ʻO Charles Darwin

ʻO Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) he kanaka Hawaiʻi maoli a he kanaka huakaʻi nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka manaʻo evolutionary hou a me ke kuhikuhi o ka noʻonoʻo evolutionary i kapa ʻia kona inoa (Darwinism). Moopuna a Erasmus Darwin lāua ʻo Josiah Wedgwood.

I loko o kāna kumumanaʻo, ua paʻi ʻia ka hōʻike kikoʻī mua loa i ka makahiki 1859 ma ka puke "The Origin of Species" (ka inoa piha: "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Survival of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life" ), Ua ho'opili 'o Darwin i ke ko'iko'i ma ka ho'ololi 'ana i ke koho kūlohelohe a me ka ho'ololi 'ole.

moʻolelo pōkole

Aʻo a hele

Hānau ʻia ʻo Pepeluali 12, 1809 ma Shrewsbury. Ua aʻo ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma ke Kulanui o Edinburgh. I ka makahiki 1827 ua komo ʻo ia i ke Kulanui o Cambridge, kahi āna i aʻo ai i ka ʻepekema no ʻekolu makahiki. I ka makahiki 1831, ma hope o kona puka 'ana mai ke kulanui, ua hele 'o Darwin i ka huaka'i a puni ka honua ma luna o ka moku huaka'i o ka Royal Navy, ka Beagle, kahi i ho'i mai ai i 'Enelani wale no ma 'Okakopa 2, 1836. I ka huaka'i. Ua kipa ʻo Darwin i ka mokupuni ʻo Tenerife, nā mokupuni ʻo Cape Verde, ke kahakai o Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Tierra del Fuego, Tasmania a me nā mokupuni ʻo Cocos, kahi i lawe mai ai ʻo ia i ka nui o nā ʻike. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā hopena ma nā hana "Diary of a naturalist's research" (Ka Nupepa a ke kanaka Naturalist, 1839), «The Zoology of Voyage on the Beagle» (Zoology of the Voyage on the Beagle, 1840), «Ka hana a me ka mahele ʻana o nā koʻa koʻa» (ʻO ke ʻano a me ka hoʻohele ʻana o nā koʻaʻekahi);

Hana ʻepekema

I ka makahiki 1838-1841. ʻO Darwin ke kākau ʻōlelo o ka Geological Society of London. I ka makahiki 1839 ua male ʻo ia, a i ka makahiki 1842 ua neʻe aku lāua mai Lākana a i lalo (Kent), kahi i hoʻomaka ai lāua e noho mau. Ma ʻaneʻi ua alakaʻi ʻo Darwin i ke ola mehameha a i ana ʻia o ke kanaka ʻepekema a mea kākau.

Mai ka makahiki 1837, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Darwin e mālama i kahi diary kahi āna i hoʻokomo ai i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i nā ʻano holoholona holoholona a me nā ʻano mea kanu, a me nā noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ke koho kūlohelohe. I ka makahiki 1842 ua kākau ʻo ia i ka ʻatikala mua e pili ana i ke kumu o nā ʻano. E hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1855, ua kākau ʻo Darwin me ke kanaka botanist ʻAmelika ʻo A. Gray, nāna i hōʻike aku i kāna mau manaʻo i ʻelua makahiki ma hope. I ka makahiki 1856, ma lalo o ka mana o ke kanaka kālaihonua Pelekane a me ka mea naturalist C. Lyell, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Darwin e hoʻomākaukau i ke kolu o ka puke i hoʻonui ʻia. I Iune 1858, i ka wā i pau ai ka hana, ua loaʻa iaʻu kahi leka mai ka mea kākau ʻōlelo Pelekane ʻo AR Wallace me ka manuscript o ka ʻatikala hope. Ma kēia ʻatikala, ua ʻike ʻo Darwin i kahi hōʻike pōkole o kāna manaʻo koho kūlohelohe. Ua hoʻomohala kūʻokoʻa nā mea kūlohelohe ʻelua i nā kumumanaʻo like. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻia lāua ʻelua e ka hana a TR Malthus ma ka heluna kanaka; Ua ʻike lāua ʻelua i ka manaʻo o Lyell, ua aʻo lāua i nā ʻano holoholona, ​​nā mea ulu a me nā ʻano honua o nā hui mokupuni a loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā ʻano mea e noho ana. Ua hoʻouna ʻo Darwin i ka palapala a Wallace iā Lyell me kāna ʻatikala ponoʻī, a me nā kikoʻī o kāna mana lua (1844) a me kahi kope o kāna leka iā A. Gray (1857). Ua huli ʻo Lyell i ka mea ʻepekema ʻōlelo Pelekane ʻo Joseph Hooker no ka ʻōlelo aʻo, a ma Iulai 1, 1859, ua hōʻike pū lāua i nā hana ʻelua i ka Linnean Society ma Lākana.

