Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Lobotomy ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. Ua haʻalele loa ia i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina o ka honua, me Farani. 

ʻO ka Lobotomy kahi ʻoki lolo e hoʻopau hapa i ka ʻāpana mua o ka lolo. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pilina ma waena o ka cortex prefrontal a me ke koena o ka lolo.

Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke ʻano lobotomy e ka Pukiki psychiatrist, ʻo E. Moniz, ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana ma ka Second International Congress of Neurology i ka makahiki 1935 ua wehe ʻelua mau ʻepekema ʻAmelika i nā lobes mua o kahi chimpanzee huhū i lilo i mālie ma hope o kēia kaʻina hana. ʻO kāna kuhiakau? ʻO nā lobes mua, pono no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nohona, hoʻopilikia ʻia i nā poʻe me nā maʻi psychiatric. Ma ka wehe ʻana i kēia mau lobes mua mai ke koena o ka lolo, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kanaka. 

Ua hana ʻo ia i kahi lobotomy mua i loko o kahi asylum ma Lisbon i ka lā 12 Nowemapa 1935 ma luna o kahi wahine hoʻokamakama 63 mau makahiki ma mua i paranoid a me ka melancholy. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka makana Nobel no ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma kēia ʻenehana i ka makahiki 1949. 

Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hana ʻia ka lobotomy mua ma Kepakemapa 14, 1936 e ʻelua mau neuropsychiatrists ʻAmelika. Ua hoʻomohala lākou i ka ʻenehana lobotomy prefrontal maʻamau. Ma Farani, ua hana ʻia ka lobotomy ma hope o 1945. Ua laha kēia psychosurgery ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. Ua manaʻo ʻia i loko o nā makahiki 1945-1955 100 mau kānaka a puni ka honua i loaʻa i kahi lobotomy. 

Pehea e hana ʻia ai kahi lobotomy a i ʻole leukotomy? 

Ma hope o ka trepanation (e hana ana i nā lua i ka huina o ka cranium no ka ʻenehana Moniz), ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lobes mua mai ke koena o ka lolo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana kūikawā, ka leucotome. 

Pehea e hana ʻia ai kahi lobotomy transorbital?

Ua hana ʻo Walter Freeman ʻAmelika i nā lobotomies transorbital me kahi wēlau metala a i ʻole kahi koho hau ma hope. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka piko metala a i ʻole ka hau hau ma nā lobes orbital (open eyelids) kekahi ma hope o kekahi, e komo i ka lolo. Hoʻololi ʻia ka mea kani ma ka ʻaoʻao e wehe i nā pilina mai ka lobe mua a i ke koena o ka lolo.  

ʻO nā kikoʻī i hana ʻia kēia mau lobotomies me kahi koho hau i hana ʻia me ka anesthesia ʻole a i ʻole me ka anesthesia liʻiliʻi (ka wahi a i ʻole venous akā nāwaliwali loa) a i ʻole ma hope o kahi kau electroshock (i alakaʻi i kekahi mau minuke o ka ʻike ʻole). 

Ua hana ʻia ka Lobotomy ma ke ʻano he psychiatric "shock" ma mua o ka puka ʻana o nā lāʻau neuroleptic. Ua lobotomized schizophrenics, kaumaha loa me ka suicidal maʻi, ka poʻe e loaʻa ana mai obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), obsessive psychosis, aggression. Ua hana ʻia hoʻi ka Lobotomy i nā poʻe e loaʻa ana i ka ʻeha koʻikoʻi i kū i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO Eva Perón, ka wahine a ke alakaʻi ʻo Argentinian ʻo Juan Perón, i lobotomized i ka makahiki 1952 e hōʻemi i ka ʻeha ma muli o ka maʻi kanesa o ka ʻōpū metastasized. 

Ua hana ʻia nā lobotomies no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi psychiatric. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua pepehi kēia ʻenehana i ka 14% o nā mea maʻi i hana ʻia, a waiho i nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui me ka paʻakikī o ka haʻi ʻōlelo, ʻaʻohe papa inoa, ʻoiai ma kahi kūlana vegetative a / a i ʻole ke kino no ke koena o ko lākou ola. He laʻana kaumaha a kaulana ke kaikuahine o JF Kennedy, ʻo Rosemary Kennedy. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Lobotomized ma 23, a laila ua maʻi nui ʻo ia a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi keʻena i kona ola ʻana. 

Ua hoʻohewa nui ʻia ʻo Lobotomy mai ka makahiki 1950, me nā kauka e hōʻole ana i kahi hana barbaric a hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia. Ua pāpā ʻo Rūsia iā ia mai ka makahiki 1950. 

Ma hope o ka kūleʻa nui o nā makahiki 1950, ua haʻalele ʻia ka lobotomy ma hope o ka puka ʻana o nā neuroleptics (1952 ma Farani, 1956 ma USA) a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka electroshock, ʻelua mau hoʻomaʻamaʻa reversible, a nalowale loa i ka makahiki 1980.