Hōʻuluʻulu pōkole a me nā mea koʻikoʻi.
Mamua o ka hookahuli ana i na hana. ʻAi liʻiliʻi ka ʻiʻo ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi āpau (hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kūlana o kēia lā). 1900-1960 Ua piʻi ikaika ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo ma ke Komohana no ka mea ua maʻalahi ka lawe ʻana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana 1971 — ʻO ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o Diet for a Small Planet na Francis Moore Lappe e hoʻomaka i ka neʻe ʻana o nā meaʻai i ka US, akā naʻe, ke hōʻike nei ia i ka moʻolelo e pono ai i nā mea kanu ke "hoʻohui" i ka protein e loaʻa ai ka protein "piha". 1975 — ʻO ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o ka Animal Liberation e ke kaukaʻi koʻikoʻi o Australia ʻo Peter Singer e hoʻoikaika i ka hānau ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o nā pono holoholona ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hui PETA, nā kākoʻo ikaika o ka meaʻai meaʻai. Ka hopena o ka makahiki 1970 — Hoʻomaka ka nūpepa ʻo Vegetarian Times e paʻi. 1983 — Ua paʻi ʻia ka puke mua e pili ana i ka veganism e ke kauka Komohana i hōʻoia ʻia, ʻo Dr. John McDougall, The McDougall Plan. 1987 Ua hoʻoikaika ʻo John Robbins' Diet for a New America i ka neʻe ʻana o ka vegan ma US. Ua hoʻi ka neʻe vegan. 1990-e ʻO nā hōʻike lapaʻau o ka pōmaikaʻi o ka meaʻai meaʻai meaʻai ke lilo nei i mea maʻamau. Kākoʻo ʻia ʻo Vegetarianism e ka American Dietetic Association, a ʻo nā puke a nā kauka kaulana e ʻōlelo nei i ka meaʻai vegan haʻahaʻa a kokoke i ka vegan (e laʻa, The McDougall Program and Dr. Dean Ornish's Heart Disease Program). Ke hoʻololi hope nei ke aupuni US i nā hui ʻehā meaʻai i kākoʻo ʻia i ka wā kahiko a me ka ʻiʻo a me ka waiu me kahi Pyramid Meaʻai hou e hōʻike ana e hoʻokumu ʻia ka meaʻai kanaka ma luna o nā kīʻaha, nā mea kanu, nā pī a me nā huaʻai.
Ma mua o ka puka ʻana o nā kumu i kākau ʻia.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Vegetarianism i nā manawa ma mua o ka puka ʻana mai o nā kumu kākau. Manaʻo ka poʻe anthropologist he nui ka poʻe kahiko i ʻai i nā meaʻai mea kanu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻohi ma mua o ka poʻe hahai holoholona. (E nānā i nā ʻatikala a David Popovich lāua ʻo Derek Wall.) Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia manaʻo e ka mea ʻoi aku ka like o ka ʻōnaehana digestive o ke kanaka me ka herbivore ma mua o ka carnivore. (Poina i nā niho—he mau mea kanu ʻē aʻe kekahi, akā, ʻaʻohe niho nau o ka carnivores, ʻaʻole like me ke kanaka a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.) ʻO kekahi ʻoiaʻiʻo he mea ʻai meaʻai nā kānaka mua, ʻo ka poʻe e ʻai ana i ka ʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi puʻuwai a me ke kanesa. ma mua o nā mea ʻai meaʻai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e ʻai i ka ʻiʻo ma mua o ke ʻano o nā kuhikuhi i kākau ʻia, akā no ka mea, ʻaʻole like me nā holoholona, hiki iā lākou ke hana i ia mau hoʻokolohua. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa kēia manawa pōkole o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo i mea nui: no ka laʻana, hoʻonui nā huahana holoholona i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka cholesterol i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, ʻoiai inā e hānai ʻoe i kahi lāʻau pata i kahi ʻīlio, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka cholesterol i loko. ʻaʻole e loli kona kino.
nā mea ʻai meaʻai mua.
He mea ʻai meaʻai ka mea makemakika Helene ʻo Pythagoras, a ua kapa pinepine ʻia nā mea ʻai meaʻai he Pythagoreans ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ia huaʻōlelo. (Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka huaʻōlelo “mea kanu” e ka British Vegetarian Society i ka waena o ka makahiki 1800. ʻO ke kumu Latin o ka huaʻōlelo ke kumu o ke ola.) ʻO Leonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, Albert Einstein, a me George Bernard Shaw he poʻe meaʻai. (Ke ʻōlelo nei ka moʻolelo o kēia wā he mea ʻai ʻai ʻo Hitler, akā ʻaʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia, ʻaʻole ma ka manaʻo kuʻuna o ka huaʻōlelo.)
