ʻIke ʻoe i ke kumukūʻai o ka hamburger? Inā ʻōlelo ʻoe he $2.50 a i ʻole ke kumu kūʻai i kēia manawa ma ka hale ʻaina McDonald, ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa nei ʻoe i kona kumukūʻai maoli. ʻAʻole hōʻike ka helu kumukūʻai i ke kumukūʻai maoli o ka hana. ʻO kēlā me kēia hamburger ka ʻeha o ka holoholona, ke kumu kūʻai o ka mālama ʻana i ke kanaka nāna ia e ʻai, a me nā pilikia pili kālā a me ka nohona.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, paʻakikī ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi kuhi maoli o ke kumukūʻai o kahi hamburger, no ka mea, huna ʻia ka hapa nui o nā kumukūʻai hana mai ka ʻike ʻana a i ʻole ka nānā ʻole ʻia. ʻAʻole ʻike ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i ka ʻeha o nā holoholona no ka mea ua noho lākou ma nā mahiʻai, a laila ua kāpī ʻia lākou a pepehi ʻia. Akā ʻike ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i nā hormones a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hānai ʻia a lawelawe pololei ʻia i nā holoholona. A i ka hana ʻana pēlā, hoʻomaopopo lākou i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kemika hiki ke hoʻoweliweli i ka poʻe ma muli o ka puka ʻana mai o nā microbes kū'ē i ka antibiotic.
Ke ulu nei ka ʻike i ke kumukūʻai a mākou e uku ai no nā hamburger me ko mākou olakino, e hoʻonui mākou i nā pilikia o ka hōʻeha ʻana o ka naʻau, ka maʻi maʻi ʻaʻai a me ke koko kiʻekiʻe. Akā ʻaʻole lōʻihi ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o kahi haʻawina piha i nā pilikia olakino o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo.
Akā ʻo nā kumukūʻai e pili ana i ka noiʻi haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kumukūʻai kaiapuni o ka hana holoholona. ʻAʻohe hana kanaka ʻē aʻe i alakaʻi i ka luku nui ʻana i ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina a me ka ʻāina honua paha e like me kā mākou "aloha" no ka bipi a me kāna ʻiʻo.
Inā hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kumu kūʻai maoli o kahi hamburger ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, a laila e ʻike ʻia he kumukūʻai maoli kēlā me kēia hamburger. Pehea ʻoe e helu ai i nā kino wai haumia? Pehea ʻoe e helu ai i nā ʻano mea e nalowale ana i kēlā me kēia lā? Pehea ʻoe e ʻike ai i ke kumukūʻai maoli o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka lepo? Aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau poho, akā ʻo ia ka waiwai maoli o nā huahana holoholona.
ʻO kou ʻāina kēia, ʻo ko mākou ʻāina kēia…
ʻAʻohe wahi i ʻike ʻia ke kumukūʻai o ka hana holoholona ma mua o nā ʻāina o ke Komohana. ʻO ka ʻAmelika Komohana he ʻāina nani. ʻO ka ʻāina maloʻo, pōhaku a paʻa. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā wao nahele he mau ʻāina me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ua a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ea—ma nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia lākou me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ua a me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi.
Ma ke Komohana, he nui ka ʻāina no ka hānai ʻana i hoʻokahi bipi e lawa ai ka hānai. No ka laʻana, ʻelua mau ʻeka o ka ʻāina no ka hānai ʻana i ka bipi ua lawa i kahi ea e like me Georgia, akā ma nā wahi maloʻo a mauna o ke Komohana, pono paha ʻoe i 200-300 mau ʻeka e kākoʻo i ka bipi. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka meaʻai meaʻai e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻoihana holoholona e hōʻino ʻole i ke ʻano a me nā kaʻina kaiaola o ka Honua.
Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻāina palupalu a me nā kaiāulu mea kanu. A ma laila ka pilikia. He hewa kaiapuni ka kākoʻo waiwai i ka mahiʻai holoholona, ʻaʻohe mea e ʻōlelo ai ka poʻe kākoʻo holoholona.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻomau i ke kaiapuni
E nīnau paha kekahi i ke ola ʻana o ka pastoralism no nā hanauna he nui inā e luku ana ia i ke Komohana? ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka pane. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole e ola ka pastoralism - ua emi ia no nā makahiki he mau makahiki. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻāina ke kākoʻo i nā holoholona he nui, ua emi ka hua o nā ʻāina komohana ma muli o ka hanai holoholona. A nui ka poʻe kahu hānai i hoʻololi i nā hana a neʻe aku i ke kūlanakauhale.
Eia nō naʻe, ke ola nei ka pastoralism ma ke kālā nui, ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ke kaiapuni. Hiki i ka mea mahiʻai Komohana i kēia lā ke hoʻokūkū i ka mākeke honua wale nō e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā haʻawina mokuʻāina. Uku nā mea ʻauhau i nā mea e like me ka hoʻomalu predator, ka weed, ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi holoholona, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maloʻo, nā ʻōnaehana wai pipiʻi e pono ai ka poʻe mahiʻai holoholona.
