Nā disaccharides

ʻO nā disaccharides (disaccharides, oligosaccharides) he pūʻulu o nā carbohydrates, ʻo nā molekala i loaʻa i ʻelua mau kō maʻalahi i hui pū ʻia i hoʻokahi mole e kahi paʻa glycosidic o kahi hoʻonohonoho ʻokoʻa. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka disaccharides ma ke ʻano he C₁₂Н₂₂О₁₁.

Ma muli o ke ʻano o nā molekala a me kā lākou mau waiwai kemika, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā disaccharides hōʻemi a me ka hōʻemi ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā disaccharides ka lactose, maltose, a me cellobiose; ʻO nā disaccharides hōʻemi ʻole ka sucrose a me ka trehalose.

Nā meaʻokoʻa

ʻO ka disugar nā mea kristal paʻa. ʻO nā kristal o nā mea like ʻole ke waihoʻoluʻu mai ke keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele. Hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi lākou i ka wai a me nā waiʻona, loaʻa kahi ʻono ʻono.

I ka wā o ka hopena hydrolysis, ua uhaʻi ʻia nā paʻa glycosidic, ma muli o ka wāwahi ʻana o disaccharides i ʻelua mau kō maʻalahi. I ke kaʻina hana hope o ka hydrolysis, hoʻokuʻu ka condensation i kekahi mau moleke o disaccharides i loko o nā ʻakika paʻakikī - polysaccharides.

Lactose - ka waiu kō

Ua unuhi ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "lactose" mai ka ʻōlelo Latin ʻo "milk sugar". Kapa ʻia kēia kaʻapona no ka mea ʻike nui ʻia i nā huahana waiu. ʻO ka Lactose kahi polymer i loaʻa i nā molekala o ʻelua monosaccharides - glucose a me galactose. ʻAʻole like me nā disaccharides ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hygroscopic ka lactose. E kiʻi i kēia carbohydrate mai ka whey.

Ka pae o ka noi

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka lactose i ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau. Ma muli o ka nele o ka hygroscopicity, hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau maʻalahi hydrolysable. ʻO nā ʻano kalapona ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka hygroscopic, e lilo koke i pulu a ʻo ka lāʻau lapaʻau ikaika i loko o ia mau mea e decompose koke.

Hoʻohana ʻia ka waiu kō i loko o nā keʻena lāʻau lapaʻau olaola i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻai meaʻai no ka ulu ʻana i nā moʻomeheu like ʻole o ka bacteria a me nā haʻi, no ka laʻana, i ka hana ʻana i ka penicillin.

ʻO ka lactose i isomerized i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hana i ka lactulose. ʻO Lactulose kahi probiotic biological e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka motility o ka ʻōpū i ka hihia o ka constipation, dysbacteriosis a me nā pilikia digestive ʻē aʻe.

Nā Waiwai Pono

ʻO ka waiu kō ka meaʻai nui loa a me ka plastic, mea nui no ka ulu like ʻana o ke kino ulu o nā mammals, me ka pēpē. ʻO ka Lactose kahi meaʻai meaʻai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka bacteria lactic acid i loko o ka ʻōpū, ka mea e pale ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kaʻina putrefactive i loko.

ʻO nā waiwai maikaʻi o ka lactose, hiki ke ʻike ʻia, me ka ikaika o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka momona a ʻaʻole hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka cholesterol i ke koko.

Pōʻino hiki

ʻAʻole hoʻopilikia ka lactose i ke kino o ke kanaka. ʻO ka contraindication wale nō i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana e loaʻa ana i ka waiū kōpaʻa he lactose intolerance, ka mea i loaʻa i ka poʻe me ka hemahema o ka enzyme lactase, ka mea e wāwahi ai i ka waiū kōpaʻa i loko o nā kalapona maʻalahi. ʻO ka lactose intolerance ke kumu o ka hemahema o ka lawe ʻana i nā huahana waiu e nā kānaka, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pākeke. Hōʻike kēia pathology iā ia iho ma ke ʻano o nā hōʻailona e like me:

• nausea a me ka luaʻi;
• pāhoehoe;
• ʻōhūhū;
• colic;
• ʻili a me ka ʻili ma ka ʻili;
• rhinitis maʻi ʻaʻai;
• haʻalulu

ʻO ka lactose intolerance ka mea maʻamau i ka physiological, a pili pū me ka hemahema lactase pili makahiki.

Maltose - kō malt

ʻO Maltose, nona nā koena glucose ʻelua, he disaccharide i hana ʻia e nā cereals e kūkulu i nā ʻiʻo o kā lākou embryos. Loaʻa ka liʻiliʻi maltose i loko o ka pollen a me ka nectar o nā mea kanu pua, a me nā tōmato. Hoʻopuka ʻia ke kō malt e kekahi mau cell bacteria.

I nā holoholona a me nā kānaka, hana ʻia ka maltose e ka haki ʻana o nā polysaccharides - starch a me glycogen - me ke kōkua o ka enzyme maltase.

ʻO ka hana koʻikoʻi o ka maltose ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kino me nā mea ikehu.

