thyroid gland kanaka
Kāhea nā kauka i ka thyroid gland ka "conductor" o ke kino, no ke aha? Me ka mea akamai, e noʻonoʻo mākou i kahi o ka thyroid gland, ke ʻano a me ka hana ʻana, a kūkākūkā pū i ke kumu e hōʻeha ai i nā kāne a me nā wahine.

He liʻiliʻi ka lauroid thyroid, akā ʻo ia ka mea nui loa o ka ʻōnaehana endocrine o ke kino. Ua "hoʻā" ʻia ʻo ia i loko o ka puke lapaʻau me nā inoa mele like ʻole: ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "ka mōʻī wahine o nā hormones" a me "ka haku wahine o ke kino." No ke aha mai?

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ka hana ʻana o ka thyroid gland i nā hormones e hoʻokele i nā kaʻina metabolic nui i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, hoʻoponopono i ka hana ikehu a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka oxygen i nā kiko.

- Hoʻopili nā hormones thyroid i ka hana o nā mea āpau a me nā ʻōnaehana, - wehewehe endocrinologist Elena Kulikova. - Ke hoʻololi ka hana o ka thyroid gland, ke kaumaha o ke kino, ka ikaika a me ka pinepine o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana o ka naʻau, hoʻololi ka hanu a me ka hana o ka gastrointestinal tract. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka noʻonoʻo a me ke kūlana naʻau o ke kanaka e pili ana i ka hana o ka thyroid gland. A ʻo ka hiki ke loaʻa nā keiki, ka hāpai ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana o kahi keiki olakino e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hormones thyroid.

Inā ʻike ʻoe i nā loli i ka hiʻohiʻona a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili, ʻōlelo ʻia ka pehu ʻana o nā lihilihi, hopohopo ʻoe e pili ana i ka lauoho ʻulaʻula a palupalu, lauoho lauoho, hiki paha kēia i nā pilikia thyroid.

He aha ka mea nui e ʻike e pili ana i ka thyroid gland kanaka

SizeLobe laula - 16-19 mm, lōʻihi - 42-50 mm, mānoanoa - 14-18 mm, isthmus mānoanoa - 5 mm.
KaumahaMa ka awelika, 15-20 g no ka makua.
Volume18 ml no nā wahine, 25 ml no nā kāne.
  'oleAia nā thyreons, a me nā - mai nā follicles
ʻO FollicleʻO ka hui hoʻolālā a me ka hana, kahi hui o nā cell (ma ke ʻano o ka "bubble"). Aia i loko o kēlā me kēia follicle kahi colloid - he mea like me ka gel.
He aha nā hormones e hana ai1) nā hormones i loko o ka iodine (thyroxine, triiodothyronine);

2) peptide hormone calcitonin.

He aha ke kuleana o nā hormones?Kākoʻo lākou a hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism ikehu i loko o nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻiʻo, komo i ka synthesis o nā pūnaewele kino hou, pili i ka ulu ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo, kino a me ka noʻonoʻo, hoʻoponopono i ka absorption a me ka metabolism o ka phosphorus a me ka calcium i ke kino.

Aia ma hea ka thyroid kanaka?

Aia ka thyroid gland ma ka ʻāpana o ka huinakolu mua o ka ʻāʻī, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai luna mai ke kumu o ka ʻāʻī lalo, mai lalo e ka jugular notch o ka sternum, ma nā ʻaoʻao e nā ʻaoʻao mua o ka ʻākau a nā ʻiʻo sternocleidomastoid hema1.

Ke hilinaʻi nei ka lima i ka ʻāʻī, hiki iā ʻoe ke manaʻo i ka cartilage thyroid (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻAdam's apple) - kahi ʻano paʻa a paʻa paha. Ke ale ʻia, paheʻe i luna. Aia ma lalo pono ka lauroid thyroid pono'ī - ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka "ulu" palupalu ma ka trachea2.

He aha ke ʻano o ka thyroid gland a pehea e hana ai?

Hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia ke ʻano o ka lauroid thyroid me kahi pepeke. Hoʻopili ʻia kona lobes ʻākau a hema e kahi isthmus, a ma 30% o nā hihia aia kekahi puʻupuʻu pyramidal e hoʻonui ʻia mai ka isthmus.3.

