Autism: he aha ia?
ʻO ka autism kekahi o ka hui o nā maʻi hoʻomohala ākea (TED), ʻike ʻia i ka wā kamaliʻi, maʻamau ma mua o ka makahiki 3. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa nā hōʻailona a me ke koʻikoʻi, pili kēia mau maʻi āpau i ka hiki o ke keiki a makua paha. ʻike a launa pū me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā TED maʻamau loa:
- autism
- ʻO Asperger's Syndrome
- Rett's syndrome
- Nā TED i hōʻike ʻole ʻia (TED-NS)
- Nā maʻi disintegrative o ka wā kamaliʻi
He papa helu hou no nā PDD Ma ka puke aʻe (e paʻi ʻia ma 2013) o ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), ke manaʻo nei ka American Psychiatric Association (APA) e hui pū i nā ʻano autism āpau i loko o kahi ʻāpana i kapa ʻia ʻo "autism spectrum disorders. ”. ʻO nā maʻi ʻē aʻe i ʻike kaʻawale ʻia, e like me Asperger's Syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia a me ka wā kamaliʻi disintegrative disorder, ʻaʻole e manaʻo hou ʻia he pathologies kikoʻī akā he mau ʻano like ʻole o ka autism.16. Wahi a ka APA, e alakaʻi nā pae hoʻohālikelike hou i nā maʻi maʻi pololei a kōkua i nā kauka e hāʻawi i nā lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi. Wahi a nā kauka ʻē aʻe, hiki i kēia hoʻokaʻawale hou ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka poʻe me nā maʻi liʻiliʻi e like me ka Asperger's Syndrome13 a no laila e hoʻonele iā lākou i ke komo ʻana i nā lawelawe pilikanaka, lapaʻau a hoʻonaʻauao e pono ai lākou. Hoʻokumu nui ʻia nā ʻinikua olakino a me nā papahana lehulehu ma ka wehewehe ʻana o nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka American Psychiatric Association (APA). Ma Palani, paipai ka Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka International Classification of Diseases - 10th edition (CIM-10) ma ke ʻano he papa kuhikuhi.17. |
Nā kumu o ka autism
Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Autism he maʻi hoʻomohala i ʻike ʻole ʻia nā kumu kūpono. Ua ʻae nā mea noiʻi he nui nā kumu i ke kumu o nā PDD, me nā kumu kūlohelohe et ? aneie, hoʻololi i ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo ma mua a ma hope o ka hānau ʻana.
Many Genoa e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka autism i kahi keiki. Ua manaʻo ʻia he mea nui kēia i ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo fetal. Hiki i kekahi mau kumu predisposing genetic ke hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ke keiki e loaʻa i ka autism a i ʻole PDD.
Nā kumu kaiapuni, e like me ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻona ma mua a ma hope paha o ka hānau ʻana, hiki ke komo pū nā pilikia i ka wā hānau a i ʻole nā maʻi ma mua o ka hānau ʻana. I kekahi hihia, ʻo ka hoʻonaʻauao a i ʻole ka hana a nā mākua i ke keiki ke kuleana no ka autism.
I ka makahiki 1998, kahi noiʻi Pelekane1 ua pili i ka pilina ma waena o ka autism a me ka ʻike ʻana i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau laʻau koʻokoʻo e kūʻē i ka ʻāʻī, rubella a me nā mumps (MMR ma Farani, MMR ma Quebec). Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi ma hope ʻaʻohe pilina ma waena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka autism² Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka mea kākau nui o ka noiʻi no ka hoʻopunipuni. (E nānā i ka palapala ma ka punaewele Health Passport: Autism and vaccination: history of a controversy)
Nā maʻi pili
Nui nā keiki me ka autism i loaʻa i nā maʻi neurological ʻē aʻe6, e like me :
- Epilepsy (e pili ana i ka 20 a 25% o nā keiki me ka autism18)
- Ka lohi o ka noʻonoʻo (manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i ka 30% o nā keiki me PDD19).
