i nā ʻano wahine. ʻO kahi hana i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomohala ʻia mai ka wā kamaliʻi, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā ʻano hoʻokipa. No Brigitte Grésy lāua ʻo Philippe Georges, hōʻike nā limahana kahu hānai a me nā kahu hānai i ka makemake no ka kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻololi kēia mau ʻoihana i kā lākou ʻano, ʻoiai me ka ʻike ʻole, i ke kāne o ke keiki.E emi ana ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o nā kaikamahine liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole hoʻoikaika ʻia i nā hana hui, ʻaʻole i paipai ʻia e komo i nā pāʻani kūkulu hale. ʻO ka haʻuki a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kino he ipu hoʻoheheʻe no ke aʻo ʻana i ke kāne: "nani ke ʻike", nā haʻuki pākahi ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, "ʻimi no ka holomua", nā haʻuki hui ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. Hoʻopuka ka poʻe rapporteurs i ke ao holoʻokoʻa "binary" o nā mea pāʻani, me nā mea pāʻani liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kaikamahine ʻilihune, hoʻemi pinepine ʻia i ke ʻano o nā hana home a me nā makuahine. Ma nā palapala a nā kamaliʻi a me ka paʻi puke, ʻoi aku ke kāne ma mua o ka wahine.ʻO 78% o nā uhi puke e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano kāne a ma nā hana e hōʻike ana i nā holoholona ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka asymmetry ma ka ratio o hoʻokahi a ʻumi.. ʻO ia ke kumu e kākoʻo ai ka hōʻike IGAS i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi "pact hoʻonaʻauao no nā keiki" e hoʻonui i ka ʻike ma waena o nā limahana a me nā mākua.
I Kekemapa 2012, ua hāʻawi nā hale kūʻai U i kahi papa inoa o nā mea pāʻani "unisex", ka mea mua o kāna ʻano ma Farani.
He paio e ulu ana
Ua puka mua nā hana kūloko. Ma Saint-Ouen, ua hoʻokipa nui ʻia ka Bourdarias crèche. Pāʻani nā keikikāne liʻiliʻi me nā pēpē, hana nā kaikamahine liʻiliʻi i nā pāʻani kūkulu. Hōʻike ʻia nā puke heluhelu e like me ka nui o nā kiʻi wahine a me nā kāne. Huipuia na limahana. Ma Suresnes, ma Ianuali 2012, he ʻumikūmāwalu mau ʻelele mai ka ʻāpana keiki (ka waihona puke media, nā kahu hānai, nā kikowaena leʻaleʻa) i ukali i kahi hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻokele mua i manaʻo ʻia e pale aku i ka moekolohe ma o ka palapala a nā keiki. A laila, e hoʻomanaʻo,i ka wā Kalikimaka i hala, ua hoʻolaha nā hale kūʻai U me kahi papa inoa e hōʻike ana i nā keikikāne me nā pēpē a me nā kaikamahine me nā pāʻani kūkulu..
Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui ʻia nei ka nīnau o ke kaulike a me nā stereotypes kāne ma Farani a ʻike i nā poʻe kālai'āina, nā ʻepekema, nā akeakamai a me nā psychoanalyst e hakakā. He ola a paʻakikī nā hoʻololi. Inā ʻōlelo nā keikikāne liʻiliʻi i ka "vroum vroum" ma mua o ka haʻi ʻana i ka "mummy", inā makemake nā kaikamahine liʻiliʻi e pāʻani me nā pēpē, pili paha ia i kā lākou moe kino, ko lākou ʻano, a i ʻole ka hoʻonaʻauao i hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou? i ka moʻomeheu? Wahi a nā manaʻo kāne kāne i puka mai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā makahiki 70, a aia i ka puʻuwai o kēia manawa i Farani, ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻokoʻa anatomical o nā kāne e wehewehe i ke ʻano o nā kaikamahine a me nā keikikāne, nā wahine a me nā kāne. hoʻopau i ka pili ʻana i nā hōʻike i hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā me kēia kāne. ʻO ke kāne kāne a me ka ʻike pilikino ka mea i kūkulu ʻia i ka nohona ma mua o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo olaola. ʻAʻole, ʻaʻole no Mars nā kāne a ʻaʻole no Venus nā wahine. INo kēia mau manaʻo, ʻaʻole ia he nīnau no ka hōʻole ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa olaola mua akā no ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka nui o kēia ʻokoʻa kino e hoʻopili ai i nā pilina pili kanaka a me nā pilina o ke kaulike.. I ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o kēia mau manaʻo i loko o nā puke kula kula mua o SVT i ka makahiki 2011, ua nui nā kūʻē. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia nā palapala noi e nīnau ana i ka pono ʻepekema o kēia noiʻi, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo.
ʻO ka manaʻo o nā neurobiologists
E hōʻailona nā anti-theories o ke kāne i ka puke a Lise Eliot, ʻAmelika neurobiologist, ka mea kākau o "Pink brain, blue brain: he male nā neurons?" “. No ka laʻana, kākau ʻo ia: “ʻAe, ʻokoʻa nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine. Loaʻa iā lākou nā manaʻo like ʻole, nā pae hana ʻokoʻa, nā paepae sensory ʻokoʻa, nā ikaika kino like ʻole, nā ʻano pilina like ʻole, nā mana noʻonoʻo ʻokoʻa a me nā akamai naʻauao like ʻole! (…) He hopena maoli kēia mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne a he mau pilikia nui no nā mākua. Pehea mākou e kākoʻo ai i kā mākou mau keikikāne a me kā mākou mau kaikamāhine, e pale aku iā lākou a hoʻomau i ka mālama pono ʻana iā lākou, inā ʻokoʻa loa ko lākou pono? Mai hilinaʻi naʻe. ʻO ka mea a ka mea noiʻi i hoʻomohala ma luna o nā mea a pau, ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka lolo o kahi kaikamahine liʻiliʻi a me ka lolo o kahi keikikāne. A ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine.
