ʻO ka waha (mai ka Latin bucca, "pāpālina") ka puka e komo ai ka meaʻai i ke kino. Hana ia i ka ʻāpana mua o ka digestive tract i nā kānaka a i kekahi mau holoholona a ʻae pū i ka hanu ʻana a me ka phonation.

ʻO ka waha, a i ʻole ka waha waha, i hana ʻia i nā ʻano kūkulu he nui. Hoʻopili ʻia ia ma loko me kahi membrane pale pale. Wehe ʻia me nā lehelehe. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ia e nā papalina, ma ka luna e ka hale o ka waha i hana ʻia e ka pāleo a me ka lepe palupalu e alakaʻi i ka hope o ke alelo a i nā tonsil (ʻelua mau symmetrical masses o nā mea lymphatic i ʻāpana. ʻōnaehana pale ʻōnaehana). I ka lalo, ua kaupalena ʻia e ka papahele o ka waha e kau ai ke alelo. Pili ʻia i ka papahele e ka frenulum o ke alelo, kahi pelu liʻiliʻi o ka membrane mucous e kaohi ana i kāna neʻe i hope. Aia nā waha i nā iwi ā lalo a luna, kahi e kau ai nā gum a me nā niho.

ʻO ka hakahaka ma waho e nā pāpālina a me nā lehelehe a ma loko e nā niho a me nā ʻāʻī e hana i ka vestibule o ka waha. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka hakahaka kūpono o ka waha, i kaupalena ʻia i mua a ma nā ʻaoʻao e nā niho.

ʻO ka hana mua o ka waha ka ʻīpuka o ka meaʻai i mea e hoʻomaka ai ke kaʻina o ka digestion. Hoʻopili ʻia ka meaʻai a nau ʻia e nā niho a kāwili ʻia me ka lawai e loaʻa ai nā wai digestive. Komo ke alelo i kēia huikau a pahu i ka meaʻai i ka pharynx: ke ale nei kēia.

Uhi ʻia ka alelo ma luna o kona ʻili me nā mea ʻono e pili ana i ka ʻono. ʻO ka lua waha e ʻae i nā launa kaiaulu ma o ka ʻōlelo ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​hana e like me ka honi ʻana. ʻAe ʻia ka ʻāpana o ka hanu ʻana ma o ka waha.

Ankyloglossie : congenital malformation o ka frenulum o ke alelo he pōkole loa a paʻakikī paha. Kapu ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻōlelo ʻelele, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hānai ʻana o ka pēpē a me ka ʻōlelo hope. ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau: ʻokiʻoki (frenotomy) a i ʻole ʻāpana o ka frenulum (frenectomy).

ʻO ka maʻiʻeha : ʻo kēia nā ulcer superficial liʻiliʻi e hana pinepine ʻia ma nā membrane mucous o loko o ka waha: ma loko o ka papalina, ka elelo, ka loko o nā lehelehe, ka leʻo a i ʻole nā ​​gums.

Halitosis (hanu maikaʻi): ʻo ka pinepine, ʻo ia ka bacteria i kū i ke alelo a i ʻole nā ​​niho e honi ai i nā mea ʻoluʻolu ʻole. ʻOiai ʻo ka halitosis kahi pilikia olakino liʻiliʻi, hiki nō ke lilo i kumu o ke koʻikoʻi a me ka hemahema o ka nohona. Hiki ke kumu ʻia i kekahi mau meaʻai, e like me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻole a i ʻole kahi maʻi.

ʻO ka wahine herpes : ʻIke ʻia e nā inoa kaulana o "ʻeha anuanu" a i ʻole "ʻeha anu", hōʻike ʻia nā ʻeha anu e ke ʻano o kahi pūpū o nā puʻupuʻu ʻeha, pinepine pinepine a puni nā lehelehe. He maʻi ia i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi maʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).

ʻO Gingivitis : pehu o ka gums. Lilo i kēia mau mea i ʻulaʻula, hoʻonāukiuki, pehu i ka wā kūpaʻa a ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula hoʻi. Hiki iā lākou ke kahe maʻalahi, keu hoʻi ka palaki ʻana o nā niho.

Periodontitis: ka huhū o nā pūnaewele e hoʻopuni a kākoʻo i nā niho, i kapa ʻia ʻo "periodontium". Hoʻopili kēia mau mea i ka gum, kākoʻo i nā olonā i kapa ʻia ʻo periodontium, a me ka iwi kahi e paʻa ai nā niho. ʻO ka maʻi o ke kumu o ke koʻohune, hana pinepine ia ke nāwaliwali nā ʻōnaehana pale.

