Contents
Kaapuni honua o na hana makuahine
ʻAʻole mālama kekahi i kāna keiki ma ke ʻano like ma ʻApelika me Norewai. ʻO nā mākua, ma muli o kā lākou moʻomeheu, loaʻa kā lākou mau maʻamau. ʻAʻole ʻae nā makuahine ʻApelika i kā lākou pēpē e uē i ka pō ʻoiai ma ke Komohana, pono ia (emi ma mua) ʻaʻole e holo i ka hoʻomaka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou hānau hou. ʻO ka hānai ʻana, ka hāpai ʻana, ka hiamoe ʻana, ke kāʻei… A puni ka honua o nā hana ma nā kiʻi…
Nā Puna: "Ma ke kiʻekiʻe o nā pēpē" na Marta Hartmann a me "Geography of educational practices by country and continent" na www.oveo.org
Nā kiʻi kope kope: Pinterest
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Kāohi pēpē
Ua kaulana loa me nā makuahine o Western i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻaʻole i nānā maikaʻi ʻia kēia hana o ka makuahine no nā makahiki he mau makahiki. Eia naʻe, ua kāʻei ʻia nā pēpē ma ke Komohana i nā mahina mua o ko lākou ola ʻana, i loko o ko lākou lole kāʻei, me nā kaula a me nā lipine crisscross, a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19. I ka makahiki iwakālua, ua hōʻole nā kauka i kēia ʻano i manaʻo ʻia no lākou he "archaic", "unhygienic a ma luna o nā mea āpau, ka mea e pale ai i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka neʻe ʻana o nā keiki". A laila hiki mai ke kenekulia 21 a me ka hoʻi ʻana o nā hana o ka wā kahiko. Anthropologist Suzanne Lallemand lāua ʻo Geneviève Delaisi de Parseval, nā loea i nā pilikia fertility a me filiation, i paʻi ʻia ma 2001 ka puke "The art of accommodating babies". Hoʻomaikaʻi nā mea kākau ʻelua i ka swaddling, e wehewehe ana e hōʻoluʻolu i ka hānau hou "ma ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā ia i kona ola i loko o ka ʻōpū".
I nā hui kuʻuna e like me Armenia, Mongolia, Tibet, Kina ... ʻaʻole i hoʻōki ʻia ke kāʻei pumehana mai ka hānau ʻana mai.
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Haʻalulu ke pēpē a hiamoe
Ma ʻApelika, ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale nā makuahine i kā lākou keiki liʻiliʻi, koe wale i ka pō. ʻAʻole hana ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi pēpē e uē a waiho wale iā ia i loko o kahi lumi. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā makuahine ke ʻike maloʻo i ka wā e holoi ai me kā lākou keiki. Holoi lākou i kona maka a me kona kino me ka ikaika. Ma ke Komohana, he okoa loa. ʻO nā mākua, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e mālama i ka mālama palena ʻole ʻaʻole e "traumatize" i kā lākou keiki me nā ʻano ʻano koʻikoʻi. No ka hoʻomoeʻana i kā lākou keiki liʻiliʻi, manaʻo nā makuahine o ke Komohana e hoʻokaʻawaleʻia lākou i loko o kahi lumi mālie, i ka pōʻeleʻele, i hiki ai iā lākou ke hiamoe maikaʻi. Na lākou e hoʻoluliluli iā ia ma ke kani ʻana i nā mele iā ia me ka mālie. I nā ʻohana ʻApelika, ʻo ka walaʻau nui, oli a i ʻole ka haʻalulu kekahi ʻāpana o ke ʻano o ka hiamoe. No ka hoʻomoe i kāna pēpē, hahai nā makuahine o ke Komohana i nā ʻōlelo aʻo a nā kauka. I ka makahiki 19, ua hōʻole nā pediatricians i ko lākou hoʻolaʻa nui ʻana. I ke kenekulia 20, ʻaʻohe pēpē i nā lima. Ua waiho ʻia lākou e uē a hiamoe iā lākou iho. Manaʻo ʻakaʻaka ka manaʻo o nā makuahine o nā hui ʻohana, e hānai mau ana i kā lākou keiki liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia e uē.
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Hāpai i nā pēpē
A puni ka honua, kaua hapai mau ia na bebe e ko lakou mau makuahine ma ko lakou kua. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā malo, nā ʻulaʻula kala, nā ʻāpana lole, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā kaula crisscrossing, hoʻopau nā pēpē i nā hola lōʻihi e paʻa ana i ke kino o ka makuahine, no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ke ola o ka ʻōpū. ʻO nā mea halihali pēpē i hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻohana i nā hui kuʻuna i kālai pinepine ʻia mai ka ʻili holoholona a ʻala ʻia me ka saffron a i ʻole ka turmeric.. He hana maikaʻi kēia mau ʻala i ka ʻōpū hanu o nā keiki. Ma nā Andes, no ka laʻana, kahi hiki ke hāʻule koke ka mahana, kanu pinepine ʻia ke keiki ma lalo o kekahi mau papa o ka pā. Lawe ka makuahine iā ia i nā wahi a pau āna e hele ai, mai ka mākeke a hiki i ke kula.
Ma ke Komohana, ua huhū nui ʻia nā ʻaʻahu pēpē i nā makahiki he ʻumi a ua hoʻoulu ʻia e kēia mau ʻano kuʻuna.
