Contents
He ʻano ʻino ko mākou i ka honua nāna i hāʻawi i ke ola iā mākou, hānai iā mākou a hāʻawi iā mākou i nā mea e ola ai. Ho'āʻo pinepine ke kanaka me kona ikaika a pau e hoʻohuli i kona wahi noho i wahi ʻōpala pilau. A lanakila ʻo ia maʻamau. Ua ʻoki ʻia nā ululāʻau a ua luku ʻia nā holoholona, ua hoʻohaumia ʻia nā muliwai me nā mea ʻawaʻawa, a ua hoʻolilo ʻia ke kai i mau ʻōpala.
ʻO kekahi o nā kūlanakauhale a mākou e noho nei me he kiʻi mai kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni weliweli. Loaʻa iā lākou nā puddles ʻokoʻa, nā kumu lāʻau ʻokiʻoki a me ka ea piha i nā mea ʻona. ʻAʻole ola lōʻihi ka poʻe ma ia mau kūlanakauhale, maʻi nā keiki, a lilo ka ʻala o nā kinoea hoʻopau i mea ʻala.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ko mākou ʻāina ma kēia ʻano me nā ʻāina ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā kūlanakauhale kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai kemika a i ʻole nā mea hana ʻino ʻē aʻe he mea kaumaha. Ua hoʻokomo mākou i kahi papa inoa no ʻoe na kulanakauhale lepo loa ma Rusia. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi o lākou i loko o kahi pōʻino kaiaola maoli. Akā, ʻaʻole mālama nā luna i kēia, a ua maʻa nā kamaʻāina i ka noho ʻana ma ia ʻano.
Long ke kulanakauhale lepo loa ma Rusia Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Dzerzhinsk ma ka ʻāina Novgorod. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia wahi no ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua kemika, ua pani ʻia i ka honua o waho. I loko o nā makahiki he nui o ia ʻano hana, nui nā ʻōpala kemika i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ka lepo a ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe kamaʻāina ke noho a hiki i 45 mau makahiki. Eia naʻe, hana mākou i kā mākou papa inoa e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana helu Lūkini, a noʻonoʻo wale i nā mea ʻino i ka lewa. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ka lepo a me ka wai.
10 ʻO Magnitogorsk
Wehe ʻia kā mākou papa inoa me kahi kūlanakauhale i pili i kāna mōʻaukala pōkole me ka metallurgy, ʻoihana kaumaha a me nā hana o nā hoʻolālā ʻelima makahiki mua. ʻO ke kūlanakauhale ka home o ka Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, ka ʻoihana nui loa ma Rusia. ʻO ia ka helu no ka hapa nui o nā hoʻokuʻu ʻino e ʻona i ke ola o nā kamaʻāina. ʻO ka huina, ma kahi o 255 tausani tons o nā mea ʻino e komo i ka ea o ke kūlanakauhale i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻAe, he helu nui. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kānana he nui i ka mea kanu, akā kōkua liʻiliʻi lākou, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nitrogen dioxide a me ka soot i ka lewa ma mua o ka maʻamau.
9. Angarsk
Aia ma kahi ʻeiwa ma kā mākou papa inoa kekahi kūlanakauhale Siberian. ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Angarsk he waiwai maikaʻi loa, kaumaha ke kūlana kaiaola ma aneʻi. Hoʻomohala nui ʻia ka ʻoihana kemika ma Angarsk. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ikaika ʻia ka aila ma ʻaneʻi, nui nā ʻoihana hana mīkini, hoʻopōʻino lākou i ke ʻano, a he mea hoʻi, aia kahi mea kanu ma Angarsk e hana ana i ka uranium a hoʻopau i ka wahie mai nā mea kanu nuklea. ʻAʻole i hoʻohui ʻia ke ola kino o ke kaiāulu me ia mea kanu. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, 280 tons o nā mea ʻona e komo i ka lewa o ke kūlanakauhale.
8. Omsk
Aia ma ka ʻewalu o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Siberian, kahi e loaʻa ai ka lewa i kēlā me kēia makahiki he 290 tons o nā mea ʻino. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou e hoʻopuka ʻia e nā kumu paʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ma mua o 30% o nā emissions mai nā kaʻa. Mai poina he kūlanakauhale nui ʻo Omsk me ka heluna kanaka ma mua o 1,16 miliona mau kānaka.
Ua hoʻomaka koke ka ʻoihana ma Omsk ma hope o ke kaua, ʻoiai ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ʻoihana mai ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka USSR ma aneʻi. I kēia manawa he nui nā ʻoihana o ke kaona ferrous metallurgy, ʻoihana kemika a me ka ʻenehana mechanical. Hoʻohaumia lākou a pau i ka ea o ke kūlanakauhale.
7. ʻO Novokuznetsk
ʻO kēia kūlanakauhale kekahi o nā kikowaena o ka metallurgy Lūkini. Nui nā ʻoihana i nā mea hana kahiko a ua ʻona nui i ka ea. ʻO ka ʻoihana metallurgical nui loa ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo ka Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea haumia nui o ka ea. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻoihana lanahu ma ka ʻāina, kahi e hoʻopuka ai i ka nui o nā hoʻokuʻu ʻino. Manaʻo ka poʻe noho o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo ke kūlana kaiaola maikaʻi ʻole i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo ia kekahi o kā lākou pilikia nui.
