Urinary, auditory, nasal, cranial… ʻO ka meatus a i ʻole foramen kahi orifice aia i loko o kahi iwi a i ʻole kahi meaola.

ʻO ka meatus kahi orifice (a ʻoi aku paha o kahi colloqually a "hole") i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka iwi a i ʻole ke kolo. Kāhea ʻia ia hoʻi "foramen" (plural "foramina"). Hiki i kēia mau lua ke ʻae i ka hele i nā mea like ʻole (nā wai, nā mea, nā aʻalolo, nā kīʻaha, nā lua, nā sinus, a pēlā aku.).

Pili pinepine ka huaʻōlelo i ka ureter (conduit no ka lawe ʻana i ka mimi mai nā puʻupaʻa i ka pūpū) a i ʻole i ka urethra (puka duct of the bladder). ʻLelo mākou no kēia kumu o uria me ka meatus ureteral a me ka meatus urethral.

Akā he nui nā wahi ʻiʻo ʻē aʻe i ke kino, i nā iwi (a ʻo ka iwi poʻo hoʻi), ka aʻa pepeiao a i ʻole nā ​​ihu ihu.

Aia he 11 mau puka ma ke kumu o ka iwi poʻo, he pinepine ka hana a lākou e hoʻokuʻu i nā aʻalolo a i ʻole nā ​​moku.

• nā puka o ka pahi kaua o ka ethmoid : ʻo ka lamina nane o ka ethmoid kahi lamina bony ākea, aia ma luna pono o ka lua nasal. Holo ʻia kona mau lua e nā pae o ʻalalā olfactory mai ka puka ihu;
• ke kahawai optic: aia ia i loko o nā kaʻina clinoid mua. Loaʻa iā ia ke aʻalolo optic a me ke aʻa ophthalmic, kahi lālā o ka aʻa o loko carotid. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kahawai optic ma ka nānā mua o ka iwi poʻo. Pono kahi hanana radiological kikoʻī e hōʻike iā ia;
• ʻāpana orbital ophthalmic : aia ʻo ia ma ma waena o ka ʻēheu nui a me ka ʻēheu liʻiliʻi o ka sphenoid. Hoʻohui ʻia e nā aʻa oculomotor āpau: ke aʻa oculomotor, ke aʻa trochlear, ke aʻa abducens a me ke aʻalolo ophthalmic (ka lālā mua o ka nerve trigeminal). Aia pū ka ophthalmic orbital fissure me nā veins ophthalmic;
• le foramen a puni : Aia ia i ka ʻēheu nui o ka sphenoid, hele ʻia e ke aʻalolo trigeminal (V2);
• le foramen oval : aia ia ma hope o nā puka ākea. Hāʻalo ʻia ia e ke aʻalolo mandibular (ke kolu o ka lālā pili o ka nerve trigeminal a me kāna lālā kaʻa);
• ka ʻōpuʻu kakalaioa : Aia ia ma ka ʻēheu nui o ka sphenoid. Loaʻa iā ia ke aʻa waena meningeal waena;
• ʻo ka mua i haehae ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​forot carotid : Aia ia ma waena o ka pōhaku a me ka sphenoid. Hāʻalo ʻia ia e ke aʻa carotid o loko e hoʻolako i ka lolo;
• ka meatus acoustic(a i ʻole ke kahawai hoʻolohe kūloko): aia ia ma ka maka o hope o ka pōhaku. Hāʻalo ʻia ia e ka stato-acoustico-facial bundle i haku ʻia i nā ʻalolo helehelena, ke aʻa Wrisberget waena o ke aʻalolo hoʻolohe;
• ka puka weluwelu hope : Aia ia ma waena o ka pōhaku a me ka sphenoid. Hāʻalo ʻia ia e ke aʻa carotid o loko;
• le foramen hypoglosse : hoʻokuʻu ia i ke aʻalolo hypoglossal e puka mai i waho o ka pahu cranial;
• ka foramen magnum: ʻo ia ka foramen nui loa i ka iwi poʻo. ʻO ia kahi o ka hoʻololi ma waena o ka medulla oblongata a me ka iwi kuamoo. Hele ia ma waena o nā aʻa vertebral a me ke aʻa medullary o ke aʻalolo iwi.

ʻO nā puʻupaʻa (nona ke kuleana e kānana a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke koko i mea e hoʻololi ai iā ia i ka mimi) e pili ana i ka puhaka e nā duct 2: nā ureter. No laila haʻalele ka mimi i ka puʻupaʻa a kahe i loko o ka meatus ureteral. Pili ka ʻōpū i ka orifice urinary (a i ʻole me ka urethral meatus) e ke aʻa urethra.

He lōʻihi ka urethra kāne, hele ia mai ka puhū i ka meatus urethral e hele ana i ka peni. Pōkole ka urethra wahine, hoʻomaka ia mai ka puhā a pau koke i ka pūpū ma o ka meatus urethral.

Ma ka pae o nā ihu ihu, kūlike kēlā me kēia meatus i kekahi o nā turbinates a noho i ka hakahaka ma waena o ka maka ʻaoʻao o ka nasal fossa a me ka turbinate. Pili nā lua pneumatic i pili i nā ihu ihu me ka hope ma o ka meatus.

• ʻo ka meatus nasal kiʻekiʻe e kau i ka turbinate waena. I kēia meatus e wehe i nā keena ethmoidal o hope a me nā sinhen sphenoid;
• ka meatus ihu waena Aia ia ma lalo o ka turbinate waena. I kēia meatus wehe i ka sinus maxillary, ka sinus frontal a me nā cell ethmoidal mua;
• ka meatus ihu haʻahaʻa Aia ia ma lalo o ka turbinate lalo. I kēia meatus wehe ka lacrymo-nasal duct;
• ʻo kaʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe (Santorini a me Zuckerkandl ʻai) kūpono ʻole. Hōʻike kēlā me kēia o lākou i ka orifice o kahi cell ethmoidal.

• Le ʻo ka meatus acoustic kūwaho, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ka auwai pepeiao a i ʻole ke aʻa hoʻolohe kūwaho, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana o ka pepeiao waho, aia ma waena o ka pinna a me ka eardrum.
• Le meatus acoustic kūloko wehe i ka maka postero-superior o ka pōhaku ma o ka pore acoustic kūloko. ʻO 10mm ka lōʻihi a 5mm ākea.