"ʻAʻole au i ʻike i ke kumu no ka carnivores. Manaʻo wau ua like ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo me ka luku ʻana i ka honua. – Heather Small, alakaʻi mele o M People.
Ma muli o ka nui o nā holoholona mahiʻai ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i mālama ʻia i loko o nā hale paʻa, ua hōʻiliʻili ka nui o ka manure a me nā ʻōpala, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike i kahi e waiho ai. He nui loa ka lepo e hoomomona ai i na kihapai a he nui loa na mea make e hoolei ia iloko o na muliwai. Kapa ʻia kēia manure "slurry" (he huaʻōlelo ʻoluʻolu i hoʻohana ʻia no nā feces wai) a hoʻolei i kēia "slurry" i loko o nā loko i kapa ʻia (manaʻoʻiʻo a ʻaʻole paha) "nā pūnāwai".
Ma Kelemānia a me Holani wale nō ma kahi o ʻekolu mau tona o ka “slurry” e hāʻule ma luna o kekahi holoholona, he 200 miliona tona! Ma o ke ʻano o nā hopena kemika paʻakikī e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka waika mai ka slurry a lilo i ua wai ʻakika. Ma nā ʻāpana o ʻEulopa, ʻo ka slurry ke kumu hoʻokahi o ka ua waikawa, e hoʻopōʻino nui ai i ke kaiapuni - luku i nā kumulāʻau, pepehi i nā ola āpau ma nā muliwai a me nā loko, e hōʻino i ka lepo.
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka German Black Forest i kēia manawa e make ana, ma Suedena ʻaneʻane ola ʻole kekahi mau muliwai, ma Holani he 90 pakeneka o nā kumulāʻau a pau i make i ka ua waikawa i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā lagoon me nā feces puaʻa. Inā mākou e nānā ma waho o ʻEulopa, ʻike mākou ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni i hana ʻia e nā holoholona mahiʻai.
ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi ʻo ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā wao ua no ka hana ʻana i nā wahi hānai. Hoʻolilo ʻia nā ululāʻau hihiu i wahi hānai holoholona, a laila kūʻai ʻia ka ʻiʻo iā ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hana i nā hamburgers a me nā ʻokiʻoki. Loaʻa ia ma nā wahi a pau he wao ua, akā ʻo ka hapa nui ma ʻAmelika Waena a me ʻAmelika Hema. ʻAʻole wau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i hoʻokahi a ʻekolu paha kumulāʻau, akā ʻo nā mea kanu āpau e like me ka nui o Belgium i ʻoki ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Mai ka makahiki 1950, ua luku ʻia ka hapalua o nā ululāʻau o ka honua. ʻO kēia ke kulekele pōkole loa i hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia, no ka mea, ʻo ka papa lepo i loko o ka wao ua he lahilahi a liʻiliʻi a pono e pale ʻia ma lalo o ka uhi o nā kumulāʻau. Ma ke ʻano he ʻai, hiki ke lawelawe no ka manawa pōkole loa. Ina e ai ka pipi ma ia kihapai no na makahiki eono a ehiku, alaila, aole hiki ke ulu ka mauu maluna o keia lepo, a lilo ia i lepo.
He aha nā pōmaikaʻi o kēia mau wao ua, e nīnau paha ʻoe? Noho ka hapalua o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu ma ka honua i nā nahele wela. Ua mālama lākou i ke koena kūlohelohe o ke ʻano, e ʻohi i ka wai mai ka ua a me ka hoʻohana ʻana, ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomomona, kēlā me kēia lau hāʻule a lālā paha. Hoʻopau nā lāʻau i ke kalapona mai ka lewa a hoʻokuʻu i ka oxygen, hana lākou e like me nā māmā o ka honua. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi ʻano ʻano holoholona hihiu ma kahi o kanalima pakeneka o nā lāʻau lapaʻau āpau. He mea pupule ka hana ʻana i kekahi o nā waiwai waiwai loa ma kēia ʻano, akā ʻo kekahi poʻe, ka poʻe nona ka ʻāina, loaʻa ka waiwai nui mai ia mea.