Candidiasis waha : ka maʻi hū o ka waha ma muli o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kahi fungus i kūlohelohe, candida albicans. ʻO nā kumu he nui: hāpai keiki, waha maloʻo, huʻi, diabetes ... Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e ke ʻano o kahi "muget" keʻokeʻo: ua ʻulaʻula ke alelo a me nā papalina, maloʻo a uhi ʻia me nā pā. keʻokeʻo.

Palapala lichen plan : ʻo ka lichen planus kahi maʻi ʻili o ka kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia e hiki ke hoʻopili i ka lua o ka waha. ʻIke pinepine nā liona ʻili ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka waha. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka uhi ʻana o nā papalina, hope o ke alelo, a me nā gum i nā leona e ʻike ʻia e like me ka papala makalae (ʻāpana ʻino) i uhi ʻia me kahi mea keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka maʻi maʻi ʻole me ka mālama ʻole ʻia, hōʻike ia iā ia iho e nā wā o ka hoʻi hou ʻana a me ke kala ʻana.

Waha maloo (xerostomia) : Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ia e kahi deficit i ka huna ʻana o ka lihi, kahi e hōʻike ai i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā aʻa salivary. ʻO nā hōʻailona paepae loa nā lehelehe pipili a i ʻole ka ʻole o ka lawai ma lalo o ke alelo. Hana ʻia ke kuhi e ke kauka e hoʻololi i ka lāʻau.

Maʻi ʻaʻai waha : maʻi ʻōpū malignant i hoʻomaka ʻia i loko o nā hunaola o ka waha.

Hoʻolālā ia ma ka papahele o ka waha, ke alelo, nā tonsil, ka pā, nā papalina, nā gum a me nā lehelehe. Wahi a ka National Cancer Institute (7), 70% o nā kanesa waha i ʻike ʻia ua lohi loa, kahi e hōʻemi ai i nā manawa o ke ola ʻana. ʻIke ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha mua, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mālama.

ʻO Amygdalite : ka hoʻohaunaele a me ka maʻi ʻana o nā tonsil e pili ana i ka hui ʻana me ka maʻi virus a i ʻole bacteria. Hoʻonui lākou i ka nui a lilo i ʻeha, keʻakeʻa pinepine i ka ale ʻana. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau (anti-inflammatory drug and antibiotics inā pono) lawa ia e hoʻopau ai i nā ʻōuli.

Lehelehe lepe lepe : ʻIke ʻia ma ke ʻano he lehelehe kiki hewa ʻole, he hana hewa hānau ʻia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka fusion pono ʻole o ka lehelehe luna a me / a i ʻole ka pā o ka embryo i ka wā o kona ulu ʻana (6). Mālama ʻia ia e ke kaha.

Ma ka laulā, he mea nui e nānā i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe waha maikaʻi a e nānā i kou waha i ka wā o nā kūkākūkā ʻana me ke kauka a kauka niho paha. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā leona a ʻaʻole maʻalahi e ʻike, ʻo ia paha ka hihia me ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha. Hoʻonui ka ʻike mua ʻana i nā manawa o ke ola. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia no nā mea puhipaka a me nā mea hoʻohana mau i ka waiʻona no lākou ka makemake e hoʻomohala ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai (7).

E pili ana i nā kūlana maikaʻi, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau lāʻau e hoʻolauna i ka hanana o candidiasis. Broad-spectrum antibiotics (8), ʻo ia ka mea e kūʻē i ka nui o nā ʻohana bacteria (amoxicillin a i ʻole penicillin paha), corticosteroids, nā lāʻau antacid (e hoʻēmi ai i ka acidity o ka ʻōpū) a i ʻole nā ​​neuroleptics (kahi e hoʻemi ai i ka hana o lawai) he mau laʻana.

Nānā Oral : ka nānā ʻike ʻana i hana ʻia e ke kauka a i ʻole ke kauka niho nāna e loiloi i nā niho, nā gum, ke alelo, nā mea palupalu ma lalo o ke alelo, ka leʻo a me ka loko o nā papalina. Hoʻopaʻa ia e pale i nā pilikia niho a i ʻole nā ​​maʻi o ka waha waha. I kekahi mau hihia, hana ʻia kahi ʻike kakahiaka e ʻae i kahi hoʻokele wikiwiki o nā maʻi pilikino (9).