Hana lohi

I ka makahiki 1859, ua paʻi ʻo Darwin i ka The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Breeds in the Struggle for Life.Ma ke kumu o nā ʻano mea ma ke ʻano o ke koho kūlohelohe, a i ʻole ka mālama ʻana i nā lāhui i aloha ʻia i ka hakakā ʻana no ke ola.), kahi i hōʻike ai ʻo ia i ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano mea kanu a me nā holoholona, ​​​​ko lākou kumu maoli mai nā ʻano mua.

I ka makahiki 1868, ua paʻi ʻo Darwin i kāna hana ʻelua, The Change in Domestic Animals and Cultivated Plants.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu ma lalo o ka Domestification), aia i loko o nā laʻana he nui o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola. I ka makahiki 1871, ua puka mai kekahi hana nui a Darwin — «The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection» (Ka iho ana o ke kanaka, a me ke koho ana e pili ana i ka wahine), kahi i hāʻawi ai ʻo Darwin i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ke kumu holoholona o ke kanaka. ʻO nā hana kaulana ʻē aʻe a Darwin ʻo Barnacles (Monograph ma ka Ciripedia, 1851-1854); "Pollination i nā orchids" (The ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā Orchids, 1862); "Ka hōʻike ʻana o nā manaʻo i ke kanaka a me nā holoholona" (ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo i loko o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona, 1872); "Ka hana o ka cross-pollination a me ka pollination pono'ī i ka honua mea kanu" (Nā hopena o ke keʻa a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana iā ia iho ma ke aupuni meaʻai.

ʻO Darwin a me ka hoʻomana

Ua hele mai ʻo C. Darwin mai kahi ʻano non-conformist. ʻOiai he poʻe manaʻo kūʻokoʻa kekahi mau lālā o kona ʻohana i hōʻole ākea i nā manaʻo hoʻomana kahiko, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i nīnau mua i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli o ka Baibala. Ua hele ʻo ia i ke kula Anglican, a laila ua aʻo ʻo Anglican theology ma Cambridge e lilo i kahunapule, a ua manaʻoʻiʻo piha ʻia e ka ʻōlelo teleological a William Paley ʻo ka hoʻolālā naʻauao i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ke ola ʻana o ke Akua. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻomaka kona manaʻoʻiʻo e haʻalulu i kona hele ʻana ma ka Beagle. Nīnau maila ʻo ia i kāna mea i ʻike ai, no ka laʻana, no nā mea nani o ke kai hohonu i hana ʻia i loko o ka hohonu ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hauʻoli i ko lākou ʻike ʻana, me ka haʻalulu i ka ʻike ʻana aku i kahi ʻano enuhe lolo, a he meaʻai ola ia no kāna mau ʻuo. . I ka laʻana hope loa, ʻike ʻo ia i kahi kūʻē kūʻē i nā manaʻo o Paley e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho honua maikaʻi loa. ʻOiai ʻo Darwin e hele ana ma ka Beagle, ʻoi aku ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o Darwin a hiki iā ia ke kāhea i ka mana pono o ka Baibala, akā hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻike i ka moʻolelo hana, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kauoha Kahiko, he wahaheʻe a hilinaʻi ʻole.