Aia kekahi mau kōkua ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a ʻike ʻole ʻia, e like me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lawelawe i nā hale hānai liʻiliʻi. Ua koi ʻia ka poʻe ʻauhau e kākoʻo i nā kahu hānai ma o ka hāʻawi ʻana iā lākou i ka palekana, ka leka, nā kaʻa kula, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke alanui, a me nā lawelawe aupuni ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā ʻauhau ʻauhau o kēia poʻe nona ka ʻāina - ma ka hapa nui no ka mea e ʻauhau pinepine ʻia ka ʻāina mahiʻai i nā uku koho, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka uku ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe.
He paʻakikī ke nānā ʻana i nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ua hūnā ʻia nā papahana kōkua kālā ma nā ʻano he nui. Eia kekahi laʻana, i ka wā i kūkulu ai ka US Forest Service i nā pā no ka mālamaʻana i nā bipi i waho o ka ululāʻau, ua unuhiʻia ke kumukūʻai o ka hana mai ka pūlāwai kālā,ʻoiaiʻaʻole pono ka pā i ka nele o nā bipi. A i ʻole e lawe i kēlā mau mile o ka pā ma ke ala komohana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o nā alahele i manaʻo ʻia e mālama i nā bipi mai ke alaloa.
ʻO wai kou manaʻo e uku no kēia? ʻAʻole kahi hānai holoholona. ʻO ka haʻawina makahiki i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka pono o ka poʻe mahiʻai e mahiʻai ana ma nā ʻāina aupuni a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 1% o nā mea hana holoholona a pau he $500 miliona. Inā mākou i ʻike e hoʻopiʻi ʻia ana kēia kālā mai iā mākou, e hoʻomaopopo mākou he uku nui mākou no nā hamburger, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole mākou e kūʻai.
Ke uku nei mākou i kekahi mau mahiʻai o ke Komohana no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻāina aupuni - ko mākou ʻāina, a i nā manawa he nui nā ʻāina palupalu a me nā mea kanu like ʻole.
Hāʻawi kālā hoʻopau lepo
Ma kahi o kēlā me kēia ʻeka o ka ʻāina hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hānai holoholona ʻana e hoʻolimalima ʻia e ke aupuni pekelala i kahi lima o ka poʻe mahiʻai, e hōʻike ana ma kahi o 1% o nā mea hana holoholona. Ua ʻae ʻia kēia mau kāne (a me kekahi mau wahine) e ʻai i kā lākou holoholona ma kēia mau ʻāina no ka mea ʻole, ʻoi aku ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni.
Hoʻopili nā holoholona i ka papa luna o ka lepo me ko lākou mau maiuu, e hōʻemi ana i ke komo ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka lepo a me kona ʻano wai. Hoʻopilikia ka mahiʻai holoholona i nā holoholona hihiu, kahi e hoʻopau ai i ko lākou wahi. Hoʻopau ka mahiʻai holoholona i nā mea kanu maoli a hehi i nā kumu wai puna, hoʻohaumia i nā kino wai, luku i ka noho ʻana o nā iʻa a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe he nui. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā holoholona mahiʻai kekahi kumu nui i ka luku ʻana i nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma nā kahakai i kapa ʻia ʻo nā wahi noho kahakai.
A no ka mea, ʻoi aku ma mua o 70-75% o nā ʻano holoholona hihiu o ke Komohana e hilinaʻi i kekahi wahi i ka noho ʻana o ke kahakai, ʻaʻole hiki ke weliweli ka hopena o nā holoholona i ka luku ʻia ʻana o ke kahakai. A ʻaʻole ia he hopena liʻiliʻi. Ma kahi o 300 miliona mau ʻeka o ka ʻāina aupuni o ʻAmelika i hoʻolimalima ʻia i nā mahiʻai holoholona!
hale hānai wao nahele
ʻO ka holoholona kekahi o nā mea kūʻai wai nui loa ma ke Komohana. Pono ka irrigation nui no ka hanai ana i na holoholona. ʻOiai ma Kaleponi, kahi e ulu ai ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu a me nā huaʻai o ka ʻāina, ʻo ka ʻāina mahiʻai irrigated e ulu ana i nā mea hānai holoholona e paʻa i ka pāma ma ke ʻano o ka nui o ka ʻāina i noho ʻia.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā kumuwaiwai wai i hoʻomohala ʻia (nā waihona), ʻoi aku ma ke Komohana, no ka pono o ka mahiʻai irrigated, no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu hānai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma nā mokuʻāina komohana he 17, ʻo ka awelika o 82% o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka wai, 96% ma Montana, a me 21% ma North Dakota. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia i ke kōkua ʻana i ka pau ʻana o nā ʻano wai mai ka snails a i ka trout.
Akā haʻahaʻa nā haʻawina hoʻokele waiwai i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā haʻawina kaiapuni. ʻO ka holoholona ka mea hoʻohana ʻāina nui loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma waho aʻe o ka 300 miliona mau ʻeka o ka ʻāina ākea e hānai ana i nā holoholona holoholona, aia he 400 miliona mau ʻeka o nā wahi hānai pilikino ma ka ʻāina i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻai ʻana. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia nā haneli miliona mau ʻeka o nā ʻāina mahiʻai e hana i nā meaʻai no nā holoholona.
