Archimedes: Kawaihae, nā ʻike, nā mea hoihoi a me nā wikiō

😉 Aloha mai e ka poʻe heluhelu kūpaʻa a me nā malihini kipa o ka pūnaewele! Ma ka 'atikala "Archimedes: biography, loaʻa, hoihoi 'oiaʻiʻo" - e pili ana i ke ola o ka Helene kahiko makemakika, physicist a me ka 'enekinia. Nā makahiki o ke ola 287-212 BC Ua hoʻolaha ʻia kahi mea wikiō hoihoi a ʻike e pili ana i ke ola o kahi ʻepekema ma ka hope o ka ʻatikala.

Ka moolelo o Archimedes

ʻO ka mea ʻepekema kaulana o ka wā kahiko ʻo Archimedes ke keiki a ka astronomer Phidius a loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi ma Alexandria, kahi i kamaʻāina ai ʻo ia i nā hana a Democritus, Eudoxus.

I ka wā o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana iā Syracuse, ua kūkulu ʻo Archimedes i nā ʻenekini hoʻopuni (flamethrowers), kahi i luku ai i kahi hapa nui o ka pūʻali ʻenemi. Ua pepehi ʻia ʻo Archimedes e kekahi koa Roma, ʻoiai nā kauoha a General Mark Marcellus.

Wahi a ka moʻolelo i hoʻolaha ʻia e ka poʻe Helene, ua hou ʻia ka makemakika nui i ka make i ka wā i kākau ai ʻo ia i kahi hoohalike ma ke one, a no laila makemake ʻo ia e kūʻē i kona kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hiki ʻole o Roma. He mea hoʻopaʻi paha kona make ʻana no ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e kāna mau mea i hana ai i ka moku Roma.

“Eureka!”

Hōʻike ka moʻolelo kaulana loa e pili ana iā Archimedes i kāna hana ʻana i kahi ala no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka leo o kahi mea ʻano like ʻole. Ua kauoha ʻo Hieron II i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka lei gula i ka luakini.

Pono ʻo Archimedes e hoʻoholo inā ua pani ka mea kūʻai aku i kekahi o nā mea me ke kālā. Pono ʻo ia e hoʻopau i kēia hana me ka ʻole e hoʻopōʻino i ka lei aliʻi, no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻoheheʻe iā ia ma kahi ʻano maʻalahi i mea e helu ai i kona nui.

I ka ʻauʻau ʻana, ʻike ka ʻepekema i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai o ka ʻauʻau i kona komo ʻana. ʻIke ʻo ia e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia hopena e hoʻoholo i ka nui o ka lei aliʻi.

Mai ka manaʻo o kēia hoʻokolohua, loaʻa ka nui o ka wai. E hoʻoneʻe ka lei i ka nui o ka wai me kona leo ponoʻī. ʻO ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka nui o ka lei aliʻi me ka nui o ka wai i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e hāʻawi i kona ʻano. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke gula inā hoʻohui ʻia nā metala ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka māmā.

ʻO Archimedes, lele mai ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau, holo olohelohe ma ke alanui. Hauʻoli loa ʻo ia i kāna ʻike ʻana a poina ʻo ia e ʻaʻahu. Kahea nui ʻo ia "Eureka!" (“Ua loaʻa iaʻu”). Ua holomua ka ʻike a ua hōʻoia ʻia ua hoʻohui ʻia ke kālā i ka lei aliʻi.

ʻAʻole i loaʻa ka moʻolelo o ka lei aliʻi gula ma kekahi o nā hana kaulana a Archimedes. Eia kekahi, he mea kānalua ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ke ʻano i wehewehe ʻia ma muli o ka pono o ka pololei loa i ke ana ʻana i nā loli i ka pae wai.

Ua hoʻohana paha ka sage i ka loina i ʻike ʻia ma ka hydrostat e like me ke kānāwai Archimedes, a ma hope i wehewehe ʻia ma kāna ʻatikala e pili ana i nā kino lana.

Wahi a ia, ʻo ke kino i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi wai e kau ʻia i ka ikaika e like me ke kaumaha o ka wai i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ia. Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia kumumanaʻo, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohālikelike i ka nui o ka lei gula me ka nui o ke gula.

Kukū wela

Ua hoʻohana paha ʻo Archimedes i kahi pūʻulu o nā aniani e hana like me ke aniani parabolic e puhi i ke ahi i nā moku e hoʻouka ana iā Syracuse. Ua kākau ʻo Lucian, kahi mea kākau ʻo XNUMXnd century, ua luku ʻo Archimedes i nā moku me ke ahi.