Hiki i nā poʻe kākoʻo o ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu ke kuhikuhi i kahi neurobiologist Farani kaulana, ʻo Catherine Vidal. Ma kahi kolamu i paʻi ʻia ma Kepakemapa 2011 ma Liberation, ua kākau ʻo ia: "Ke hana mau nei ka lolo i nā neural circuit hou e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka ʻike ola. (…) ʻAʻole ʻike ke kanaka hānau hou i kāna kāne. E aʻo koke ʻo ia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kāne mai ka wahine, akā mai ka makahiki 2 a me ka hapa wale nō e hiki ai iā ia ke ʻike me kekahi o nā kāne ʻelua. Eia nō naʻe, mai kona hānau ʻana, ua ulu ʻo ia i loko o kahi ʻano wahine: ʻokoʻa ka lumi moe, nā mea pāʻani, nā lole a me nā ʻano kanaka makua ma muli o ke kāne o ke keiki ʻōpio.ʻO ia ka launa pū ʻana me ke kaiapuni e hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻono, nā mākaukau a me ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano pilikino e like me nā hiʻohiʻona kāne a me nā wahine i hāʻawi ʻia e ka hui. ".
Hoʻopili nā mea a pau
ʻAʻohe hemahema o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. Ua kū nā inoa nui ma ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻepekema kanaka i kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa. ʻO Boris Cyrulnik, neuropsychiatrist, ethologist, ua hoʻopau i ka iho ʻana i ke kahua e hoʻopaʻi i nā manaʻo o ke ʻano, ʻike wale i kahi manaʻo e haʻi ana i "ka inaina o ke ʻano". ” ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hānai ʻana i ke kaikamahine ma mua o ke keikikāne, ua hōʻoiaʻiʻoʻo ia iā Point i ka mahinaʻo Sepatemaba 2011. Eia kekahi, ma ke kūkākūkā psychiatry keiki, aia wale nō nā keikikāne liʻiliʻi,ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka uluʻana. Ua wehewehe kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i kēia neʻe ʻana e ka biology. ʻOi aku ka paʻa o ka hui ʻana o nā chromosomes XX, no ka mea, hiki ke uku ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i kekahi X e ka X. Hoʻohui i kēia i ka hana nui o ka testosterone, ka hormone o ka wiwo ʻole a me ka neʻe ʻana, ʻaʻole ka huhū, e like me ka mea i manaʻo pinepine ʻia. "Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Sylviane Agacinski, ke akeakamai. "ʻO ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻole i kēia lā ua kūkulu ʻia nā mea āpau a me nā mea hana i hoʻopiʻi ʻia he" naturalist ", e hōʻemi i nā mea āpau i ke ʻano a me ka biology, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻōlelo! »(Ohana Kalikiano, Iune 2012).
Ma ʻOkakopa 2011, ma mua o ka ʻAha Kūleʻa Wahine o ka ʻAhahui Lahui, ʻo Françoise Héritier, he kanaka koʻikoʻi ma ka anthropology, ua hele mai e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo nā maʻamau, i hōʻike ʻia me ka ʻike ʻole a i ʻole, he mana nui i ka ʻike kāne kāne o kēlā me kēia kanaka. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i kekahi mau laʻana e kākoʻo i kāna hōʻike. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka mākau kaʻa, hana mua ʻia ma nā pēpē 8 mahina ma waho o ke alo o ka makuahine a laila ma kona alo ma hope. I ka nele o nā makuahine, ua hana ʻia nā keiki e kolo ma luna o kahi mokulele iclined. ʻOi aku ka noʻonoʻo ʻole o nā kaikamahine a piʻi i nā pali kiʻekiʻe. Kāhea ʻia nā makuahine a pono lākou e hoʻoponopono i ke ʻano o ka papa e like me ka mana o nā keiki. Nā hualoaʻa: hoʻonui lākou i ka 20 ° i ka mana o kā lākou mau keikikāne a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka 20 ° i kā lākou mau kaikamahine.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua paʻi ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Nancy Houston i Iulai 2012 i kahi puke i kapa ʻia ʻo "Reflections in a man's eye" kahi i huhū ai ʻo ia i nā postulates e pili ana i ke kāne "social", ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole like nā kāne a me nā mea like. ka moekolohe ma ke ʻano he wahine a inā makemake nā wahine e ʻoluʻolu i nā kāne, ʻaʻole ia ma o ke kaʻawale ʻana.ʻO ka manaʻo kāne kāne, e like me kāna, he "hōʻole ʻānela i kā mākou holoholona". Hoʻopili kēia i ka ʻōlelo a Françoise Héritier i mua o ka poʻe pāremata: “Ma waena o nā ʻano holoholona āpau, ʻo ke kanaka wale nō kahi e hahau ai nā kāne a pepehi i kā lākou mau wahine. ʻAʻole loaʻa ia mau mea ʻino i ka "nature" holoholona. ʻO ka hoʻomāinoino pepehi kanaka i nā wahine i loko o kāna ʻano ponoʻī he huahana ia o ka moʻomeheu kanaka a ʻaʻole ia o kona ʻano holoholona.
ʻAʻole kēia e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻoholo i ke kumu o ka ʻono kūpono ʻole o nā keikikāne liʻiliʻi no nā kaʻa, akā e hoʻomanaʻo mai ana iā mākou i ka nui, i kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa, e kūleʻa pinepine nā pahele i ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻāpana o ka moʻomeheu a me ke kūlohelohe.