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻai ʻai i ka makahiki 1900.
Ma mua o ka waena o ka makahiki 1900, ua ʻai nui nā ʻAmelika i ka ʻiʻo ma mua o kēia manawa. He pipiʻi loa ka ʻiʻo, ʻaʻole maʻamau nā pahu hau a he pilikia ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻiʻo. ʻO kahi hopena ʻaoʻao o ka Industrial Revolution ʻo ia ka lilo ʻana o ka ʻiʻo i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, maʻalahi ke mālama a hoʻolaha. I ka wā i loaʻa ai, ua piʻi nui ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻiʻo—e like me nā maʻi degenerative e like me ke kanesa, ka maʻi puʻuwai, a me ka maʻi diabetes. E like me kā Dean Ornish i kākau ai:
“Ma mua o kēia kenekulia, he haʻahaʻa ka meaʻai maʻamau o ʻAmelika i nā huahana holoholona, ka momona, ka cholesterol, ka paʻakai, a me ke kō, akā waiwai i nā carbohydrates, nā mea kanu, a me ka fiber… , mechanization mahiʻai, a me ka holomua hoʻokele waiwai, kaʻai a me ka nohona 'Amelika hoʻomaka e hoʻololi radically. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā kānaka ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he waiwai nui i nā huahana holoholona, ka momona, ka cholesterol, ka paʻakai, a me ke kō, a ʻilihune i nā carbohydrates, nā mea kanu, a me ka fiber. (“E ʻai hou a emi ke kaumaha”; 1993; reissue 2001; p. 22)
ʻO ke kumu o ka vegetarianism ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻAʻole maʻamau ka mea kanu i ka US a hiki i ka makahiki 1971, i ka wā i puka mai ai ka mea kūʻai maikaʻi loa a Frances Moore Lappé ʻo Diet for a Small Planet.
He kamaaina ʻo Fort Worth, ua haʻalele ʻo Lappe mai ke kula puka UC Berkeley e hoʻomaka i kāna noiʻi ponoʻī no ka pōloli honua. Pīhoihoi ʻo Lappe i ka ʻike ʻana he 14 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻai ʻana o ka holoholona ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ka ʻiʻo - he mea ʻai nui loa. (ʻAi nā pipi ma luna o 80% o ka palaoa a pau ma ka US. Inā ʻoki nā ʻAmelika i kā lākou ʻai i ka 10%, lawa ka palaoa e hānai ai i ka poʻe pōloli a pau o ka honua.) I ka makahiki 26, kākau ʻo Lappe iā Diet for a Small ʻAʻole ʻai ka ʻiʻo i ka honua no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka poʻe, no laila ke hoʻōki nei i ka pau ʻana o ka meaʻai.
ʻOiai ua pili nā 60s me nā hippies a me nā hippies me ka vegetarianism, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole maʻamau ka vegetarianism i nā makahiki 60. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana ʻo Diet for a Small Planet ma 1971.
ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hui pū ʻana i ka protein.
Akā ua ʻike ʻo ʻAmelika i ka vegetarianism ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa loa ma mua o kēia lā. I kēia lā, nui nā kauka e ʻōlelo nei e hōʻemi a hoʻopau paha i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, a me nā hopena o nā mea haʻuki kūleʻa a me nā mea kaulana e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i nā pono o ka vegetarianism. I ka makahiki 1971, ʻokoʻa nā mea. ʻO ka manaʻo kaulana ʻo ka meaʻai meaʻai ʻaʻole wale nō ke olakino, ʻaʻole hiki ke ola i ka meaʻai meaʻai. Ua ʻike ʻo Lappe e loaʻa ana nā loiloi like ʻole i kāna puke, no laila ua hana ʻo ia i kahi noiʻi meaʻai e pili ana i ka meaʻai meaʻai meaʻai, a i ka hana ʻana pēlā ua hana hewa nui i hoʻololi i ka moʻolelo o ka vegetarianism. Ua ʻike ʻo Lappe i nā haʻawina i hana ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia ma nā ʻiole i hōʻike i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā ʻiole i ka wā i hānai ʻia ai lākou i ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea kanu e like me nā meaʻai holoholona i loko o nā waikawa amino. He mea paahana kupanaha ko Lappe no ka hooiaio ana i na kanaka e hiki ia lakou ke hana i na mea kanu "e like me ka maikai" e like me ka io.