Aia ka lauroid thyroid i nā mea hana e like me nā vesicle i ka helehelena - ka follicle. Aia ma kahi o 30 miliona o lākou2. Hoʻopiha ʻia kēlā me kēia follicle me kahi mea e like me ka gel i kapa ʻia he colloid. Aia wale nō nā hormones i hana ʻia e nā cell. Hoʻopili ʻia nā follicles āpau e nā ʻāpana 20-30: ua kapa ʻia kēlā mau hui he thyreons.

Hoʻomalu ʻia ka ʻili thyroid e 3 mau hana.

  1. ʻO ka mīkini mua ka hypothalamic-pituitary system, aia i loko o ka lolo. Hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻike ma waena o ka thyroid gland, hypothalamus a me ka pituitary gland me ke kōkua o ka thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) a me thyreoliberin (TRH).
  2. ʻO ke kikowaena pūnaewele ke kuleana o ka mīkini hoʻoponopono ʻelua. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi ka piʻi ʻana o ka pae o ka hormone thyroid i nā manawa o ke kaumaha.
  3. ʻO ke kolu o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ʻo ia ka ʻike o ka iodine inorganic i ke kaiapuni (ʻo ka wai a me ka meaʻai). Me ka lawa ʻole o ka iodine i loko o ke kino, e emi ana ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hormones thyroid a hoʻomohala nā ʻano pathologies o ka thyroid gland.

No ke aha e ʻeha ai ka ʻili thyroid i nā kānaka

ʻAʻole hiki i nā kānaka a pau ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hōʻailona mai ka thyroid gland. I ka manawa pinepine, huikau kekahi kanaka i ka ʻeha ma kēia wahi me nā hōʻailona o ka osteochondrosis a i ʻole manaʻo ʻo ia he anu ma kona ʻāʻī.

Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole ʻeha ke kanaka i nā manawa a pau. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka ʻeha kahi hōʻailona o ka thyroiditis infectious (inflammation), a me ka hypothyroidism a me ka hyperthyroidism, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā nodules thyroid, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole ia e ʻeha.

Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole paha e hoʻolohe ke kanaka i nā hōʻailona o ke kino no ka manawa lōʻihi a ʻaʻole manaʻo ʻo ia he pilikia olakino. No laila, he mea nui e ʻike i nā hōʻailona o nā pilikia thyroid. ʻO kēia mau mea: hoʻemi i ka hana, hoʻonui i ka huhū, paʻakikī i ka ʻai ʻana, hoʻopilikia i ka hiamoe, hopohopo (a hiki i ka paranoia), pohō kaumaha me ka makemake maikaʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻO kekahi o nā kumu maʻamau o nā pilikia thyroid ka nele o ka iodine i ka meaʻai.

"He ʻano maʻamau ka nele o Iodine no nā wahi he nui o ko mākou ʻāina: mai ka ʻoluʻolu a hiki i ke koʻikoʻi," wahi a Elena Kulikova. - ʻO ka pono o ka lawe hou ʻana i nā lāʻau i loaʻa i ka iodine a i ʻole nā ​​​​meaʻai kiʻekiʻe i ka iodine e pili pono ana i nā keiki, nā wahine hāpai a me ka lactating. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai iodized i ka manawa ka pale nui no ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi thyroid i nā keiki a me nā pākeke.

hōʻike hou aku

Ma waena o nā kumu o nā maʻi thyroid hiki ke: nā maʻi a me nā bacteria, autoimmune aggression, oncology. ʻO kahi kūlana maikaʻi no ka hiki ʻana mai o nā pilikia me ka thyroid gland ka pilikia mau, ka nele iodine, a me ka ecology maikaʻi ʻole.

ʻO nā maʻi thyroid ka maʻi maʻamau o ka ʻōnaehana endocrine. He 10-17 mau manawa maʻamau i nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne.5.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā maʻi āpau o ka thyroid gland i 3 mau pūʻulu ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hormones thyroid:

  1. ʻO Thyrotoxicosis kahi maʻi i hōʻike ʻia e ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hormones thyroid. ʻO nā maʻi maʻamau i hui pū ʻia me ka maʻi thyrotoxicosis he maʻi Graves (a hiki i 80% o nā hihia ma Rūsia.6), ka maʻi ʻawaʻawa diffuse a i ʻole ka maʻi ʻawaʻawa nodular.

    Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hormones thyroid me kahi exacerbation o ka maʻi maʻi a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka thyroiditis acute a subacute.

  2. Hypothyroidism. Hoʻopili ʻia me ka emi nui o ka pae o ka hormone thyroid. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ulu ka hypothyroidism e kū'ē i ke kua o autoimmune thyroiditis (ka wela o ka thyroid gland) a ma hope paha o ka wehe ʻana (ka wehe ʻana i kahi hapa) o ka thyroid gland.
  3. ʻO nā maʻi thyroid i loaʻa me ka ʻole o nā maʻi hormonal (euthyroid goiter, tumors, thyroiditis).

E noʻonoʻo kākou i nā maʻi maʻamau.

Hypothyroidism

ʻO ke kumu o kēia maʻi he hemahema mau o nā hormones thyroid, a i ʻole ka emi ʻana o kā lākou hopena i nā ʻiʻo kino.7.

Hoʻokumu pinepine ka hypothyroidism mua i ke ʻano o ka autoimmune thyroiditis. Hiki ke ʻano like ʻole nā ​​hōʻailona, ​​a ʻaʻole hiki i ke kauka ke ʻike koke i ka hypothyroidism. ʻO ka pūʻulu pilikia e pili ana i nā poʻe i hana i ka ʻoki thyroid, nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi diabetes a me ka maʻi o Addison, nā mea puhi puhi kaumaha. Pono nā wahine e makaʻala ma hope o ka hānau ʻana.

ʻAʻole pono ke nānā ʻia no ka hypothyroidism inā, no ke kumu ʻole, hoʻomaka ke kaumaha e ulu, luhi, hiamoe, hopohopo kūpono ʻole a me ke kaumaha. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka hypothyroidism e ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻomanaʻo a me ka nānā ʻana, ka pehu ʻana o ka maka a me nā wāwae, a me ka lauoho lauoho. I nā kāne, hiki ke hele pū ʻia kēia maʻi maʻi me ka emi ʻana o ka libido a me ka ikaika, i nā wahine - he hōʻino i ka menstrual cycle. ʻO ka anemia kekahi hōʻailona maʻamau o ka hypothyroidism.

ʻO ka maʻi o Graves (diffuse toxic goiter)

Inā loaʻa kēia maʻi, hoʻopuka ka ʻōnaehana pale o ke kino i nā antibodies e "hoʻoikaika" i ka lauroid thyroid e hana ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka pono. ʻO ka hopena, ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā hormones thyroid i loko o ke kino, e hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻōnaehana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻōnaehana nerve a me ka cardiovascular.

ʻO nā hōʻailona mua o ka maʻi o Graves: palpitations, sweating, pohō kaumaha ma ke kua o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka makemake, nāwaliwali o ka ʻiʻo, irritability a me ka huhū.8. I ka nui o nā hihia, hoʻonui a ʻike ʻia ka ʻili thyroid. ʻO ka pinepine, hele pū ʻia ka maʻi o Graves me ka endocrine ophthalmopathy, i hōʻike ʻia e ka exophthalmos (nā maka bulging) a me ka pehu ʻana o nā lihilihi.

"ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ophthalmopathy i ka hapa nui o nā hihia he hōʻailona ʻano o ka diffuse toxic goiter," wahi a kā mākou loea. – He mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ka maʻi Graves he maʻi hoʻi hou. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, hoʻi ia, kahi e noʻonoʻo ai ʻoe i ke koho ʻana i kahi ala radical o ka therapy.

Euthyroid goiter diffuse a me ka nodular

Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Euthyroid goiter he non-toxic. Ma kēia kūlana, aia ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka thyroid gland me ka hoʻopilikia ʻole i kāna hana. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka pālākiō o ka pilikia: ʻike ʻia ka goiter i kekahi manawa, a i kekahi manawa hiki ke ʻike ʻia me ka maka ʻōlohelohe.