ʻO ka lāʻau a me ka ʻiʻo a lākou e kūʻai aku nei, ʻoi aku ka waiwai nui, a i ka wā e paʻa ai ka ʻāina, neʻe wale lākou, ʻoki i nā kumulāʻau hou aʻe a ʻoi aku ka waiwai. Ua koi ʻia nā ʻohana e noho ana ma kēia mau ululāʻau e haʻalele i ko lākou ʻāina, a i kekahi manawa ua pepehi ʻia. Nui ka poʻe e noho ana ma nā wahi moe, ʻaʻohe mea e ola ai. Hoʻopau ʻia nā wao ua e kahi ʻenehana i kapa ʻia ʻoki a puhi ʻia. ʻO ia hoʻi ʻoki ʻia nā lāʻau maikaʻi loa a kūʻai ʻia, a puhi ʻia ke koena, a ʻo ia hoʻi ke kōkua i ka hoʻomehana honua.
Ke wela ka lā i ka honua, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi o kēia wela i ka ʻili o ka honua, akā mālama ʻia i ka lewa. (No ka laʻana, ʻaʻahu mākou i nā ʻaʻahu i ka hoʻoilo i mea e mahana ai ko mākou kino.) Inā ʻaʻole kēia wela, e lilo ko mākou honua i wahi anu a ola ʻole. Akā ʻo ka wela ke alakaʻi i nā hopena pōʻino. ʻO ka hoʻomehana honua kēia, a no ka piʻi ʻana o kekahi mau kinoea i hana ʻia e ke kanaka i ka lewa a paʻa i ka wela i loko. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau kinoea he carbon dioxide (CO2), ʻo kekahi o nā ala e hana ai i kēia kinoea ʻo ia ke puhi lāʻau.
I ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka puhi ʻana i nā ululāʻau wela ma ʻAmelika Hema, hana nā kānaka i nā ahi nui ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo. I ka hele mua ʻana o nā astronauts i waho a nānā i ka Honua, me ka maka ʻōlohelohe hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i hoʻokahi hana lima kanaka - ka Pa Nui o Kina. Akā i ka makahiki 1980, hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i kahi mea ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia e ke kanaka - nā ao nui o ka uahi e hele mai ana mai ka ululāʻau Amazonian. Ke ʻoki ʻia nā ululāʻau no ka hana ʻana i nā wahi hānai, piʻi aʻe nā carbon dioxide a nā kumulāʻau a me nā ululāʻau i hoʻomoʻa ʻia no nā haneli haneli mau makahiki a kōkua i ka hoʻomehana honua.
Wahi a nā hōʻike aupuni a puni ka honua, ʻo kēia kaʻina hana wale nō (ma ka hapalima) ke kōkua i ka hoʻomehana honua ma ka honua. Ke ʻoki ʻia ka ululāʻau a ʻai ʻia nā pipi, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka pilikia, ma muli o kā lākou hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana: hoʻokuʻu nā bipi i nā kinoea a kuʻi i ka nui. ʻO ka methane, ke kinoea a lākou e hoʻokuʻu ai, he iwakāluakūmālima manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka wela ma mua o ka carbon dioxide. Inā manaʻo ʻoe ʻaʻole pilikia kēia, e helu kāua - 1.3 biliona bipi ma ka honua a hoʻopuka kēlā me kēia ma kahi o 60 lita o ka methane i kēlā me kēia lā, no ka huina o 100 miliona mau methane i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā mea hoʻomomona i kāpīpī ʻia ma ka ʻāina e kōkua i ka hoʻomehana honua ma o ka hana ʻana i ka nitrous oxide, kahi kinoea ʻoi aku ma kahi o 270 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (ma mua o ka carbon dioxide) i ka hopu ʻana i ka wela.
ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike pono i ka hopena o ka hoʻomehana honua. Akā ʻo ka mea a mākou i ʻike maopopo ai, ke piʻi mālie nei ka mahana o ka honua a no laila ke hoʻomaka nei nā polar hau e heheʻe. Ma Antarctica i nā makahiki he 50 i hala iho nei, ua piʻi ka mahana e 2.5 degere a ua heheʻe he 800 kilomika square o ka papa hau. I nā lā he kanalima wale nō i ka makahiki 1995, 1300 mau kilomita o ka hau i nalowale. I ka heheʻe ʻana o ka hau a ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka moana o ka honua, hoʻonui ia ma kahi a piʻi ka ʻilikai. Nui nā wānana e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai, mai hoʻokahi mika a ʻelima, akā manaʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻepekema ʻaʻole hiki ke piʻi ka ʻilikai. A ʻo ia hoʻi ʻO nā mokupuni he nui e like me Seychelles a i ʻole Maldives e nalo wale a nui nā wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hiki i nā kūlanakauhale holoʻokoʻa e like me Bangkok e hoʻopiha ʻia.