Hāʻawi ʻo Lappe i ka hapalua o kāna puke i ka manaʻo o ka "hui pū ʻana i ka protein" a i ʻole "hoʻopiha i ka protein" - e like me ke ʻano o ka lawelawe ʻana i nā pīni me ka laiki e loaʻa ai kahi protein "piha". He maʻi lele ka manaʻo o ka paʻa ʻana, ʻike ʻia i loko o kēlā me kēia puke i paʻi ʻia e kēlā me kēia mea kākau meaʻai mai ka wā mai, a me ka infiltrating academia, encyclopedias, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻAmelika. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua hewa kēia manaʻo.
ʻO ka pilikia mua: ʻo ke kumumanaʻo o ka hui pū ʻana o ka protein he manaʻo wale nō. ʻAʻole i hana ʻia nā haʻawina kanaka. ʻOi aku ka manaʻo ʻino ma mua o ka ʻepekema. ʻAʻole he mea kupanaha ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻiole i ʻokoʻa ma mua o ke kanaka, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka protein i ka ʻiole ma mua o ke kanaka (ʻo ka waiu ʻiole he 50% protein, ʻoiai he 5% wale nō ka waiu kanaka. nā puaʻa a me nā moa, ka mea ʻai wale i ka palaoa a me nā meaʻai mea kanu, loaʻa ka protein? ʻAʻole anei he mea kupanaha ke ʻai mākou i nā holoholona no ka protein a ʻai wale lākou i nā mea kanu? ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻaʻole i like ka "deficient" o nā mea kanu i nā waikawa amino e like me ka manaʻo o Lappe.
E like me kā Dr. McDougall i kākau ai, "ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi, ua hoʻopiʻi ka noiʻi ʻepekema i kēia moʻolelo paʻakikī. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Nature i kā mākou meaʻai me ka hoʻonohonoho piha o nā meaʻai ma mua o ka paʻi ʻana i ka papa ʻaina. Loaʻa nā amino acids pono a me nā mea pono ʻole i loko o nā haʻalulu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻole ʻia e like me ka laiki, ka palaoa, ka palaoa a me ka ʻuala, i nā nui i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka pono o ke kanaka, ʻoiai inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā mea pāʻani a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoikaika kino. Ua ʻōlelo ka manaʻo maʻamau he ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia, ʻoiai ua ola ka lāhui kanaka ma kēia honua. Ma ka mōʻaukala, ua ʻimi ka poʻe ʻai i ka laiki a me ka ʻuala no ko lākou ʻohana. ʻO ka hui ʻana i ka laiki me ka pī, ʻaʻole lākou i hopohopo. He mea nui ia kakou ke hoomaona i ko kakou pololi; ʻAʻole pono mākou e ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohui i nā kumu protein no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kikoʻī amino acid piha. ʻAʻole pono kēia, no ka mea hiki ʻole ke hana i kahi hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi loa o nā protein a me nā amino acids ma mua o nā kalapona kūlohelohe. ”(The McDougall Program; 1990; Dr. John A. McDougall; p. 45. – Nā kikoʻī hou aku: The McDougall Plan; 1983; Dr. John A. MacDougall; pp. 96-100)
Ua lilo koke ʻo Diet for a Small Planet i mea kūʻai maikaʻi loa, a kaulana ʻo Lappe. No laila, he mea kāhāhā—a me ka mahalo—ua ʻae ʻo ia i ka hewa o ka mea i kaulana ai ʻo ia. Ma ka paʻi 1981 o Diets for a Small Planet, ua ʻae ʻo Lappe i ka lehulehu i ka hewa a wehewehe ʻo ia:
"I ka makahiki 1971, ua hoʻoikaika au i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka protein no ka mea ua manaʻo wau ʻo ke ala wale nō e loaʻa ai ka nui o ka protein ʻo ka hana ʻana i kahi protein e like me ka protein holoholona. I ka hakakā ʻana i ka moʻoʻōlelo ʻo ka ʻiʻo wale nō ke kumu o ka protein kiʻekiʻe, ua hana au i kekahi moʻolelo. Ke waiho nei au penei, i lawa ka protein me ka ʻiʻo ʻole, pono ʻoe e koho pono i kāu meaʻai. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua maʻalahi nā mea a pau.