Nui nā kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ia pathology, akā ʻo ka mea maʻamau o lākou he iodine deficiency, kahi mea e pono ai no ka synthesis o nā hormones thyroid. No ka hoʻonui i ka hana o nā hormones, hoʻomaka ka nui o ka thyroid gland.

Me ka diffuse goiter, piʻi like ka hao, a me ka goiter nodular, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano volumetric a i ʻole nā ​​​​nodes i loko. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokahi a he nui paha. Aia kekahi ʻano hui - diffuse-nodular o ka maʻi. I ka 95% o nā kānaka, maikaʻi nā nodules. Eia nō naʻe, pono kēia pathology i ka ʻike makaʻala i mea e haʻalele ai i ka maʻi maʻi thyroid.

ʻO ka thyroiditis autoimmune

ʻO nā maʻi thyroid o ka autoimmune etiology hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hypothyroidism. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka thyroiditis autoimmune a ʻaʻole i hui pū ʻia me ka hana ʻino o ka ʻili thyroid.

ʻO nā kumu e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia maʻi: heredity, unfavorable ecology, malfunctions o ka ʻōnaehana pale.

"I ka holo ʻana o ka maʻi, hoʻololi ka thyroid gland i nā loli sclerotic a hoʻemi mālie i kāna hana hana," wahi a ka endocrinologist Elena Kulikova. - Hiki ke lohi a hoʻokē ʻia ke ala o ka maʻi. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike ma mua i ka manawa e pau ai ka hana o ka thyroid gland. I ʻole e poina i kēia manawa a hoʻomaka i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ka manawa, aʻo mākou iā ʻoe e hāʻawi i ke koko no TSH i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki.

ʻO kou Cancer Cancer

ʻO ka maʻi maʻi thyroid i ka nui o nā hihia he ʻokoʻa loa. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpū. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka maʻi, no laila pono ʻoe e makaʻala loa a i ka manawa kūpono e hana i kahi ultrasound o ka thyroid gland a, inā pono, e hana i kahi biopsy aspiration.

Ma muli o ke kumu, aia nā maʻi thyroid papillary, follicular a me medullary. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, hiki mai nā ʻano maʻi papillary a me ka follicular non-aggressive. Me ka mālama ʻana i ka manawa, ʻaʻole pilikia ka maikaʻi o ke ola o ka mea maʻi. Ma ia mau hihia, ua lawa nā ʻano hana hoʻokalakupua liʻiliʻi. Eia naʻe, ke holo a ʻike ʻole ʻia kahi kaʻina hana i ka manawa, pono kahi hana koʻikoʻi.

Pehea e mālama ʻia ai ka thyroid kanaka?

ʻO nā maʻi e pili ana me ka nele o nā hormones thyroid e like me ka "gold standard" e hōʻike ana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka sodium levothyroxine9. ʻO ka hōʻailona no ke koho ʻana i ka L-thyroxine he hypothyroidism wale nō. Ma nā kūlana ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole kūpono kona koho ʻana a hiki ke pilikia.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau thyrostatic e mālama i kekahi mau maʻi thyroid e pili ana i kāna hana nui.

ʻO nā ʻano hana maʻamau o ka mālama ʻana he radioiodine therapy a me nā hana ʻoki. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i kūpono iā ʻoe, pono ʻoe e nīnau i ke kauka.

Hoʻoponopono hou

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i nā hihia kahi i hoʻemi ʻia ai ka hana o ka thyroid gland, a ʻo kona hoʻololi ʻana i ka holoʻokoʻa a i ʻole he hapa. ʻO ka hana o ka hormone replacement therapy ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hormones thyroid.

ʻO ka lāʻau i koho ʻia ʻo L-thyroxine. He mea nui e koho i ka nui o kēlā me kēia kanaka a lawe pono i ka lāʻau lapaʻau: ma ka ʻōpū ʻole, i ke kakahiaka, 30 mau minuke ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana, me ka wai. Inā hōʻino ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi.

He mea nui ka nui o ka hormone thyroid i ka wā hāpai. Ua kauoha ʻia ʻo L-thyroxine i nā wahine hāpai inā pono, palekana loa ia no ka makuahine a me ka pēpē.

