Ma 1797, ʻo Kauka Hufeland (i ʻike ʻia ʻo "kekahi o nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo loa ma Kelemānia"), nāna i aʻo i ke kumuhana o ka manaʻolana ola no nā makahiki he ʻumi, ua hōʻike i kāna hana ʻo The Art of Life Extension i ka honua. Ma waena o nā kumu he nui e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ke ola, ua koho ʻo ia: kahi meaʻai kaulike i waiwai i nā mea kanu a haʻalele i ka ʻiʻo a me nā mea ʻono; ola kino; mālama niho maikaʻi ʻauʻau i kēlā me kēia pule i ka wai mahana me ke kopa; moeʻuhane maikaʻi; ea hou; a me ke kumu o ka hooilina. I ka pau ʻana o kāna ʻatikala, unuhi ʻia no ka puke moʻokalaleo American Review, ua ʻōlelo ke kauka "hiki ke pālua ʻia ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ke kanaka ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā helu o kēia manawa."
Manaʻo ʻo Hufeland ua make ka hapalua o nā keiki a pau i hānau ʻia ma mua o ko lākou lā hānau he ʻumi, he helu make weliweli loa. Eia nō naʻe, inā hiki i kahi keiki ke hoʻokō i ka maʻi maʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻāʻī, rubella a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe o ka wā kamaliʻi, hiki iā ia ke ola a hiki i ke kanakolu. Ua manaʻo ʻo Hufeland, ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono, hiki ke ola i ʻelua haneli mau makahiki.
Pono anei e manaʻo ʻia kēia mau ʻōlelo he mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ke kauka o ke kenekulia 18? Manaʻo ʻo James Waupel pēlā. "Ke piʻi nei ka manaʻolana ola e ʻelua a me ka hapa makahiki i kēlā me kēia ʻumi makahiki," wahi āna. "He iwakāluakūmālima mau makahiki i kēlā me kēia kenekulia." Vaupel - Luna Hoʻokele o ka Laboratory of Survival and Longevity of the Institute of Demographic Research. ʻO Max Planck ma Rostock, Kelemānia, a ke aʻo nei ʻo ia i nā loina o ka lōʻihi a me ke ola ʻana i nā heluna kanaka a me nā holoholona. Wahi a ia, i nā makahiki he 100 i hala iho nei, ua loli nui ke kiʻi o ke ola. Ma mua o ka makahiki 1950, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hapa nui o ke ola ma o ka hakakā ʻana i ka make nui o nā pēpē. Mai ia manawa naʻe, ua emi ka nui o ka make no ka poʻe i ko lākou mau makahiki he 60 a he 80 paha.
ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō ka nui o nā poʻe e ʻike nei i ka wā kamaliʻi. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o ka poʻe ma ke ʻano nui.
ʻO ka makahiki ma muli o ka hui pū ʻana o nā kumu
Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ua manaʻo ʻia ka nui o nā centenarians - ka poʻe ma luna o 100 mau makahiki - e hoʻonui i 10-fold ma waena o 2010 a me 2050. E like me kā Hufeland i ʻōlelo ai, inā ʻoe e hana i kēia manawa e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o kou mau mākua; ʻo ia hoʻi, pili pū ka ʻāpana genetic i ke ola. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o nā centenarians e ka genetics wale nō, ʻaʻole i loli nui i nā kenekulia i hala. Akā, ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana i ko mākou maikaʻi o ke ola e hoʻonui i ko mākou manawa e ola lōʻihi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi-ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama olakino, ka mālama olakino maikaʻi, nā ana olakino lehulehu e like me ka wai maʻemaʻe a me ka ea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me nā kūlana ola maikaʻi aʻe. "Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lehulehu i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā kālā," wahi a Vaupel.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu nā mea i loaʻa ma o ka mālama olakino maikaʻi a me nā kūlana ola, a ʻo ka makemake e hoʻonui i ke ola o ke kanaka ʻaʻole manaʻo e nalowale.
ʻO kekahi ala kaulana ʻo ia ka palena o ka calorie. Ma hope o nā makahiki 1930, ua nānā nā mea noiʻi i nā holoholona i hānai ʻia i nā ʻano calorie like ʻole a ʻike i ka hopena o ko lākou ola. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ma hope mai ʻaʻole pili pono ka caloric meaʻai me ka lōʻihi o ke ola, a ʻike nā mea noiʻi e pili ana nā mea āpau i ka pilina paʻakikī o ka genetics, ka meaʻai, a me nā mea kūlohelohe.
ʻO kekahi manaʻolana nui ʻo ka resveratrol kemika, i hana ʻia e nā mea kanu, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka ʻili o nā hua waina. Eia naʻe, hikiʻole i kekahi ke'ōlelo aku ua piha nā māla waina i kahi punawai o ka'ōpiopio. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia kemika e hāʻawi i nā pono olakino e like me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i nā holoholona me ka palena o ka calorie, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe haʻawina i hōʻike ʻia e hiki i ka supplementation resveratrol ke hoʻonui i ke ola kanaka.
Ke ola palena ʻole?
Akā, no ke aha mākou e ʻelemakule ai? "I kēlā me kēia lā, loaʻa mākou i nā ʻano pōʻino like ʻole a ʻaʻole mākou e ho'ōla piha," wehewehe ʻo Vaupel, "a ʻo kēia hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka pōʻino ke kumu o nā maʻi pili makahiki." Akā ʻaʻole pololei kēia no nā mea ola a pau. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā hydras - kahi hui o nā mea like me ka jellyfish maʻalahi - hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā mea ʻino a pau i loko o ko lākou kino a pepehi maʻalahi i nā cell i poino loa ʻaʻole hiki ke ho'ōla. I loko o ke kanaka, hiki i kēia mau pūnaewele poino ke kumu i ka maʻi kanesa.