I ka makahiki XNUMX, ua kapa ʻo Antimyus o Thrall i ka mea kaua a Archimedes "ke aniani ahi". ʻO ka mea hana, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Thermim Beam Archimedes", ua hoʻohana ʻia e nānā i ka lā ma luna o nā moku, no laila e hoʻomālamalama iā lākou.

ʻO kēia mea kaua i manaʻo ʻia i ka wā Renaissance i lilo i kumu o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa no kona ola maoli. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo René Descartes he mea hiki ʻole. Ke hoʻāʻo nei nā ʻepekema hou e hana hou i nā hopena i wehewehe ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana i loaʻa i ka wā o Archimedes.

Aia kekahi manaʻo e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o nā pale keleawe i hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia ma ke ʻano he aniani no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kukuna o ka lā ma luna o ka moku me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumu aniani parabolic.

Nā hoʻokolohua a Archimedes i ke ao hou

I ka makahiki 1973, ua alakaʻi ka ʻepekema Helene ʻo Ioannis Sakas i kahi hoʻokolohua ʻo Archimedes heat ray ma ke kahua moana ma Skaramag. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i 70 mau aniani keleawe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me 1,5 me 1 m. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia lākou i kahi kumu hoʻohālike o ka moku ma kahi mamao o 50 m.

Ke nānā ʻia nā aniani, ʻā ka moku hoʻohenehene i loko o kekahi mau kekona. I ka wā ma mua, ua pena ʻia nā moku me ka pena resinous, ʻo ia paha ka mea i kōkua i ka ʻā.

I ʻOkakopa 2005, ua hana kekahi hui o nā haumāna MIT i kahi hoʻokolohua me 127 mau aniani huinahā i ana ʻia 30 x 30 knm, e kālele ana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike moku lāʻau ma kahi mamao o 30 mau mika.

ʻIke ʻia ka lapalapa ma kahi ʻāpana o ka moku, i ka wā maʻemaʻe me ka lewa ʻole a inā kū ka moku no kahi o 10 mau minuke.

Ke hana hou nei ka hui like i ka hoʻokolohua MythBusters TV me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi moku lawaiʻa lāʻau ma Kapalakiko. Aia ke ahi hou. Ua wehewehe ʻo Myth Hunters i ka ʻike ma ke ʻano he hemahema ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ka manawa a me ke ʻano o ka wā kūpono e pono ai e puhi.

Inā aia ʻo Syracuse ma ka hikina, a laila hoʻouka ka ʻauwaʻa Roma i ke kakahiaka no ka nānā pono ʻana i ka mālamalama. I ka manawa like, hiki ke hoʻohana maʻalahi i nā mea kaua maʻamau e like me nā pua ʻā a i ʻole nā ​​​​projectiles i kī ʻia mai kahi catapult e hoʻopaʻa i kahi moku ma kahi mamao pōkole.

ʻO ka ʻepekema Helene kahiko i manaʻo ʻia e nā ʻepekema he nui kekahi o nā mea makemakika nui loa ma ka mōʻaukala, me Newton, Gauss a me Euler. ʻO kāna haʻawina i ka geometry a me ka mechanics he nui; ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea paionia o ka ʻike helu makemakika.

Hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka makemakika i ka ʻepekema kūlohelohe, ʻike ʻenehana, a me nā mea hou. Ua aʻo ʻia a wehewehe ʻia kāna mau haʻawina ʻepekema e Eratosthenes, Conon a me Dosifed.

Nā hana a Archimedes

• ua helu ka mea makemakika i ka ʻili o ka ʻāpana parabolic a me ka nui o nā kino makemakika like ʻole;
• Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia i kekahi mau ʻāpana a me nā spiral, kahi i kapa ʻia kona inoa: Archimedes spiral;
• hāʻawi i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā multistat semi-maʻamau i kapa ʻia ʻo Archimedes;
• hōʻike i kahi hōʻoia o ka palena ʻole o kahi ʻano helu kūlohelohe (ʻike ʻia ʻo Archimedes' axiom).

Video pili: "Archimedes: biography, discoveries", fictional and education film "The Lord of the Numbers"

'O kēia 'atikala "Archimedes: Kawaihae, 'ike, hoihoi 'oia'i'o" e pono i nā kula a me nā haumāna. A hiki i ka manawa aʻe! 😉 Komo mai, holo i loko, hāʻule i loko! E kau inoa i ka nūhou o nā ʻatikala i kāu leka uila. leka uila. E hoʻopiha i ka palapala ma luna: inoa a me ka leka uila.