ʻO ka makahiki i hala aku nei, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ma mua o 80 miliona mau ʻeka o ka palaoa i kanu ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu e hele i ka hānai holoholona. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka soybean, rapeseed, alfalfa a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe i hoʻoholo ʻia no ka momona o nā holoholona. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o kā mākou ʻāina mahiʻai no ke kanu ʻana i ka meaʻai kanaka, akā no ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai holoholona. ʻO ia hoʻi, he mau haneli miliona ʻeka o ka ʻāina a me ka wai i haumia me nā pesticides a me nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka hamburger, a ua pau nā ʻeka lepo he nui.
ʻAʻole like kēia hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻāina kūlohelohe, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi wale ka mahiʻai i ka nalowale nui o nā ʻano, akā ua aneane pau i ka luku ʻana i kekahi mau kaiaola. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka 77 pakeneka o Iowa i kēia manawa, a he 62 pakeneka ma North Dakota a me 59 pakeneka ma Kansas. No laila, ua nalowale ka hapa nui o nā pā kula i nā mea ulu kiʻekiʻe a me waena.
Ma keʻano laulā, ma kahi o 70-75% o ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (koe ʻole ʻo Alaska) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana holoholona ma kekahi ʻano a i ʻole - no ka ulu ʻana i nā meaʻai meaʻai, no ka māla mahiʻai a i ʻole nā holoholona ʻai. He nui ka wāwae kaiaola o kēia ʻoihana.
Nā pane: koke a lōʻihi
ʻOiaʻiʻo, pono mākou i kahi ʻāina liʻiliʻi e hānai iā mākou iho. ʻO nā mea kanu āpau i ulu ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma luna o ʻekolu miliona mau ʻeka o ka ʻāina. Loaʻa nā hua a me nā nati i ʻelima miliona ʻeka. Hoʻoulu ʻia ka ʻuala a me ka palaoa ma 60 miliona mau ʻeka o ka ʻāina, akā ʻoi aku ma mua o XNUMX ka nui o nā hua, me ka oats, ka palaoa, ka bale a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, hānai ʻia i nā holoholona.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā haʻalele ʻia ka ʻiʻo mai kā mākou meaʻai, ʻaʻohe neʻe ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o nā hua ʻai a me nā mea kanu. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka hiki ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka palaoa i ʻiʻo o nā holoholona nui, ʻoi aku ka pipi, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā ʻeka i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka ulu ʻana i ka palaoa a me nā mea kanu e maʻalahi ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka emi nui o ka nui o nā ʻeka i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mahi holoholona.
Ua ʻike mua mākou ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai meaʻai no nā kānaka wale nō, akā no ka honua pū kekahi. Nui nā hoʻonā ʻike. ʻO ka meaʻai mea kanu ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi e hiki i kekahi ke hana e hāpai i kahi honua olakino.
I ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka nui mai ka ʻai ʻai i ka meaʻai meaʻai, aia nō nā koho e hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻai ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina. Ke hoʻoikaika nei ka National Wildlife Refuge e hōʻemi i ka hana holoholona ma nā ʻāina aupuni, a ke kamaʻilio nei lākou e pili ana i ka pono o ke kōkua ʻana i nā kahu hānai ma nā ʻāina aupuni no ka hana ʻole ʻana i nā holoholona. ʻOiai ʻaʻole koi ʻia ka poʻe ʻAmelika e ʻae i ka ʻai ʻana i nā pipi ma kekahi o ko lākou ʻāina, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo politika ʻaʻole e pāpā ʻia ka pastoralism, ʻoiai nā pōʻino a pau.
ʻO kēia manaʻo pili pili i ke kaiapuni. ʻO kēia ka hopena i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o 300 miliona mau ʻeka o ka ʻāina mai ka ʻai ʻana - ʻekolu manawa ka nui o Kaleponi. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i nā holoholona mai nā ʻāina mokuʻāina ʻaʻole ia e alakaʻi i ka hōʻemi nui o ka hana ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, no ka mea, he hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō o nā holoholona i hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina ma nā ʻāina mokuʻāina. A i ka manawa e ʻike ai ka poʻe i ka pōmaikaʻi o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā bipi, ʻike ʻia ka emi ʻana o kā lākou hānai ʻana ma ka ʻāina pilikino ma ke Komohana (a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe).
ʻĀina manuahi
He aha kā mākou e hana ai me kēia mau ʻeka bipi ʻole? E noʻonoʻo i ke Komohana me ka ʻole o nā pā, nā pua bison, elk, antelopes a me nā hipa kāne. E noʻonoʻo i nā muliwai, ʻākala a maʻemaʻe. E noʻonoʻo i nā ʻīlio hae e hoʻihoʻi hou ana i ka hapa nui o ke Komohana. He mea hiki ke hana mana, akā inā mākou e hoʻokuʻu i ka hapa nui o ke Komohana mai nā pipi. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, hiki ke hana ʻia kēia ʻano ma nā ʻāina aupuni.