Aia ma mua o 262 mau kikokikona ʻepekema e aʻo ana i ka hopena o kēia mau meaʻai i ka hāpai ʻana.¹ : ʻaʻohe mea i hōʻike i ka piʻi ʻana o nā malformations nui i nā keiki, a hoʻokahi wale nō i hōʻike i ka piʻi iki o ka hypostadias (malformation o ka penis) i ke keiki kāne a ka makuahine meaʻai. ʻElima mau haʻawina i hōʻike i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hānau ʻana i nā keiki o nā makuahine meaʻai meaʻai, akā ʻelua mau haʻawina i hōʻike i nā hopena like ʻole. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e mau nō inā he mea ʻai ʻoe a ʻaʻole paha.

ʻEiwa mau haʻawina e hōʻike ana i ka pilikia o ka huaora B12 a me ka nele o ka hao i nā wahine hānai meaʻai. ʻO ka hope loa, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā meaʻai vegan a me nā meaʻai meaʻai meaʻai he palekana, ʻoiai ke nānā pono ʻia i ka pono o nā huaora (ʻoi aku ka huaʻai B12) a me nā mea ʻala (ʻoi aku ka hao). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻai ʻana o ka magnesium i ka poʻe meaʻai meaʻai hāpai, hiki ke hoʻemi nui i ke alapine o ka ʻōpū o ka bipi i ke kolu o ka trimester.².

ʻO Piccoli GB, Clari R, Vegan-meaʻai meaʻai i ka wā hāpai: pilikia a panacea paha? He loiloi moʻolelo ʻōnaehana. BJOG. 2015 Apr;122(5):623-33. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13280. Epub 2015 Jan 20. C Koebnick, R Leitzmann, & al. Ka hopena lōʻihi o ka meaʻai mea kanu ma ke kūlana magnesium i ka wā hāpai, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2005) 59, 219-225. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602062 Paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele 29 Kepakemapa 2004