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Lomilomi i kāu pēpē i ka hānau ʻana
Na nā makuahine o nā lāhui mamao e mālama i ko lākou ʻano liʻiliʻi, ʻōwili ʻia a pau, i ka wā hānau. Ma ʻApelika, ʻInia a i ʻole Nepal, lomilomi ʻia nā pēpē a hoʻohola ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi i mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou, e hoʻoikaika iā lākou, a e hoʻohua iā lākou e like me nā hiʻohiʻona nani o ko lākou ʻohana. Hoʻopuka ʻia kēia mau hana kupuna i kēia mau lā e ka helu maikaʻi o nā makuahine ma nā ʻāina Komohana e hahai ana i ka lomilomi mai nā mahina mua o kā lākou keiki.
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Ke ho'āʻo nei i kāu pēpē
I ko mākou moʻomeheu komohana, hauʻoli nā mākua i mua o kā lākou poʻe liʻiliʻi i ka wā e hana ai lākou i kahi mea hou: ʻo ka uē ʻana, ka walaʻau ʻana, ka neʻe ʻana o nā wāwae, nā lima, ke kū ʻana, a pēlā aku. Hiki i nā mākua ʻōpio ke hoʻolaha ma nā pūnaewele kaiapili i ka hana liʻiliʻi a me ke ʻano o kā lākou keiki i ka manawa e ʻike ai nā kānaka a pau. Inconceivable i loko o nā ʻohana o nā hui kuʻuna. Manaʻo lākou, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ia ke lawe mai i ka maka ʻino i loko o lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea ʻaihue. ʻO ia ke kumu ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻokuʻu i kahi pēpē e uē, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka pō, no ka makaʻu i ka huki ʻana i nā holoholona. Nui nā lāhui i makemake e "huna" i kā lākou keiki i loko o ka hale a ua hūnā pinepine ʻia kona inoa. Ua hana ʻia nā pēpē, ʻeleʻele hoʻi me ka ʻili, e hoʻemi ʻia ka kuko o nā ʻuhane. Ma Nigeria, no ka laʻana, ʻaʻole ʻoe mahalo i kāu keiki. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻemi ʻia. Hiki i ke kupuna kāne ke leʻaleʻa i ka ʻōlelo ʻana me ka ʻakaʻaka, “Aloha naughty! Auē kou ʻinoʻino! », I ke keiki akaaka, me ka maopopo ole.
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Ka hānaiʻana
Ma ʻApelika, hiki ke loaʻa mau ka umauma o nā wahine, i kēlā me kēia manawa, i nā keiki unweaned. Hiki iā lākou ke hānai e like me ko lākou makemake a pāʻani wale paha me ka umauma makuahine. I ʻEulopa, ua loaʻa i ka hānai ʻana i nā piʻi a me nā haʻahaʻa. Ma kahi o ke kenekulia 19, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia kahi pēpē hou e koi i ka umauma i kēlā me kēia manawa, akā koi ʻia e ʻai i nā manawa paʻa. ʻO kahi hoʻololi hou aʻe: ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki a nā mākua aristocratic a i ʻole nā wahine a nā mea hana kūlanakauhale. A laila i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, i nā ʻohana bourgeois waiwai, ua hoʻolimalima ʻia nā kahu hānai ma ka home e mālama i nā keiki ma kahi "nursery" English-style. Māhele nui nā makuahine i kēia lā i ka hānai. Aia kekahi poʻe e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i nā mahina he nui, mai ka hānau ʻana a hiki i ka makahiki. Aia kekahi poʻe hiki ke hāʻawi wale i ko lākou umauma no kekahi mau mahina, no nā kumu like ʻole: nā umauma engorged, hoʻi i ka hana… Hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ke kumuhana a hoʻāla i nā manaʻo he nui mai nā makuahine.
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Hoʻokohu meaʻai
Hoʻokomo wikiwiki nā makuahine i nā hui kuʻuna i nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka waiū umauma e hānai i kā lākou pēpē. ʻO ka millet, sorghum, cassava porridge, nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka ʻiʻo, a i ʻole nā larvae i waiwai nui i ka protein, nau nā makuahine i ka nahu iā lākou iho ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kā lākou ʻōpio. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia mau "nahu" liʻiliʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, mai ka Inuit a hiki i ka Papuans. Ma ke Komohana, ua pani ka robot mixer i kēia mau hana kupuna.
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ʻO nā moa makua kāne a me nā keiki
I nā hui kuʻuna, hūnā pinepine ka pēpē i nā pule mua ma hope o ka hānau ʻana e pale iā ia mai nā ʻuhane ʻino. ʻAʻole hoʻopā koke ka makua kāne iā ia, no ka mea, loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika koʻikoʻi "mana loa" no ka hānau hou. Ma kekahi mau ʻohana Amazonian, "hānai" nā makua kāne i kā lākou ʻōpio. ʻOiai ʻaʻole pono ʻo ia e lawe koke iā ia i loko o nā lima, ua hahai ʻo ia i ka hana o ka hale pule. Noho ʻo ia e moe ana ma kāna hammock, ma hope o ka hoʻokē ʻai piha ʻana i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o kāna keiki. Ma waena o nā Wayapi, ma Guiana, ʻo kēia ʻano hoʻomana i mālama ʻia e ka makuakāne e hiki ai i ka nui o ka ikehu ke lawe ʻia i ke kino o ke keiki. Hoʻomanaʻo kēia i ka hakakā ʻana o nā kāne ma ke Komohana, loaʻa nā paona, hāʻule i ka maʻi a i ʻole, i nā hihia koʻikoʻi, noho moe i ka wā hāpai o kā lākou wahine.