Pōʻino hiki

Hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai ʻino e ka maltose wale nō i kēlā poʻe i loaʻa kahi genetic deficiency o maltase. ʻO ka hopena, i loko o ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka, i ka wā e ʻai ai i nā meaʻai e loaʻa ana i ka maltose, starch a i ʻole glycogen, hōʻiliʻili nā huahana underoxidized, hoʻonāukiuki i ka maʻi maʻi. ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana i kēia mau meaʻai mai ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka enzyme me ka maltase e kōkua i ka pae i nā hōʻike o ka maltose intolerance.

Sucrose – ke kō

ʻO ke kō, ka mea i loaʻa i kā mākou ʻai i kēlā me kēia lā, ma kona ʻano maʻemaʻe a ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o nā kīʻaha like ʻole, he sucrose. Hana ʻia ia me nā koena glucose a me ka fructose.

I ke ʻano, loaʻa ka sucrose i nā ʻano hua like ʻole: nā huaʻai, nā hua, nā mea kanu, a me ke kō, mai kahi i ʻeli mua ʻia ai. Hoʻomaka ka haki ʻana o ka sucrose i ka waha a pau i ka ʻōpū. Ma lalo o ka mana o ka alpha-glucosidase, ua wāwahi ʻia ke kō i loko o ka glucose a me ka fructose, i komo koke ʻia i loko o ke koko.

Nā Waiwai Pono

ʻIke ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi o ka sucrose. Ma ke ʻano he disaccharide maʻamau i ke ʻano, lilo ka sucrose i kumu o ka ikehu no ke kino. Hoʻopiha i ke koko me ka glucose a me ka fructose, ke kō kō:

• hōʻoia i ka hana maʻamau o ka lolo - ka mea kūʻai nui o ka ikehu;
• he kumu ia o ka ikehu no ka hookiekie ana o ka io;
• hoʻonui i ka pono o ke kino;
• hoʻoulu i ka synthesis o serotonin, ma muli o ia e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke ʻano, he mea antidepressant;
• komo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā waihona momona (a ʻaʻole wale);
• komo i loko o ka metabolism carbohydrate;
• kākoʻo i ka hana detoxification o ke ake.

Hōʻike wale ʻia nā hana pono o ka sucrose i ka wā e ʻai ʻia ai i nā mea liʻiliʻi. Manaʻo ʻia ka mea maikaʻi loa e ʻai i ka 30-50 g o ke kō i ka ʻai, nā mea inu a i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe.

Poino ke hana ino ia

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻai ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā waiwai ʻino o ka sucrose:

• nā maʻi endocrine (diabetes, obesity);
• ka luku ʻana i ka enamel niho a me nā pathologies ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōnaehana musculoskeletal ma muli o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka metabolism mineral;
• ʻili maloʻo, nā kui a me ka lauoho;
• ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ke ʻano o ka ʻili (rash, acne formation);
• ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pale (immunosuppressant kūpono);
• hoʻopau i ka hana enzyme;
• mahuahua acidity o gastric wai;
• ka uhaki ʻana i nā puʻupaʻa;
• hypercholesterolemia a me ka triglyceridemia;
• ka wikiwiki o ka elemakule.

No ka mea ua komo ikaika nā huaora B i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā huahana sucrose breakdown (glucose, fructose), ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai momona me ka hemahema o kēia mau huaora. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻole o nā huaora B he pōʻino me nā maʻi mau o ka puʻuwai a me nā kīʻaha koko, nā pathologies o ka hana neuropsychic.

I nā keiki, ʻo ka makemake i nā mea ʻono e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kā lākou hana a hiki i ka ulu ʻana o ka hyperactivity syndrome, neurosis, irritability.

Cellobiose disaccharide

ʻO ka Cellobiose kahi disaccharide i loaʻa i ʻelua mau molekole glucose. Hana ʻia ia e nā mea kanu a me kekahi mau cell bacteria. ʻAʻohe waiwai olaola o ka cellobiosis no nā kānaka: i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole e wāwahi kēia mea, akā he pūhui ballast. I loko o nā mea kanu, hana ʻo cellobiose i kahi hana hoʻolālā, no ka mea he ʻāpana ia o ka mole cellulose.

ʻO Trehalose - ke kō

Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Trehalose i ʻelua mau molekole glucose. Loaʻa i loko o nā haʻiki kiʻekiʻe (no laila kona inoa ʻelua - mycosis), algae, lichens, kekahi ilo a me nā inike. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka trehalose kekahi o nā kūlana no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūpaʻa cell i ka desiccation. ʻAʻole ia e komo i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, akā naʻe, ʻo ka ʻai nui ʻana o ia mea i loko o ke koko hiki ke hoʻonā i ka ʻona.

Hoʻolaha nui ʻia nā disaccharides ma ke ʻano - i loko o nā ʻiʻo a me nā cell o nā mea kanu, nā haʻani, nā holoholona, ​​​​nā bacteria. Hoʻokomo ʻia lākou i loko o ke ʻano o nā molecular complexes, a loaʻa nō hoʻi i ka mokuʻāina manuahi. ʻO kekahi o lākou (lactose, sucrose) he substrate ikehu no nā mea ola, nā mea ʻē aʻe (cellobiose) hana i kahi hana hoʻolālā.