ʻO ka lāʻau thyrostatic

Hoʻohana ʻia ia e mālama i ka thyrotoxicosis. I kēia hihia, hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau thiourea (thiamazole, propylthiouracil). Hōʻiliʻili lākou i loko o ka thyroid gland a pale i ka synthesis o nā hormones thyroid. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka lāʻau thyrostatic no kahi papa o 1-1,5 mau makahiki, a i ʻole hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he papa hoʻomākaukau ma mua o ka hana ʻana.

I ka lawe ʻana i nā thyreostatics, i kekahi mau hihia, hiki i nā hopena ʻaoʻao mai ke ake a me ka ʻōnaehana circulatory. No laila, i ka wā o ka hoʻokolokolo hoʻomalu, pono e lawe i kahi hoʻāʻo koko ʻaʻole wale no ka nui o nā hormones thyroid, akā he hoʻāʻo koko koko a me nā ʻāpana o ka ate.

E kū'ē i ka hope o ka thyreostatic therapy, hiki i ka ʻili ʻili maʻi. He mea nui loa ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

Nā ʻano hana ʻokiʻoki

ʻO ka pono a me ka nui o ke kaʻina e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka maʻi thyroid. Me ka diffuse toxic goiter, hōʻike ʻia ka thyroidectomy (ka hoʻopau piha ʻana o ka thyroid gland). No nā maʻi ʻokoʻa like ʻole, thyroidectomy a i ʻole hemithyroidectomy (wehe ʻāpana). Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ke kaʻina hana e ke kauka-endocrinologist a i ʻole endocrinologist loea.

Hiki ke hana ʻia ka hana ma ke ala ākea (classical) a i ʻole invasive liʻiliʻi (endoscopic). ʻO nā ʻano hana endoscopic (me ka ʻole o nā ʻoki nui) he mau mea maikaʻi ʻole ma mua o nā ʻoki wehe ʻana: liʻiliʻi ka pōʻino o ke kino, pōkole ka manawa hoʻoponopono, aneane ʻike ʻole ʻia nā ʻōpala postoperative.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ka thyroid pathology he mau hōʻailona koʻikoʻi. Aia kekahi mau kūlana (no ka laʻana, colloid nodes) ʻaʻole pono i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a pili i ka nānā ʻana.

Radioiodine therapy

ʻO ka lapaʻau ʻana me ka iodine radioactive kekahi ala ʻē aʻe o ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka goiter toxic. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka wā e hoʻi mau ai ka maʻi, a ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā hopena thyreostatic therapy. Paipai ʻia ka lāʻau radioiodine no nā goiters liʻiliʻi e pale aku i ke ʻoki. 

Manaʻo nā kauka ʻaʻole pili ka mālama ʻana i ka iodine radioactive i ka pilikia o ka ulu ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi thyroid10. Contraindications: hapai, lactation, endocrine ophthalmopathy.

Pehea e mālama ai i kou thyroid olakino ma ka home

ʻO kahi mea koʻikoʻi no ka hana maʻamau o ka thyroid gland he iodine. ʻO ka pono o kēlā me kēia lā e pili ana i ka makahiki: a hiki i 5 mau makahiki - 90 mcg, a hiki i 12 mau makahiki - 120 mcg, mai 12 mau makahiki - 150 mcg, no nā wahine hāpai a me ka lactating - 250 mcg11.

hōʻike hou aku

ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa i kēlā me kēia lā o ka iodine mai ka meaʻai, no laila ke kuhikuhi pinepine nei nā kauka i nā lāʻau iodine. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono kekahi e hoʻoikaika nui i ka lawe ʻana i ka hoʻomākaukau iodine. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke loaʻa ka nui o kēlā me kēia lā ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka iodized a i ʻole ka paʻakai kai i ka meaʻai.

Hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia nā maʻi thyroid e ke koʻikoʻi, ka hana nui, nā maʻi viral a me nā maʻi bacterial, nā maʻi maʻi o ka ʻōpū hanu luna. Inā makemake ʻoe i ka maikaʻi o kāu thyroid gland a hana ʻole ʻoe, pono ʻoe e hoʻoikaika i kou ʻōnaehana pale, alakaʻi i ke ola olakino, pale i ke kaumaha a lawa ka hiamoe.