ʻO nā ʻāina ākea o ʻAigupita a me Bangladesh e nalowale i lalo o ka wai. ʻAʻole e pakele ʻo Pelekane a me Ireland i kēia hopena, e like me ka noiʻi mai ke Kulanui o Ulster. He 25 mau kūlanakauhale i pilikia i ka waikahe me Dublin, Aberdeen a me nā kahakai ʻo Issex, North Kent a me nā wahi nui o Lincolnshire. ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia ʻo Lākana he wahi palekana loa. E koi ʻia nā miliona o ka poʻe e haʻalele i ko lākou mau home a me nā ʻāina - akā ma hea lākou e noho ai? Ua nele ka aina.
ʻO ka nīnau koʻikoʻi paha ka mea e hiki mai ana ma nā pou? ʻAuhea nā wahi nui o ka ʻāina hau ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ka ʻākau, i kapa ʻia ʻo Tundra. He pilikia nui keia mau aina. Aia i loko o nā papa lepo maloʻo he mau miliona mau tona o ka methane, a inā e wela ka tundra, piʻi ke kinoea methane i ka lewa. ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kinoea ma ka lewa, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻomehana honua a ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka tundra, a pēlā aku. Kapa ʻia kēia "manaʻo maikaʻi" i ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ia hana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻōki hou.
ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke haʻi i ka hopena o kēia kaʻina hana, akā he mea ʻino ia. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole e hoʻopau kēia i ka ʻiʻo ma ke ʻano he mea luku honua. Manaʻoʻiʻo a ʻaʻole paha, ua ʻōmaʻomaʻo a mohala ka wao nahele ʻo Sahara a ua kanu nā Roma i ka palaoa ma laila. I kēia manawa ua nalo nā mea a pau, a ʻoi aku ka neʻe ʻana o ka wao nahele, e pālahalaha ana ma luna o 20 mau makahiki no 320 mau kilomita ma kekahi mau wahi. ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia kūlana ʻo ia ka hānai ʻana i nā kao, hipa, kāmelo a me nā bipi.
I ka wā e hopu ai ka wao nahele i nā ʻāina hou, neʻe pū nā pua, e luku ana i nā mea āpau ma ko lākou ala. He pōʻai ʻino kēia. ʻAi ka pipi i nā mea kanu, pau ka ʻāina, loli ke ea a nalowale ka ua, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke lilo ka honua i wao nahele, e mau loa ana. Wahi a ka United Nations, i kēia lā, aia ka hapakolu o ka ili o ka honua ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lilo ʻana i wao nahele ma muli o ka hana ʻino ʻana i ka ʻāina no ka ʻai ʻana i nā holoholona.
He kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe loa kēia no ka meaʻai ʻaʻole pono mākou. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole pono nā mea hana ʻiʻo e uku i nā kumukūʻai no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke kaiapuni mai ka haumia a lākou e hana ai: ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻopiʻi i nā mea hana puaʻa no ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e ka ua waikawa a i ʻole nā mea hana pipi no nā ʻāina ʻino. Eia naʻe, ua kālailai ka Center for Science and Ecology ma New Delhi, India, i nā ʻano huahana like ʻole a hāʻawi iā lākou i ke kumu kūʻai maoli e komo pū ana kēia mau kumukūʻai i hoʻolaha ʻole ʻia. E like me kēia mau helu ʻana, pono ke kūʻai ʻia kahi hamburger he £40.
ʻIke liʻiliʻi ka hapa nui o ka poʻe e pili ana i ka meaʻai a lākou e ʻai ai a me ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni a kēia meaʻai. Eia kahi ala ʻAmelika maoli i ke ola: ua like ke ola me ke kaulahao, ua hana ʻia kēlā me kēia loulou i nā mea like ʻole - nā holoholona, lāʻau, nā muliwai, nā moana, nā inike, a pēlā aku. Inā wāwahi mākou i kekahi o nā loulou, hoʻonāwaliwali mākou i ke kaulahao holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ia ka mea a mākou e hana nei i kēia manawa. Ke hoʻi nei i kā mākou makahiki evolutionary, me ka uaki ma ka lima e helu ana i ka minuke hope a hiki i ke aumoe, hilinaʻi nui i nā kekona hope. Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema he nui, ua like ka manawa me ke kumu ola o ko kākou hanauna a he kumu make ia i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ola ʻana o ko kākou honua a i ʻole ke ola ʻana i loko.
He mea weliweli, akā hiki iā mākou ke hana i mea e hoʻopakele ai iā ia.