Ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka wela mai ka lā, mālama nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka Honua no nā kānaka a me nā miliona o nā ʻano mea ʻē aʻe. Akā i kēia manawa ua nui loa ka nui o kēia mau kinoea, a hiki i kēia ke hoʻopilikia nui i nā mea ola a me nā wahi e ola ai ma ko mākou honua.
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua ma mua o kēlā me kēia manawa i nā makahiki he 800 i hala iho nei, a ʻo ka mea nui kēia ma muli o ka hana ʻana o nā kānaka iā lākou i ka nui ma o ka puhi ʻana i nā wahie mōʻalihaku. Hoʻomoʻa nā kinoea i ka ikehu o ka lā a mālama i ka wela ma kahi kokoke i ka ʻili o ka Honua, e pale ana i ka holo ʻana i ka lewa. Kapa ʻia kēia mālama ʻana i ka wela ka hopena greenhouse.
Ua hoʻomaka ka manaʻo o ka hopena greenhouse i ke kenekulia 19. I ka makahiki 1824, ua helu ka mea makemakika Farani ʻo Joseph Fourier e ʻoi aku ka anuanu o ka Honua inā ʻaʻohe lewa. I ka makahiki 1896, ua hoʻokumu mua ka mea ʻepekema Suedena ʻo Svante Arrhenius i kahi loulou ma waena o ka piʻi ʻana o ka carbon dioxide mai ka puhi ʻana i nā wahie mōʻalihaku a me ka hopena mehana. Ma kahi kokoke i hoʻokahi haneli ma hope mai, ua haʻi ʻo James E. Hansen ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i ka ʻaha kūkā "ua ʻike ʻia ka hopena greenhouse a ke hoʻololi nei i ko mākou aniau."
I kēia mau lā, ʻo ka “climate change” ka huaʻōlelo a ka poʻe ʻepekema i hoʻohana ai e wehewehe i nā loli paʻakikī i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻano kinoea hoʻomehana honua e pili ana i ka lewa a me nā ʻōnaehana aniau. ʻAʻole wale ka piʻi ʻana o nā mahana awelika, a mākou e kapa nei i ka hoʻomehana honua, akā me nā hanana ʻino loa, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka heluna kanaka a me nā wahi noho o nā holoholona hihiu, piʻi ʻana o ke kai, a me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe.
A puni ka honua, nā aupuni a me nā hui e like me ka Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ke kino o nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa e mālama ana i ka ʻepekema hou loa e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ke ana ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka loiloi ʻana i ko lākou hopena i ka honua, a me ke noi ʻana i nā hoʻonā. i ke ea o keia wa. kūlana.
ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā kumu
ʻO ke kalapona kalapona (CO2). ʻO ka carbon dioxide ke ʻano nui o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo - aia ma kahi o 3/4 o nā hoʻokuʻu a pau. Hiki ke noho ka carbon dioxide i ka lewa no nā kaukani makahiki. I ka makahiki 2018, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻāwelika ma luna o ka lua pele ʻo Mauna Loa o Hawaiʻi i ka awelika kiʻekiʻe loa o ka pae kalapona kalapona i kēlā me kēia mahina he 411 ʻāpana o ka miliona. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka carbon dioxide ma muli o ke puhi ʻana i nā mea kūlohelohe: lanahu, aila, kinoea, lāʻau a me nā ʻōpala paʻa.
Metana (CH4). ʻO ka Methane ka mea nui o ke kinoea maoli a hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā ʻāina, nā ʻoihana kinoea a me ka ʻaila, a me ka mahiʻai (ʻoi loa mai nā ʻōnaehana digestive o nā herbivores). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka carbon dioxide, hoʻomau nā molekala methane i ka lewa no ka manawa pōkole - ma kahi o 12 mau makahiki - akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o 84 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika. ʻO ka methane ka helu ma kahi o 16% o nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea hoʻomehana honua.
Nitrous oxide (N2O). Hoʻokumu ka Nitric oxide i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea hoʻomehana honua honua-ma kahi o 6%-akā he 264 manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ke kalapona dioxide. Wahi a ka IPCC, hiki iā ia ke noho i ka lewa no hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki. ʻO ka mahiʻai a me ka mahiʻai holoholona, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea kanu, ka manure, ka puhi ʻana i ka ʻōpala mahiʻai, a me ka puhi ʻana i ka wahie ke kumu nui loa o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka nitrogen oxide.
nā kinoea ʻenehana. ʻO ka hui o nā kinoea ʻenehana a i ʻole fluorinated nā mea e like me hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) a me nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). ʻO kēia mau kinoea he 2% wale nō o nā hoʻokuʻu a pau, akā he mau kaukani ka nui o ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa wela ma mua o ka carbon dioxide a noho i ka lewa no nā haneli a me nā kaukani makahiki. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kinoea fluorinated e like me nā mea hoʻoluʻu, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa ma ke ʻano he huahana o ka hana ʻana.
ʻO nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka mahu wai a me ka ozone (O3). ʻO ka mahu wai ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau maʻamau, akā ʻaʻole i nānā ʻia e like me nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua ʻē aʻe no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma muli o ka hana pololei a ke kanaka a ʻaʻole maopopo loa kona hopena. Pēlā nō, ʻaʻole hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia ka ozone pae honua (aka tropospheric), akā e ala mai ana mai nā hopena paʻakikī i waena o nā mea haumia i ka lewa.
Nā hopena kinoea hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo
ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo he hopena lōʻihi no ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino kanaka. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, kōkua pū nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi hanu i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka smog a me ka haumia ea.
ʻO ka ʻinoʻino, nā pilikia o nā lako meaʻai a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke ahi, he mau hopena nō ia o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ma muli o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano ʻano o ka ʻāina a mākou i maʻa ai; e nalowale kekahi mau ʻano mea ola; e neʻe a ulu aʻe nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Pehea e hōʻemi ai i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo
Ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia māhele o ka hoʻokele waiwai honua, mai ka hana ʻana i ka mahiʻai, mai ka lawe ʻana i ka uila, e hoʻokuʻu i nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka lewa. Inā makemake mākou e pale i nā hopena maikaʻi loa o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, pono lākou a pau e hoʻololi mai nā wahie fossil i nā kumu ikehu palekana. Ua ʻike nā ʻāina a puni ka honua i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka 2015 Paris Climate Agreement.
ʻO nā ʻāina he 20 o ka honua, i alakaʻi ʻia e Kina, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me India, e hoʻopuka i ka liʻiliʻi o ʻekolu hapaha o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka honua. ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kulekele kūpono e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea hoʻomehana honua i kēia mau ʻāina he mea pono loa.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia nā ʻenehana e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea hoʻomehana honua. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu ikehu hou ma mua o nā wahie fossil, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu kalapona ma o ka uku ʻana iā lākou.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kā mākou honua i kēia manawa he 1/5 wale nō o kāna "carbon budget" (2,8 trillion metric tons) i koe - ʻo ka nui o ka carbon dioxide e hiki ke komo i ka lewa me ka ʻole o ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ma mua o ʻelua degere.
No ka hooki ʻana i ka hoʻomehana honua holomua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haʻalele ʻana i nā wahie fossil. Wahi a ka IPCC, pono e hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano o ka absorption o carbon dioxide mai ka lewa. No laila, pono e kanu i nā kumulāʻau hou, mālama i nā ululāʻau a me nā mauʻu e kū nei, a e hopu i ka carbon dioxide mai nā mea kanu mana a me nā hale hana.