ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe o nā pā kahiko o Kina i hāʻawi ʻia e ka laiki, i hoʻohui ʻia e ka poʻe kūkulu hale i ka lime mortar. ʻO ka hui ʻana i loko o ka amylopectin carbohydrate ka mea mua loa o ka honua.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohui, a i ʻole composites - nā mea paʻa multi-component e ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻohui i nā waiwai pono o kā lākou mau ʻāpana, ua lilo i mea nui no ka ʻoihana o nā kaiāulu kanaka. ʻO ke ʻano o nā composites ʻo ia ka hui pū ʻana i nā mea hoʻoikaika e hāʻawi i nā ʻano mechanical pono o ka mea, a me kahi matrix binder e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka hana hui ʻana o nā mea hoʻoikaika. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea composite i ke kūkulu ʻana (reinforced concrete) a me nā ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe i loko (nā uhi ma luna o ka friction surfaces a me nā pistons), i ka mokulele a me nā astronautics, i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua a me nā lāʻau.
Akā, ʻehia mau makahiki o nā composites a pehea ka wikiwiki i lilo ai lākou i mea maikaʻi? ʻO ka mea mua i hiki mai i ka noʻonoʻo ʻo nā pōhaku kahiko i hana ʻia i ka pālolo, akā hui pū ʻia me ka mauʻu (ʻo ia wale nō ka "bonding matrix"), i hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻAigupita kahiko.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau hoʻolālā ma mua o nā mea like ʻole o kēia wā, ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa lākou a no laila pōkole. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka ʻohana o nā "composites kahiko". Ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema Kina i ka mea huna o ka mortar kahiko, ka mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka ikaika o ka pā nui o Kina e kūʻē i ke kaomi ʻana o nā kenekulia, aia nō hoʻi i ke kahua o ka ʻepekema kumu.
He pipiʻi loa ka ʻenehana kahiko, akā maikaʻi.
Ua hana ʻia ka mortar me ka laiki ʻono, kahi mea nui o nā kīʻaha ʻAsia hou. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi pūʻulu kaukaʻi o ke kemika kino ʻo Bingjiang Zhang ua hoʻohana nā mea kūkulu hale i kahi mortar paʻa i hana ʻia mai ka laiki ma mua o 1,5 mau makahiki i hala. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, ua hui pū ʻia ka hupa laiki me nā mea maʻamau no ka hoʻonā - slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), i loaʻa ma ka calcining limestone (calcium carbonate) i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe, a ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka hopena calcium oxide (quicklime) me ka wai.
Malia paha ʻo ka pahū raiki ka mea mua loa o ka honua i hoʻohui ʻia i nā mea ʻano a me nā mea ʻokoʻa.
ʻOi aku ka ikaika a ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka ua ma mua o ka mortar lime maʻamau a ʻoiaʻiʻo nō hoʻi ka holomua ʻenehana nui loa o kona manawa. Ua hoʻohana wale ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale koʻikoʻi nui: nā hale kupapaʻu, nā pagodas a me nā pā o ke kūlanakauhale, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea i ola a hiki i kēia lā a kū i kekahi mau ōlaʻi ikaika a me nā hoʻāʻo ʻana e wāwahi ʻia e nā bulldozer hou.
Ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka "mea hana" o ka hopena laiki. Ua lilo ia he amylopectin, he polysaccharide i loaʻa i nā kaulahao lālā o nā molekole glucose, kekahi o nā mea nui o ka starch.
"Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi analytical ʻo ka mortar i ka masonry kahiko he mea hoʻohui organik-inorganic. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka haku mele e ka thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ka amylopectin e hana i ka microstructure o kahi hui ʻana me kahi ʻāpana inorganic, e hāʻawi ana i nā waiwai hale waiwai o ka hopena, "wahi a nā mea noiʻi Kina i kahi ʻatikala.
Ma ʻEulopa, ʻike lākou, mai ka wā kahiko o Roma, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka lepo lua pele e hoʻohui i ka ikaika i ka pahū. No laila, ua hoʻokō lākou i ke kūpaʻa o ka hopena i ka wai - ʻaʻole ia i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko, akā, ma ka ʻokoʻa, paʻakikī wale nō. Ua pālahalaha ʻia kēia ʻenehana ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia Komohana, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ma Kina, no ka mea ʻaʻole pono nā mea kūlohelohe. No laila, ua puka ka poʻe Kina hale i waho o ke kūlana ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi kumulāʻau laiki organik.
Ma waho aʻe o ka waiwai o ka mōʻaukala, he mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻike ma nā ʻōlelo kūpono. ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka nui o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka mortar i hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia ke ala maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā hale kahiko, kahi e pono pinepine ai e hoʻololi i ka mea hoʻohui i ka brick a i ʻole masonry.