"Ke kālele nei ʻo Hydras i nā kumuwaiwai ma ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana, ʻaʻole ka hana hou ʻana," wahi a Vaupel. "ʻO ke kanaka, ʻokoʻa, kuhikuhi i nā kumuwaiwai ma mua o ka hana hou ʻana - he hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa kēia no ke ola ʻana ma ka pae ʻano." Hiki i nā kānaka ke make i ka ʻōpio, akā ʻo kā mākou helu hānau hānau e ʻae iā mākou e lanakila i kēia mau make kiʻekiʻe. "I kēia manawa he haʻahaʻa loa ka make ʻana o nā pēpē, ʻaʻohe pono e hāʻawi i nā kumuwaiwai he nui no ka hana hou ʻana," wahi a Vaupel. "ʻO ka hoʻopunipuni ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana hoʻihoʻi, ʻaʻole e hoʻokahe i kēlā ikehu i ka nui." Inā hiki iā mākou ke ʻimi i kahi ala e hoʻōki ai i ka piʻi mau ʻana o ka pōʻino i kā mākou mau cell - e hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana i kapa ʻia he negligible, a i ʻole ka ʻelemakule liʻiliʻi - a laila ʻaʻole paha e loaʻa iā mākou ka palena makahiki kiʻekiʻe.
"He mea maikaʻi ke komo i kahi honua kahi i koho ʻia ai ka make. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mea nui, aia mākou a pau ma ka lālani make, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o mākou ʻaʻole i hana i kahi mea e pono ai, "wahi a Gennady Stolyarov, transhumanist philosopher a me ka mea kākau o ka puke a nā keiki hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Death Is Wrong, e paipai ana i nā noʻonoʻo ʻōpio e hōʻole i ka manaʻo. . he mea hiki ole ke make. Ua manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo Stolyarov ʻo ka make he pilikia ʻenehana wale nō i ke kanaka, a ʻo nā mea a pau e pono ai ke lanakila ʻo ia ka lawa kālā a me nā kumuwaiwai kanaka.
Ka ikaika hoʻokele no ka hoʻololi
ʻO Telomeres kekahi o nā wahi o ka hana ʻenehana. Hoʻopōkole kēia mau hopena o nā chromosomes i kēlā me kēia manawa e puʻunaue ai nā pūnaewele, e kau ana i ka palena koʻikoʻi i ka nui o nā manawa e hiki ai i nā cell ke hana hou.
ʻAʻole ʻike kekahi mau holoholona i kēia pōkole o nā telomeres - ʻo hydras kekahi o lākou. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā kumu kūpono no kēia mau palena. Hiki i nā hoʻololi like ʻole ke ʻae i nā pūnaewele e puʻunaue me ka pōkole ʻole i kā lākou telomeres, e alakaʻi ana i nā laina kelepona "ola ʻole". Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka mana, hiki i kēia mau pūnaeho make ʻole ke lilo i mau maʻi maʻi kanesa.
"Hoʻokahi haneli a me kanalima tausani kānaka i ka honua e make i kēlā me kēia lā, a ʻelua hapakolu o lākou e make mai nā kumu e pili ana i ka ʻelemakule," wahi a Stolyarov. "No laila, inā mākou i hoʻomohala i nā ʻenehana e hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻelemakule haʻahaʻa, e hoʻopakele mākou i hoʻokahi haneli tausani ola i ka lā." Ua haʻi ka mea kākau i ka gerontology theorist ʻo Aubrey de Grey, he mea kaulana i waena o ka poʻe ʻimi hoʻonui ola, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana aia he 50% manawa e loaʻa ai ka ʻelemakule haʻahaʻa i loko o nā makahiki 25 e hiki mai ana. "Aia ka manaʻo nui e hiki mai kēia i ko mākou ola ʻana a ma mua o ka ʻike ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi loa o ka ʻelemakule," wahi a Stolyarov.
Manaʻo ʻo Stolyarov e ʻā mai ka lapalapa o ka manaʻolana. "ʻO ka mea e pono ai i kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka manaʻo hoʻoholo e hoʻolōʻihi i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻenehana," wahi āna. "I kēia manawa ua loaʻa iā mākou kahi manawa e hakakā ai, akā i mea e kūleʻa ai, pono mākou e lilo i ikaika no ka loli."
I kēia manawa, ʻoiai e hakakā ana ka poʻe noiʻi i ka ʻelemakule, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ka poʻe he mau ala ʻoiaʻiʻo e pale aku ai i nā kumu kumu ʻelua o ka make ma ke ao Komohana (ka maʻi puʻuwai a me ka maʻi kanesa) - hoʻoikaika kino, ʻai maikaʻi, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka wā e pili ana i ka waiʻona a me ka ʻulaʻula. ʻiʻo. He liʻiliʻi loa o mākou e hoʻokō nei i ke ola e like me nā pae hoʻohālike, malia paha no ka mea ke manaʻo nei mākou ʻo ke ola pōkole akā hoʻokō ka koho maikaʻi loa. A eia ka ninau hou: ina e hiki ke ola mau, e makaukau anei kakou e uku i ke kumu kuai?