Auwe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mau mea (e like me ka genetic predisposition). No laila, inā ʻike ʻoe he moʻolelo ʻohana kou no ka maʻi thyroid, e nānā i kona kūlana me ka ultrasound makahiki a me ka hoʻāʻo koko no TSH.

Nā nīnau a me nā pane kaulana

ʻO kā mākou loea, endocrinologist ʻo Elena Kulikova, pane i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka hana o ka thyroid gland.

He aha nā hōʻailona mua o nā pilikia thyroid?

- Hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hōʻino ʻana i ka hana thyroid ma kahi o nā kūlana olakino maʻamau: mai ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka luhi, ka puʻuwai pinepine i nā pilikia hānau hānau. Hōʻike pinepine ka poʻe maʻi i ka ʻeha i ka wā e ʻai ai a me kahi ʻano o kahi puʻupuʻu ma ka ʻāʻī. Aia paha ka ʻeha ma mua o ka ʻāʻī.

He aha nā meaʻai e makemake ai ka thyroid gland?

– No ka categorical, a laila iʻa kai. Akā ʻo ke koʻikoʻi, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka meaʻai kaulike i nā mea āpau i kūpono ʻaʻole wale no

ʻO wai ke kauka e mālama i ka thyroid gland kanaka?

- ʻOiaʻiʻo, ka endocrinologist. Inā ʻaʻole maopopo ʻoe he pilikia kou me ka ʻili thyroid, e kelepona i kāu kauka lapaʻau a noi aku iā ia e hāʻawi iā ʻoe i kahi kuhikuhi i kahi endocrinologist.

Sources:

  1. thyroid. ʻano kumu. ʻO Ed. prof. AI Kubarko, a me prof. S. Yamashita. Minsk-Nagasaki. 1998. https://goo.su/U6ZKX
  2. AV Ushakov. Hoʻihoʻi hou i ka thyroid gland. Alakaʻi no nā maʻi. https://coollib.com/b/185291/read
  3. AM Mkrtumyan, SV Podachina, NA Petunina. Nā maʻi o ka thyroid gland. Alakaʻi no nā kauka. Moscow. 2012. http://www.lib.knigi-x.ru/23raznoe/260583-1-am-mkrtumyan-podachina-petunina-zabolevaniya-schitovidnoy-zhelezi-rukovodstvo-dlya-vrachey-moskva-2012-oglavlen.php
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  6. ʻO Yu.V. Kukhtenko, nā hoa kākau. ʻO ke ʻano o nā maʻi thyroid i nā maʻi o nā makahiki like ʻole // Vestnik VolgGMU. 2016. №3. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/struktura-zabolevaniy-schitovidnoy-zhelezy-u-patsientov-razlichnyh-vozrastnyh-grupp/viewer
  7. ʻO Yu.A. Dolgikh, TV Lomonov. Hypothyroidism: kahi maʻi paʻakikī // Endocrinology: nūhou, manaʻo, aʻo. 2021. Volume 10. No. 4. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gipotireoz-neprostoy-diagnoz
  8. II Dedov, GA Melnichenko, VV Fadeev. ʻO ka endocrinology. ʻO ka puke ʻelua, hoʻoponopono ʻia a hoʻonui ʻia. Moscow. IG "GEOTAR-Media". 2007. https://goo.su/5kAVT
  9. OV Paramonova, EG Korenskaya. Ka mālama ʻana i ka hypothyroidism i ka hana geriatric // Clinical gerontology. 2019. No. 5. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/lechenie-gipoterioza-v-geriatricheskoy-praktike/viewer
  10. I KA. Petunina, NS Martirosyan, LV Trukhin. thyrotoxicosis syndrome. ʻO ke ala i ka maʻi a me ka mālama ʻana // Ka maʻi paʻakikī. 2012. Volume 10. No. 1. pp. 20-24 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sindrom-tireotoksikoza-podhody-k-diagnostike-i-lecheniyu/viewer
  11. ʻO FM Abdulkhabirova, nā hoa kākau. Nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo lapaʻau "Nā maʻi a me nā kūlana e pili ana i ka nele iodine" // Nā pilikia o ka endocrinology. 2021. Volume 67. No. 3. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/klinicheskie-rekomendatsii-zabolevaniya-i-sostoyaniya-svyazannye-s-defitsitom-yoda/viewer

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