ʻO nā hoʻokolohua kiʻi olakino:

Kōkua kēia mau ʻenehana e hoʻoholo i ka nui o nā hanana ʻē aʻe o ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha.

• Radiography: ʻano hana kiʻi olakino e hoʻohana ai i nā kukuna X. ʻO ia ka hoʻokolohua kuhikuhi maʻamau, ka hana koi mua a i kekahi manawa lawa no ka ʻike.
• Scanner: ʻo ke kiʻi kiʻi diagnostic i loaʻa i ka "scanning" kahi ʻāpana i hāʻawi ʻia o ke kino i mea e hana ai i nā kiʻi ʻāpana, mahalo i ka hoʻohana ʻana o kahi kukuna X-ray. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "scanner" ka inoa maoli o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, akā hoʻohana mau ʻia ia e kapa inoa i ka hōʻike. ʻLelo pū mākou e pili ana i ka tomography compute a i ʻole compute tomography.
• MRI (kiʻi resonance ʻume mākenēki): ninaninau lāʻau no nā hana diagnostical i hoʻohana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana cylindrical nui kahi e hana ʻia ai kahi māla mehana a me nā nalu uila e hana i nā kiʻi kikoʻī, i 2D a i ʻole 3D, o ka waha. He loiloi ikaika loa ʻo MRI no ke aʻo ʻana i nā tumors (ke ʻano a me ka helehelena).
• PET Scan: i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo tomitron emission tomography (PET a i ʻole "positron emission tomography" i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania) kahi hōʻike kiʻi e ʻae iā ʻoe e ʻike i ka hana o nā meaola (ke kiʻi kiʻi). Hoʻohui ia i ka ʻume o kahi huahana radioactive i ʻike ʻia i ke kiʻi a me ke kiʻi ʻana o nā kiʻi e kahi scanner.

Hoʻopau / Fibroscopy: ninaninau kuhikuhi e hiki ai ke nānā i nā hanana o loko o ke kino mahalo i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o kahi paipu hiki ke kapa ʻia he fiberscope a i ʻole endoscope i hoʻolako ʻia me nā kāmela liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia hana e ʻike i nā wahi kānalua a kuhikuhi i kahi maʻi ʻaʻai.

ʻO Biopsy: ninaninau ʻia i loko o ka wehe ʻana i kahi ʻāpana o nā aʻa a i ʻole ʻola. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka ʻāpana i hoʻoneʻe ʻia i kahi ninaninau microscopic a me / a i ʻole kahi ʻimi noiʻi biochemical e hōʻoia i ke ʻano maʻi ʻaʻai o kahi tumo, no ka laʻana.

ʻO Amygdalectomy : ʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau hana a ia o ka wehe 'ana o nā tonsils. Hana ʻia ia ma 80% o nā hihia ma hope o hypertrophy (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā tonsil) e ālai ana i nā alaloa a pēlā e ālai ai i ka hanu. I ka 20% o nā hihia, ukali ia i nā tonsillitis hou me ka ʻeha a me ke kuni. Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo kaulana, ʻaʻole kēia he hana nui ʻole: pono ia i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana ma kēlā me kēia hihia a me ka nānā nui ʻana ma hope o ka hana (11).

ʻO Frenotomy : incision o ka frenum o ke alelo. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka hana i ka hihia o ankyloglossia. ʻAe ia i ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻia o ka frenulum e hoʻihoʻi i nā hana o ke alelo. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia i kahi kūloko e hoʻohana ai i kahi laser.

Phenectomy : ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka frenulum o ke alelo. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka hana i ka hihia o ankyloglossia. ʻAe ʻia ka hemo ʻana o ka frenulum i loaʻa ka hopena o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā hana o ke alelo. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia i kahi kūloko e hoʻohana ai i kahi laser.

ʻO ka waha he wahi erogenous, ma nā kāne a me nā wahine, mai ka wā ʻōpio. He hōʻailona ia o ka moekolohe a me ka hoʻopunipuni.

Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka waha me kahi puka, e hoʻokuʻu a i ʻole i waho i nā huaʻōlelo a me nā kani. ʻIke mākou i kēia manaʻo o ka puka ke hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo waha e koho i ka puʻu wai o kahi muliwai (13).

Ma ʻAigupita kahiko, he mea maʻamau ka wehe ʻana i ka waha o ka mea i make i hoʻi ai kona ʻuhane i kona kino. Pēlā i mālama ʻia ai ka ʻuhane ma kēia hope aku.