I kona hoʻi ʻana mai, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hōʻiliʻili i nā hōʻike no ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano. Ua ʻike ʻo ia ua manaʻo kona mau hoa hoʻomana kūlohelohe i kēlā mau manaʻo he heresy, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i nā wehewehe kupanaha o ke ʻano o ka nohona, a ua ʻike ʻo ia e hoʻokō ʻia kēlā mau manaʻo kipi me ka hoʻokipa kūikawā i ka manawa e kū ai ke kūlana o ka ʻEkalesia Anglican ma lalo o ke ahi e ka poʻe kūʻē kūʻē. a me ka poe hoomaloka. Ke hoʻomohala malū nei i kāna kumumanaʻo o ke koho kūlohelohe, ua kākau ʻo Darwin e pili ana i ka hoʻomana ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā ola ʻohana, akā ua manaʻoʻiʻo i ke Akua ʻo ia ka mea kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoholo i nā kānāwai o kēia ao. Ua nāwaliwali kona manaʻoʻiʻo i ka manawa a me ka make ʻana o kāna kaikamahine ʻo Annie i ka makahiki 1851, ua pau ka manaʻo o Darwin i ke akua Kalikiano. Ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hale pule kūloko a kōkua i ka poʻe haipule i nā hana maʻamau, akā i nā lā Sābati, i ka wā i hele ai ka ʻohana a pau i ka hale pule, hele ʻo ia e hele wāwae. Ma hope mai, i ka nīnauʻiaʻana e pili ana i kona mau manaʻo hoʻomana, ua kākauʻo Darwinʻaʻoleʻo ia he hoʻomaloka, ma keʻanoʻaʻoleʻo ia i hōʻole i ke olaʻana o ke Akua a, ma keʻano laulā, "ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka weheweheʻana i koʻu kūlana manaʻo he agnostic. .»

I loko o kāna moʻolelo pilikino o ke kupuna kāne o Erasmus Darwin, ua haʻi ʻo Charles i nā lono wahaheʻe i kāhea ʻo Erasmus i ke Akua i kona wā e make ai. Ua hoʻopau ʻo Charles i kāna moʻolelo me nā huaʻōlelo: "Pēia nā manaʻo Kalikiano ma kēia ʻāina i ka makahiki 1802 <...> Hiki iā mākou ke manaʻolana ʻaʻohe mea e like me kēia i kēia lā." ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau manaʻo maikaʻi, ua like nā moʻolelo like me ka make ʻana o Charles ponoʻī. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o ia mau mea, ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "moʻolelo ʻo Lady Hope", he haʻi'ōlelo Pelekania, i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 1915, kahi i ʻōlelo ai ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo Darwin i ka hoʻomana i ka wā maʻi ma mua koke o kona make ʻana. Ua hoʻolaha ikaika ʻia kēlā mau moʻolelo e nā hui hoʻomana like ʻole a loaʻa i ke kūlana o nā kaʻao kūlanakauhale, akā ua hōʻole ʻia lākou e nā keiki a Darwin a hoʻolei ʻia e nā mea kākau moʻolelo he wahaheʻe.

ʻO nā male a me nā keiki

Ma Ianuali 29, 1839, ua male ʻo Charles Darwin i kona hoahānau, ʻo Emma Wedgwood. Ua mālama ʻia ka ʻaha male ma ka moʻomeheu o ka ʻEkalesia Anglican, a e like me nā kuʻuna Unitarian. I ka wā mua, noho lāua ma ke alanui Gower ma Lākana, a ma ka lā 17 o Kepakemapa, 1842, neʻe lāua i lalo (Kent). He ʻumi keiki a nā Darwin, ʻekolu o lākou i make i ka wā ʻōpiopio. Ua lanakila nui ka nui o na keiki a me na moopuna ponoi. Ua maʻi a nāwaliwali paha kekahi o nā keiki, a ua makaʻu ʻo Charles Darwin ʻo ke kumu o ko lākou pili ʻana iā Emma, ​​​​i hōʻike ʻia i kāna hana ma ka ʻeha o ka hānau ʻana a me nā pono o nā keʻa mamao.

Nā hōʻailona a me nāʻokoʻa

Ua loaʻa iā Darwin nā makana he nui mai nā hui ʻepekema o Great Britain a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa. Ua make ʻo Darwin ma Downe, Kent, ma ʻApelila 19, 1882.

Quotes

• "ʻAʻohe mea kupaianaha hou aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hoʻomana hoʻomana, a i ʻole ka hoʻopono, i ka hapa lua o koʻu ola."
• "ʻAʻohe mea hōʻike i hāʻawi mua ʻia ke kanaka me ka manaʻoʻiʻo hanohano i ke ola ʻana o kahi akua mana loa."
• "ʻO ka nui aʻe o kā mākou ʻike i nā kānāwai kūlohelohe o ke ʻano, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hana mana kupanaha no mākou."