"Me nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ʻekolu, liʻiliʻi loa ka pilikia o ka nele o ka protein ma kahi meaʻai mea kanu. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe nā meaʻai e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā huaʻai, nā ʻuala e like me ka ʻuala a i ʻole ka ʻuala, a me nā meaʻai ʻino (palaoa, kō, a me ka momona). ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, he kakaikahi ka poʻe e noho ana i nā meaʻai a ʻo kēia mau meaʻai ke kumu wale nō o nā calorie. I nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe a pau, inā lawa nā calorie i nā kānaka, loaʻa iā lākou ka nui o ka protein. (Kaʻai no ka Honua liʻiliʻi; 10th Anniversary Edition; Frances Moore Lappe; p. 162)
Ka hopena o ka makahiki 70
ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻo Lappe i hoʻopau wale i ka pōloli honua, a ma waho o nā manaʻo hui pūmua, ʻo Diet for a Small Planet kahi kūleʻa kūpono ʻole, kūʻai aku i nā miliona o nā kope. Ua lilo ia i mea hoʻoikaika no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka meaʻai meaʻai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua hoʻomaka ka puka ʻana mai o nā puke kuke meaʻai, nā hale ʻaina, nā hui hui a me nā kamaʻāina. Hoʻohui pinepine mākou i nā makahiki 60 me nā hippies, a me nā hippies me nā mea ʻai meaʻai, akā ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole maʻamau ka vegetarianism a hiki i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o Diet for a Small Planet ma 1971.
I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻokumu ka poʻe hippie o Kapalakiko i kahi kaiāulu meaʻai ma Tennessee, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Farm." Nui a holomua ka Mahiai a ua kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi kiʻi maopopo o ka "commune". Ua hana nui ʻo "Farm" i ka moʻomeheu. Hoʻolaha lākou i nā huahana soy i ka US, ʻoi aku ka tofu, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ma ʻAmelika a hiki i ka Farm Cookbook, aia i loko o nā meaʻai soy a me kahi meaʻai no ka hana tofu. Ua paʻi ʻia kēia puke e ka hale paʻi puke ponoʻī o The Farm i kapa ʻia ʻo The Farm Publishing Company. (He papa helu leka kā lākou e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke koho.) Ua kamaʻilio pū ka Farm e pili ana i ka hānau ʻana ma ka home ma ʻAmelika, a ua hānai i kahi hanauna hou o nā palekeiki. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka poʻe o The Farm i nā ʻano hana o ka mana hānau maoli (a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, kākau i nā puke e pili ana iā ia).
I ka makahiki 1975, kākau ʻo Peter Singer, kākāʻōlelo koʻikoʻi o Australia i ka Animal Liberation, ʻo ia ka hana aʻoaʻo mua e hōʻike i nā ʻōlelo hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻiʻo a me ka hoʻokolohua holoholona. ʻO kēia puke hōʻeuʻeu ʻo ia ka mea hoʻohui maikaʻi loa i ka Diet for a Small Planet, kahi mea e pili ana i ka ʻai ʻole ʻana i nā holoholona. He aha ka Diet for a Small Planet i hana ai no ka vegetarianism, Animal Liberation i hana no nā pono holoholona, e hoʻomaka ana i nā neʻe pono holoholona i ka pō i ka US. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 80, ua hoʻomaka nā hui kuleana holoholona i nā wahi āpau, me ka PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). (Ua uku ʻo PETA no kahi paʻi hou o Animal Liberation a hāʻawi ʻia i nā lālā hou.)
Late 80s: ʻO ka Diet no kahi New America a me ke ala o ka Veganism.
Ua hoʻomaka ka Diet for a Small Planet i ka meaʻai meaʻai snowball i nā makahiki 70, akā ma ka waena o nā makahiki 80 e hoʻomau mau ana kekahi mau moʻolelo e pili ana i ka vegetarianism. ʻO kekahi o lākou ka manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia ma ka puke ponoʻī, ka moʻolelo hoʻohui pūmua. Nui ka poʻe e noʻonoʻo ana e hele i ka vegan ua haʻalele iā ia no ka mea pono lākou e hoʻolālā pono i kā lākou meaʻai. ʻO kekahi moʻolelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka waiu a me nā hua manu nā meaʻai olakino a pono ka poʻe ʻai meaʻai e ʻai i ia mau mea e pale ai i ka make. ʻO kekahi moʻolelo ʻē aʻe: Hiki ke olakino ma ka lilo ʻana i mea ʻai meaʻai, akā ʻaʻohe pono olakino kūikawā (a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pili ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo me nā pilikia). ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻaʻole ʻike ka hapa nui o ka poʻe e pili ana i ka mahiʻai ʻana i nā hale hana a me nā hopena o ke kaiapuni o ka mahiʻai holoholona.
