ʻO ka calcaneus (mai ka Latin calcaneum ʻo ia hoʻi he kuʻekuʻe wāwae), i kapa ʻia ʻo calcaneus, ʻo ia ka iwi nui loa o ka tarsus, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana o ka iwi o ka wāwae.

wahi. ʻO ka calcaneus ka iwi nui loa o ka tarsus, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana ʻekolu o ka iwi wāwae i hana ʻia me ka tarsus, metatarsus, a me nā phalanges (1). ʻO ka calcaneus kekahi o nā iwi ʻehiku o ka tarsus: ka talus, iwi cuboid, iwi navicular, ʻekolu iwi cuneiform, a me ka calcaneus.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka calcaneus. ʻO ka calcaneus ka iwi ikaika a nui loa ma ka wāwae. Hoʻopuka ka ʻili luna o ka calcaneus me ka talus a me kona ʻili mua me ka iwi cuboid. Aia ka calcaneus me:

• ʻo sustentaculum tali, he iwi iwi e kū ana ma ka ʻaoʻao waena a me luna, e kākoʻo ana i ka talus;
• ʻo ka fibular trochea, ka piko liʻiliʻi e kū ana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao;
• ʻO ka tuberosity o ka calcaneus, ka mea i hoʻopuka i ka ʻili hope a me ka kuʻekuʻe wāwae.

ʻO ka iwi āpau o ka wāwae, me ka calcaneus, mālama ʻia no ka nui o nā ligaments a me nā hui he nui.

Kākoʻo kino kaumaha. Lawe ʻia ka hapa nui o ke kaumaha o ke kino mai ka pali a i ka honua ma o ka calcaneus (1).

Paʻa a me ka hōʻeuʻeu o ka wāwae. ʻO ka iwi iwi wāwae, me ka calcaneus, e hiki ai ke hoʻomau i ke kākoʻo o ke kino a me ka hana ʻana i nā neʻe like ʻole o ka wāwae me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ke kino ke hele. (2) (3)

Haki iwi iwi. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka iwi o ka wāwae e nā haʻihaʻi, ʻo ka mea maʻamau o nā iwi o ka metatarsal a me ka calcaneus. (4)

Nā mea ʻino o ka iwi. Hiki ke loaʻa kekahi mau mea ʻino i ka iwi o ka wāwae a pili i nā iwi o ka metatarsal. ʻO kēia mau mea ʻino o ka iwi ma muli paha o nā hemahema, nā haʻihaʻi a i ʻole immobilization. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hihia like ʻole: ka wāwae wāwae, ka wāwae varus, ka wāwae pālahalaha, ka wāwae kalapu, a i ʻole ka wāwae equine. (4)

Nā Maladies o ka os. Hiki i nā maʻi he nui ke hoʻopilikia i nā iwi a hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano. ʻO Osteoporosis kekahi o nā maʻi maʻamau. ʻO ia ka nalo ʻana o ka iwi iwi maʻamau i ka poʻe ma mua o 60 mau makahiki.

ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ma muli o ka maʻi i ʻike ʻia, hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau like ʻole e hoʻoponopono a hoʻoikaika i ka iwi iwi a i ʻole e hōʻemi i ka ʻeha a me ka mumū.

ʻO keʻano maʻamau. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka haki, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kahi hana ʻoki lāʻau me ka hoʻouka ʻana i kahi papa hoʻoheʻe, nā kui a i ʻole kahi fixator kūwaho.

Hoʻomaʻo Orthopedic. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka haki, hana ʻia paha kahi pā plaster.

ʻImi hoʻokolohua kiʻi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka X-ray, CT, MRI, scintigraphy a i ʻole ka iwi densitometry e nānā i nā pathology iwi.

Nānā lāʻau lapaʻau. I mea e ʻike ai i kekahi mau pathologies, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua koko a i ʻole mimi e like me ke ʻano o ka phosphorus a i ʻole ka calcium.

ʻO "Little Foot" (i ka Palani, petit pied) ka inoa i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi iwi iwi oaustralopithecus Prometheusʻike ʻia ma 1994 e ka paleoanthropologist Ronald J. Clarke. Loaʻa iā ia ka inoa ʻo "Little Foot" i ka liʻiliʻi o nā iwi wāwae i loaʻa mua i loko o kahi pahu iwi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me nā bovines. Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia iwi iwi liʻiliʻi, ua loaʻa nā mea noiʻi i ka 90% o ka iwi iwi: "Little Foot" a laila lilo ka iwi iwi Australopithecus ʻoi loa i ʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia lā. Ma hope o nā hopena pili lauwili loa, ua hiki i kahi hana hou ke hiki ke hiki i 3,67 miliona mau makahiki (5) (6).