ʻO nā integuments ka uhi waho o ke kino. I loko o ke kanaka, ʻo ia ka ʻili a me nā mea hoʻohui e like me nā integuments: lauoho, lauoho, nā kui. ʻO ka hana nui o nā integuments ka pale ʻana i ke kino mai ka hoʻouka ʻana mai ke kaiapuni waho. Nā wehewehe.

ʻO nā integuments ka uhi waho o ke kino. Hoʻopaʻa lākou i ka pale o ke kino mai nā hoʻouka kaua he nui mai ke kaiapuni o waho. Hana ʻia lākou i ka ʻili a me nā ʻano hana like ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​​​pili ʻili.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻili i 3 papa mai nā ʻiʻo ʻelua o nā kumu embryological like ʻole: ka ectoderm a me ka mesoderm. ʻO kēia mau papa ʻili 2:

• ka epidermis (ʻikeʻia ma kaʻili o kaʻili);
• ka dermis (aia ma lalo o ka epidermis);
• hypodermis (papa hohonu loa).

He mea nui ka ili o ka integument, e hoomaka ana me ka ili e pili ana i 2 m², ke kaumaha 4 a 10 kg i nā mākua. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili, 2 mm ma ka awelika, ʻokoʻa mai ka 1 mm ma ke kiʻekiʻe o nā lihilihi a hiki i 4 mm ma ke kiʻekiʻe o nā poho lima a me nā wāwae.

ʻO ka ʻili ka integument nui. He 3 papa ia: ka epidermis, ka dermis a me ka hypodermis.

ʻO ka epidermis, ka ʻili o ka ʻili

Aia ka epidermis ma ka ʻili o ka ʻili. Loaʻa iā ia nā epithelium a me nā pūnaewele pili o ka kumu ectodermal. ʻO ia ke ʻano pale nui o ke kino. ʻAʻole vascularized ka epidermis. Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mau hale ancillary me ia, e like me nā integuments (na kui, lauoho, lauoho, etc.) a me nā ʻili ʻili.

Aia ma ke kumu o ka epidermis ka papa ʻaina. Ua uhi ʻia me nā cell germ i kapa ʻia keratinocyte (nā pūnaewele e hoʻohui i keratin). I ka wā lōʻihi, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ke keratin i loko o nā cell e alakaʻi i ko lākou make. He papa o nā pūnana make i kapa ʻia uhi ka stratum corneum i ka ili o ka epidermis. Mālama kēia ʻāpana impermeable i ke kino a hoʻopau ʻia e kahi kaʻina desquamation.

Ma lalo o ka epidermal basal layer nā aʻalolo e pili ana me nā pūnana nerve i loko o ka epidermis a i ʻole Merckel cell.

Loaʻa i ka epidermis nā melanocytes nāna e hoʻohui i nā hua melanin e ʻae ai i ka pale UV a hāʻawi i ka ʻili i kona kala.

Aia ma luna aʻe o ka papa basal ka papa prickly i loaʻa ʻO nā pūnaewele Langerhans e hana i kahi hana pale. Aia ma luna aʻe o ka ʻōkalakala ka papa granular (i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka stratum corneum).

ʻO ka dermis, kahi mea kākoʻo

Le dermis ʻo ia ka ʻiʻo kākoʻo o ka epidermis. Hana ʻia ia me ka ʻiʻo pili o ka mesodermal kumu. ʻOi aku ka palupalu ma mua o ka epidermis. Loaʻa iā ia nā mea loaʻa no ka manaʻo o ka hoʻopā a me nā ʻili o ka ʻili.

He mea hānai ia o ka epidermis e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona vascularization: hāʻawi ʻia me nā kīʻaha koko a me nā lymphatic he nui, e hōʻoia i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka oxygen a me nā meaʻai i nā hale o ka ʻōnaehana integumentary a me ka hoʻi ʻana o ka ʻōpala (CO², ureas, etc.) i nā kino hoʻomaʻemaʻe (māmā, puʻupaʻa, etc.). Hoʻokomo pū ʻo ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano iwi iwi (e ka dermal ossification).

Hana ʻia ka dermis i ʻelua ʻano o nā fiber i hui pū ʻia: nā pulupulu collagen a me nā fiber elastin. Hoʻokomo ʻo Collagen i ka hydration o nā dermis aʻo ka elastin e hāʻawi iā ia i ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau fiber e nā fibroblasts.

ʻO nā hopena o nā aʻalolo e hele i ka dermis a hui pū me ka epidermis. Aia kekahi mau kino kino like ʻole:

• ʻO nā kino o Meissner (ʻeleʻele i ka hoʻopā);
• ʻO nā kino o Ruffini (ʻeleʻele i ka wela);
• ʻO nā kino o Pacini (pilikia i ke kaomi).

ʻO ka hope, loaʻa i nā dermis kekahi mau ʻano o nā pūnae puaʻa (i kapa ʻia ʻo chromatophores).

ʻO ka hypodermis, kahi papa hohonu

L'hypoderme pili loa i ka ʻili me ka ʻole o ka ʻili. Hana ʻia ia me ka ʻiʻo pili adipose (no ka mesodermal kumu) e like me ia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ke kino. ʻO kēia ʻiʻo e like me ka dermis ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka epidermis.

Aia nā ʻāpana ʻili i ka dermis.

ʻO ka mea hana pilosebaceous

Loaʻa kēia i:

• o ka lauoho lauoho e hiki ai ke hana i ka lauoho;
• ka sebaceous gland e hana ana i ka sebum;
• ka suboriparous apocrine gland e lawe ana i na memo olfactory;
• ʻo ka ʻiʻo pilomotor e hoʻopololei i ka lauoho.

ʻO ka eccrine sweating apparatus

Hoʻopuka ia i ka hou i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā pores.

ʻO ka mea hana kui

Hoʻopuka ia i ke kui.

Hana ka integument i ka nui o nā hana i loko o ke kino:

• Ka pale aku i ka UV, ka wai a me ka haʻahaʻa (kahi pale wai), trauma, pathogens, etc.
• Hana pākuʻi : nā mea hoʻokipa sensory i loko o kaʻili eʻae i kaʻike i ka wela, ke kaomi, hoʻopā, etc.
• Synthesis o ka huaora D;
• Hoʻokuʻu i nā mea a me nā ʻōpala;
• Hoʻonohonoho hoʻomehana (ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hou i mea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka wela o loko, a pēlā aku).