- ʻO Bourneville tuberous sclerosis (a hiki i ka 3,8% o nā keiki me ka autism20).
- ʻO Fragile X Syndrome (a hiki i ka 8,1% o nā keiki me ka autism20).
Loaʻa ka poʻe me ka autism i kekahi manawa:
- Nā pilikia o hiamoe (moe moe a noho hiamoe paha).
- pilikia ʻōpū ʻōpū a i ʻole nā maʻi ʻaleʻa.
- maika crises convulsives e hoʻomaka ana i ka wā kamaliʻi a i ʻole ka wā ʻōpio. Hiki i kēia mau hopu ke alakaʻi i ka noʻonoʻo ʻole, convulsions, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka haʻalulu hiki ʻole o ke kino holoʻokoʻa a i ʻole nā neʻe maʻamau.
- Nā maʻi psychiatric e like meka iini (ʻoi loa a pili i ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻololi ʻana, inā maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha), phobias a kaumaha.
- maika pilikia noonoo (nā maʻi nānā, nā pilikia hana hoʻokō, nā pilikia hoʻomanaʻo, etc.)
ʻO ka noho ʻana me kahi keiki me ka autism e lawe mai i nā loli he nui i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ke ola ʻohana. Pono nā mākua a me nā kaikunāne e kū i kēia hōʻailona a me kahi hui hou o ka ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, ʻaʻole maʻalahi loa. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke hana i nā mea he nui stress no ka hale a pau.
ʻO ke kuhikuhina
Ma kahi o 6 a 7 i loko o 1000 poʻe he PDD i ka poʻe ma lalo o 20, a i ʻole hoʻokahi ma 150 mau keiki. Hoʻopilikia ka Autism i 2 i loko o 20 mau keiki ma lalo o 1000. Hoʻokahi hapakolu o nā keiki me ka PDD i loaʻa me ka hui puʻuwai noʻonoʻo. (Ka ʻikepili 2009 mai ka Haute Autorité de Santé – HAS, Palani)
Ma Quebec, pili nā PDD ma kahi o 56 mau keiki o ke kula o 10, a i ʻole 000 i 1 mau keiki. (ʻIkepili 178-2007, Fédération québécoise de l'Autisme)
Hoʻokahi o nā keiki 110 ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i loaʻa i ka maʻi autism spectrum2.
No nā makahiki he 20 i hala, ua hoʻonui ka nui o nā maʻi autism a ʻo ia kekahi o nā kino kīnā i ʻike ʻia ma nā kula. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka diagnostic criteria, ʻo ka ʻike nui ʻana o nā keiki me ka PDD, a me ka ʻike o ka poʻe ʻoihana a me ka heluna kanaka i mea kānalua i ka piʻi ʻana o ka prevalence o PDDs a puni ka honua.
Ka hōʻoia o ka autism
ʻOiai e ʻike pinepine ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka autism ma kahi o 18 mau mahina, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia a hiki i ka makahiki 3 makahiki, ke ʻike ʻia ka lohi o ka ʻōlelo, ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka launa pū ʻana. ʻO ka maʻi mua o ke keiki, hiki iā mākou ke komo.
No ka hana ʻana i kahi hōʻailona o PDD, pono e nānā ʻia nā ʻano mea like ʻole i ka ʻano o ke keiki, nā mākau ʻōlelo a me nā pilina pili kanaka. Hana ʻia ka ʻike o ka PDD ma hope o kahi hoʻokolokolo multidisciplinary. Pono nā hoʻokolohua he nui.
Ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻo ka mea hana maʻa mau ka Ka Papa Hoʻonaʻauao a me ka Heluhelu o nā Maʻi Noʻonoʻo (DSM-IV) i paʻi ʻia e ka American Psychiatric Association. Ma ʻEulopa a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua, hoʻohana ka poʻe ʻoihana olakino i ka International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).
Ma Palani, aia nā Autism Resource Centers (ARCs) e pōmaikaʻi ana mai nā hui multidisciplinary kūikawā i ka ʻike ʻana i ka autism a me nā PDD.