Ua hōʻole ʻia kēia mau moʻolelo a pau ma ka puke 1987 Diet for a New America na John Robbins. ʻO ka hana a Robbins, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he liʻiliʻi nā ʻike hou a me nā ʻike kumu mua - ua paʻi ʻia ka hapa nui o nā manaʻo ma kahi, akā ma ke ʻano heʻe. ʻO ka maikaʻi o Robbins ʻo ia ka lawe ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻike a hōʻuluʻulu iā ia i loko o kahi leo nui i hana maikaʻi ʻia, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kāna kānana ponoʻī, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano maʻalahi a ʻae ʻole. ʻO ka hapa mua o Diet for a New America e pili ana i nā mea weliweli o ka mahiʻai hale hana. Ua hōʻike maopopo ʻia ka ʻāpana ʻelua i ka pōʻino make o ka ʻai ʻiʻo a me nā pōmaikaʻi ʻike o ka vegetarianism (a me ka veganism) - ma ke ala, e hōʻole ana i ka moʻolelo o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā protein. Ua kamaʻilio ka hapakolu e pili ana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka mahiʻai holoholona, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka nui o nā mea kanu ma mua o ka paʻi ʻana o ka puke.
ʻO ka Diet for a New America "hoʻomaka hou" i ka neʻe ʻana i ka meaʻai i ka US ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka neʻe vegan, ʻo ia kēia puke i kōkua i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "vegan" i loko o ka lexicon ʻAmelika. I loko o ʻelua makahiki o ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o ka puke a Robbins, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi o ʻumi mau hui meaʻai meaʻai ma Texas.
1990s: Nā hōʻike lapaʻau kupaianaha.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kauka John McDougall i ka paʻi ʻana i nā puke e hoʻolaha ana i ka meaʻai vegan no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi, a loaʻa i kāna lanakila nui loa ma 1990 me The McDougall Program. I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi i ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka Polokalamu maʻi naʻau a Kauka Dean Ornish, kahi i hōʻoia ai ʻo Ornish no ka manawa mua e hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia ka maʻi cardiovascular. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka papahana ʻo Ornish he mea momona haʻahaʻa, kokoke i ka meaʻai vegan.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 90, ua paʻi ka American Dietetic Association i kahi pepa kūlana e pili ana i ka meaʻai meaʻai, a ua hoʻomaka ke kākoʻo no ka veganism i loko o ke kaiāulu olakino. Ua hoʻololi hope ke aupuni ʻAmelika i nā Pūʻulu Meaʻai ʻEhā i kākoʻo ʻia e ka ʻiʻo a me ka ʻiʻo a me ka waiu me ka Pyramid Meaʻai hou, e hōʻike ana e hoʻokumu ʻia ka meaʻai kanaka ma luna o nā kīʻaha, nā mea kanu, nā pī a me nā huaʻai.
I kēia lā, makemake nui nā ʻelele o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā kānaka maʻamau i ka vegetarianism ma mua o ka wā. Ke mau nei nā moʻolelo, akā ʻo ka hoʻololi maʻamau o nā ʻano i ka vegetarianism mai ka makahiki 80 he mea kupaianaha! No ka lilo ʻana i mea ʻai meaʻai mai ka makahiki 1985 a me ka vegan mai ka makahiki 1989, he loli maikaʻi loa kēia!
Bibliography: McDougall Program, Dr. John A. McDougall, 1990 The McDougall Plan, Dr. John A. McDougall, 1983 Diet for a New America, John Robbins, 1987 Diet for a Small Planet, Frances Moore Lappe, nā puke like ʻole 1971-1991
Additional Information: ʻO ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka veganism hou a me ka mea kākau o ka huaʻōlelo "vegan", ʻo Donald Watson, ua make i Dekemaba 2005 i ka makahiki 95.