6. Lipokia
ʻO kēia kūlanakauhale ka home o ka mea kanu metallurgical nui loa o ʻEulopa (NLMK), ka mea e hoʻokuʻu i ka nui o nā mea haumia i ka lewa. Ma waho aʻe o ia, aia kekahi mau ʻoihana nui ʻē aʻe ma Lipetsk e kōkua ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kūlana kaiapuni ma ke kauhale.
I kēlā me kēia makahiki, 322 tausani tona o nā mea ʻino like ʻole e komo i ka lewa o ke kūlanakauhale. Inā pā ka makani mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka mea kanu metallurgical, a laila ʻike ʻia kahi ʻala ikaika o ka hydrogen sulfide i ka lewa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ua hana ka hui i kekahi mau hana e hōʻemi i nā hoʻokuʻu ʻino, akā ʻaʻohe hopena.
5. ʻo Asbestos
ʻElima ma kā mākou papa inoa nā kūlanakauhale lepo loa ma Rusia aia ka Ural settlement. E like me ka maopopo ʻana mai ka inoa o kēia kūlanakauhale, ʻeli ʻia ka asbestos a hana ʻia i loko, a ua hana pū ʻia nā pōhaku silicate. Eia ka mea kanu nui loa o ka honua e unuhi i ka asbestos. A ʻo kēia mau ʻoihana ka mea i lawe i ke kūlanakauhale i ka pōʻino o ke kaiaola.
ʻOi aku ma mua o 330 mau tons o nā mea weliweli i ke olakino kanaka e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai nā kumu paʻa. ʻO 99% o lākou i helu ʻia e hoʻokahi ʻoihana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohui i ka lepo asbestos he mea weliweli loa a hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi kanesa.
4. Pā'ālua
ʻO kēia kūlanakauhale ka home o nā mea kanu kemika nui a me nā mea hao: Cherepovets Azot, Severstal, Severstal-Metiz, a me Ammofos. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hoʻokuʻu lākou ma kahi o 364 tons o nā mea weliweli i ke olakino kanaka i ka lewa. ʻO ke kūlanakauhale he helu nui loa o nā maʻi o ka ʻōnaehana hanu, naʻau a me nā maʻi oncological.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana i ka puna a me ka hāʻule.
3. St. Petersburg
Aia ma kahi ʻekolu o kā mākou papa inoa ke kūlanakauhale ʻo St. Petersburg, kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai nā ʻoihana ʻoihana nui a i ʻole nā ʻoihana weliweli. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa kēia mea: nui loa nā kaʻa i loko o ke kūlanakauhale a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana he kinoea hoʻopau kaʻa.
ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kaʻa i ke kūlanakauhale, kū pinepine nā kaʻa i nā kaʻa i loko o nā kaʻa kaʻa, ʻoiai e ʻona i ka ea. ʻO ka māhele o nā kaʻa he 92,8% o nā hoʻokuʻu ʻino a pau i ka lewa o ke kūlanakauhale. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, 488,2 tausani tons o nā mea ʻino e komo i ka lewa, a ʻoi aku kēia ma mua o nā kūlanakauhale me ka ʻoihana hoʻomohala.
2. Moscow
Ma ka lua o ka wahi e pili ana i ka pollution kaiapuni ke kapikala o ka Russian Federation - ke kulanakauhale o Moscow. ʻAʻohe ʻoihana nui a pōʻino ma aneʻi, ʻaʻohe lanahu a me nā metala koʻikoʻi i ʻeli ʻia, akā i kēlā me kēia makahiki e pili ana i 1000 tausani mau mea ʻino i nā kānaka e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa o kahi metropolis nui. ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia mau hoʻokuʻu ʻana he mau kaʻa, helu lākou no 92,5% o nā mea ʻino a pau i ka lewa Moscow. Hoʻohaumia nui nā kaʻa i ka ea i nā hola he nui o ke kū ʻana i nā kaʻa.
Ke piʻi nei ke kūlana i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Inā hoʻomau ke kūlana, hiki ʻole ke hanu i ke kapikala.
1. Norilsk
ʻO ka mea mua ma kā mākou papa inoa na kulanakauhale haumia loa ma Rusia, me ka palena nui loa ke kulanakauhale o Norilsk. ʻO kēia noho, aia ma ka Territory Krasnoyarsk, he alakaʻi i waena o nā kūlanakauhale Lūkini maikaʻi ʻole i ke kaiapuni no nā makahiki he nui. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kēia e nā poʻe loea kūloko wale nō, akā e nā poʻe hoʻokele kaiapuni ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo ka hapa nui o lākou iā Norilsk i kahi pōʻino kaiaola. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ke kūlanakauhale i hoʻokahi o nā alakaʻi nā wahi haumia loa o ka honua.
ʻO ke kumu o kēia kūlana he mea maʻalahi: aia ka ʻoihana Norilsk Nickel ma ke kūlanakauhale, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻohaumia nui. I ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka 1 tons o ka ʻōpala weliweli i ka lewa.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina i hana ʻia i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā metala kaumaha, hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid ma mua o ka pae palekana i nā manawa he nui. I ka huina, helu ʻia nā mea noiʻi he 31 mau mea ʻino, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea i ʻae ʻia. Ke make mālie nei nā mea kanu a me nā mea ola. Ma Norilsk, he ʻumi makahiki ka awelika o ke ola ma mua o ka awelika aupuni.