ʻIke ʻia ʻo ka pāpā ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo ma mua o ka puka ʻana o nā hoʻomana nui o ka honua. ʻO ka lula “ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻai iā ʻoe iho” i hana ma kahi kokoke i nā moʻomeheu kahiko. ʻO kēia, ʻoiai ma kahi kikoʻī, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kumu o ka vegetarianism. Me kahi kikoʻī - no ka mea, ʻoiai ke kumu kūpono e ʻike ai i nā holoholona he "lākou" - ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo nā moʻomeheu kahiko iā lākou āpau.
Kuʻuna Patron
Nui nā lāhui o ʻApelika, ʻAsia, ʻAmelika a me Australia i loaʻa a i ʻole he totemism - ka ʻike ʻana o ko lākou ʻohana a ʻohana paha me kekahi holoholona, i manaʻo ʻia he kupuna. ʻOiaʻiʻo, pāpā ʻia ka ʻai ʻana i kou kupuna. He moʻolelo ko kekahi poʻe e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano o ia mau manaʻo. Naʻe pehē ʻe he Mbuti Pygmies (Democratic Republic of the Congo): “Hoʻokahi kanaka pepehi a ʻai i kekahi holoholona. Ua maʻi koke ʻo ia a make. Wahi a nā ʻohana o ka mea i make: “ʻO kēia holoholona ko mākou kaikunāne. ʻAʻole pono mākou e hoʻopā iā ia. A ua mālama ka poʻe Gurunsi (Ghana, Burkina Faso) i kahi moʻolelo nona ka mea koa, no nā kumu like ʻole, ua koi ʻia e pepehi i ʻekolu crocodiles a nalowale nā keiki kāne ʻekolu ma muli o kēia. No laila, ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano maʻamau o ka Gurunsi a me kā lākou crocodile totem.
Ma nā ʻohana he nui, ʻike ʻia ka uhaki ʻana i ke kapu meaʻai e like me ka uhai ʻana i ke kapu wahine. No laila, ma ka ʻōlelo a Ponape (Caroline Islands), hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo e hōʻike ana i ka moe kolohe a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka holoholona totem.
Hiki i nā Totem ke ʻano holoholona like ʻole: no ka laʻana, he chimpanzee, leopadi, bufalo, chameleon, nā ʻano nahesa a me nā manu like ʻole, i waena o nā kānaka o Uganda - he monkey colobus, ʻotter, ʻūhini. he pangolin, he elepani, he leopadi, he liona, he iole, he bipi, hipa, ia, a me ka pi a me ka halo. ʻAʻole ʻai ka poʻe Oromo (Ethiopia, Kenya) i ka antelope kudu nui, no ka mea, manaʻo lākou ua hana ʻia e ke akua lani i ka lā like me ke kanaka.
Hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia ka ʻohana i nā hui - kapa ʻia kā lākou ethnographers he phratries a me nā ʻohana. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hui kona mau kapu meaʻai ponoʻī. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻohana Australia ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Queensland, hiki i nā poʻe o kekahi o nā ʻohana ke ʻai i ka possums, kangaroos, ʻīlio a me ka meli o kekahi ʻano pi. No ka ʻohana ʻē aʻe, ua kapu ʻia kēia meaʻai, akā no ka emu, bandicoot, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a me kekahi ʻano nahesa. Ua ʻai nā lunamakaʻāinana o ke kolu i ka ʻiʻo python, ka meli o nā ʻano pi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hā - nā porcupines, nā turkey pāpū, a pēlā aku.
E hoʻopaʻi ʻia ka mea lawehala
ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo ʻo ka uhaki ʻana i ke kapu meaʻai a nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia mau lāhui, he mea ʻino wale nō ia i ko lākou lunamanaʻo. Ua wehewehe ka poʻe Ethnographers i nā hihia he nui i ka wā e uku ai lākou me ko lākou ola no kēlā hewa. ʻO ka poʻe e noho ana ma ʻApelika a i ʻole Oceania, ua ʻike lākou ua uhaki lākou me ka ʻike ʻole i ke kapu a ʻai i ka meaʻai kapu, ua make lākou no ka manawa pōkole me ke kumu ʻole. ʻO ke kumu, ʻo ka manaʻoʻiʻo e make lākou. I kekahi manawa, i ko lākou ʻehaʻeha, hoʻopuka lākou i ka leo o ka holoholona a lākou i ʻai ai. Eia kekahi moʻolelo e pili ana i kekahi Australian nāna i ʻai i ka nahesa i pāpā ʻia iā ia, mai ka puke a ka mea anthropologist ʻo Marcel Moss: "I ka lā, ua ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka mea maʻi. ʻEkolu mau kānaka i paʻa iā ia. Aia ka ʻuhane o ka nahesa i loko o kona kino a i kēlā me kēia manawa me ka ʻūhā mai kona lae, ma kona waha… ".
Akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pāpā ʻai e pili ana me ka makemake ʻole e lawe i nā waiwai o nā holoholona i ʻai ʻia a puni nā wahine hāpai. Eia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ia mau pāpā i loaʻa ma waena o nā lāhui Slavic. No ka pale ʻana i ke keiki mai ka hānau kuli, ʻaʻole hiki i ka makuahine hāpai ke ʻai i ka iʻa. I mea e pale aku ai i ka hānau ʻana o nā māhoe, ʻaʻole pono ka wahine e ʻai i nā hua fused. No ka pale ʻana i ke keiki mai ka insomnia, ua pāpā ʻia ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo hare (e like me kekahi mau manaʻoʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiamoe ka hare). No ka pale ʻana i ke keiki mai ka lilo ʻana i snotty, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka ʻai ʻana i nā halo i uhi ʻia me ka mucus (e laʻa, butterfish). Ma Dobruja ua pāpā ʻia ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo o nā holoholona i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e nā ʻīlio hae, i ʻole e lilo ke keiki i vampire.
E ʻai a hoʻopōʻino iā ʻoe iho a i ʻole kekahi
ʻO ka pāpā kaulana ʻaʻole e hoʻohui i ka ʻiʻo a me ka meaʻai waiu ke ʻano ʻaʻole wale no ka Iudaio. Ua laha nui ia, no ka laʻana, i waena o nā poʻe pastoral o ʻApelika. Manaʻo ʻia inā hui ʻia ka ʻiʻo a me ka waiu (inā i loko o ke kīʻaha a i ʻole ka ʻōpū), e make nā bipi a i ʻole e nalowale ka waiū. Ma waena o ka poʻe Nyoro (Uganda, Kenya), ʻo ka wā ma waena o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo a me ka meaʻai waiu pono e hiki i ka liʻiliʻi o 12 mau hola. I kēlā me kēia manawa, ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka ʻiʻo i ka meaʻai waiu, lawe ka Masai i ka emetic ikaika a me ka laxative i ʻole e waiho ʻia kahi ʻano o ka meaʻai mua i ka ʻōpū. Makaʻu ka poʻe o Shambhala (Tanzania, Mozambique) e kūʻai aku i ka waiū o kā lākou bipi i ka poʻe ʻEulopa, me ka ʻike ʻole, hiki ke hoʻohui i ka waiū a me ka ʻiʻo i loko o ko lākou ʻōpū a ma laila ke kumu o ka nalowale o nā holoholona.
Ua kapu loa kekahi mau ʻohana i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo o kekahi mau holoholona hihiu. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe souk (Kenya, Tanzania) inā ʻai kekahi o lākou i ka ʻiʻo o ka puaʻa hihiu a i ʻole ka iʻa, a laila e pau kāna pipi i ka waiū. Ma waena o nā Nandis e noho ana ma ko lākou kaiāulu, ua pāpā ʻia ke kao wai, ka zebra, elephant, rhinoceros a me kekahi mau antelope. Ina i koiia ke kanaka e ai i kekahi o keia mau holoholona no ka pololi, alaila, ua kapu ia e inu waiu mahope o ia mau mahina. Ua hōʻole nā kahu hipa Maasai i ka ʻiʻo o nā holoholona hihiu, e ʻimi wale ana i nā mea ʻaihue i hoʻouka i nā holoholona. I ka wā kahiko, ʻai nā antelopes, nā zebra a me nā gazelles me ka wiwo ʻole kokoke i nā kauhale Masai. ʻO nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻo ka eland a me ka bufalo - ua manaʻo ka Maasai ua like lākou me nā bipi, no laila ua ʻae lākou iā lākou iho e ʻai ia mau mea.
ʻAʻole pinepine nā ʻohana pastoral o ʻApelika i ka hui ʻana i nā meaʻai waiu a me nā meaʻai. ʻO ke kumu hoʻokahi: ua manaʻoʻia he meaʻino ia i nā holoholona. Ua hoʻomanaʻo ka huakaʻi ʻo John Henning Speke, ka mea i ʻike i ka Lake Victoria a me nā kumu o ka White Nile, ma kahi kauhale Negro ʻaʻole lākou i kūʻai aku i ka waiū iā ia, no ka mea, ʻike lākou ua ʻai ʻo ia i ka pī. I ka hopena, ua hoʻokaʻawale ke alakaʻi o ka ʻohana kūloko i hoʻokahi bipi no ka poʻe huakaʻi, nona ka waiū hiki iā lākou ke inu i kēlā me kēia manawa. A laila, hoʻōki ka poʻe ʻApelika i ka makaʻu no kā lākou mau holoholona. ʻO Nyoro, ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu, hiki ke inu i ka waiū i ka lā aʻe, a inā he pīni a ʻuala paha - ʻelua lā ma hope. Kāpae ʻia nā kahu hipa ʻaʻole ʻai i nā mea kanu.
Ua mālama pono ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ka waiū e ka Maasai. Pono lākou e hōʻole piha i nā mea kanu mai nā koa. ʻOi aku ka makemake o ke koa Masai e make i ka pōloli ma mua o ka uhaki ʻana i kēia pāpā. Ina nae e hana kekahi i keia hewa, e nele ana ka inoa o ke koa, aole e ae kekahi wahine e lilo i wahine nana.