Muscarine (Muscarinum)
ʻO kēia kekahi o nā alkaloids ʻona loa, i ʻike ʻia e Schmideberg. Loaʻa iā ia i ka lele agaric Amanita muscaria a i ʻole Agaricus Muscarius L. Mai ka ʻohana subfamily o ka ʻohana agaric Hymenomycetes (Hymenomycetes). Eia kekahi muscarine ua loaʻa i loko o ka fungi Boletus luridus a me Amanita pantherina a i loko o ka fungus Inocybe.
nā waiwai o ke kino
Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻalkaloid i loaʻa i ka mushroom he mushroom a i ʻole muscarine maoli, a ʻo kāna kumu hoʻohālikelike ʻo C5H15NO8, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke ʻano hana. ʻAʻole ʻono a ʻono ʻole ka muscarine kūlohelohe a he wai syrupy me kahi hopena alkaline ikaika, i ka wā e maloʻo ai i mua o ka sulfuric acid, e huli mālie i kahi kūlana crystalline. I ka ea, alkaloid crystals laha koke loa, a muscarine hoʻi i ka wai syrupy. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka waiʻona a me ka wai, maikaʻi ʻole i ka chloroform, a hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka etera. Inā hoʻomehana ʻia ma luna o 100 degere, a laila luku ʻia, a ʻike ʻia kahi ʻala o ka paka. Ke mālama ʻia me ka oxide a i ʻole caustic alkali a hoʻomehana ʻia, hoʻololi ʻia i trimethylamine, a me ka sulfuric a i ʻole hydrochloric acid e hana ai i nā paʻakai crystalline. Aia kekahi manaʻo e like ke ʻano o ka muscarine me ke ʻano o ka choline (C5H15NO2):
H3C / CH2CH(OH)2
H3C—N
H3C / OH
Akā ʻo nā hoʻokolohua o Schmiedeberg a me Harnack e hōʻike ana i ka alkaloid artificial, i loaʻa i ka synthetically mai ka choline, pili i nā holoholona ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka mea maoli. Ua hōʻike kēia mau hoʻokolohua ʻaʻole like nā muscarines artificial a kūlohelohe.
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi no ka lāʻau lapaʻau
ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka alkaloid mushroom maoli a me ka pūhui synthetically i kēia manawa no nā kumu therapeutic, akā kiʻekiʻe loa ko lākou ʻano olakino. I ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e mālama i ka epilepsy a me nā kaʻina oncological o nā ʻili me ka muscarine. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia i nā maʻi maka a no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi ʻeha. Akā ua kāpae ʻia kēia mau hoʻokolohua a pau ma muli o ke ʻano ʻawaʻawa o ka pūhui.
aka, muscarine loaʻa i ka ʻona nui, theoretical a me ka pharmacological significance. Aia ia i ka hui parasympathicotropic o nā mea ʻawaʻawa, he hopena hoʻoulu ʻia i nā aʻalolo parasympathicotropic peripheral, aʻo ka alkaloid he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka ʻōnaehana nerve. He waiwai nui kēia hiʻohiʻona ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua e like me ka hoʻoulu uila a i ʻole ia.
Inā ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e hoʻokomo ʻoe i ke kūlohelohe muscarine i loko o ke kino o ka holoholona, a laila, aia ka lohi o ka hana naʻau (nā inotropic maikaʻi a me nā hopena chronotropic), a ma nā ʻano nui e hoʻomaka mua ai i ka lohi a me ka nāwaliwali o ka systolic contractions. A laila i ka manawa diastolic, hiki ke hopu ʻia ka naʻau.
Hana ma ke kino
Hōʻike nā haʻawina a nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe i ka muscarine he hopena maʻi maʻi i ka ʻōnaehana nerve peripheral o ka ʻōpū hanu, hoʻonui i ka ʻoki ʻana o nā ʻiʻo o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū, a ʻike ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻōpū ma o nā integuments o ka paia o ka ʻōpū. . Inā hāʻawi ʻia ka muscarine i kahi nui nui, a laila aia nā neʻe peristaltic erratic, kahi i pani ʻia e antiperistalsis, hoʻomaka ka luaʻi a me ka maʻi maʻi. ʻO kahi hōʻailona maopopo o ka muscarine poisoning ʻo ia ke ʻano spastic o nā ʻokiʻoki o ka ʻōpū holoʻokoʻa a i ʻole kona mau ʻāpana ponoʻī, a ma hope o ka hoʻomaha. Wahi a Schmideberg, he hopena koʻikoʻi loa ka muscarine i ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū, ʻaʻole wale ma muli o kona hopena i ka hopena o nā aʻalolo vagus i loaʻa i loko o kēia mau kino, akā ma muli nō hoʻi o kona hopena i nā ʻāpana ganglion o ka plexus Auerbach. . Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia alkaloid ke kumu o ka ʻokiʻoki ʻana i nā ʻiʻo ʻiʻo ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, i loko o ka ʻōpū, ka spleen a me ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana ma muli o ka hopena hoʻonāukiuki o ka mea ma luna o nā mea hoʻokipa peripheral o nā aʻalolo parasympathetic i loaʻa i loko o kēia mau ʻōpū, a ma muli o ka hopena o ka hopena i nā ʻenehana ganglion nerve aunoa, e like me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i loko Puʻuwai. ʻO ka haumāna o ka maka ma lalo o ka mana o ka muscarine ua liʻiliʻi loa, ulu ka spasm o ka noho ʻana. ʻO kēia mau mea ʻelua ma muli o ka hana ʻana o ka alkaloid ma nā mea loaʻa o nā parasympathetic fibers o ke aʻalolo oculomotor aia i loko o nā aʻalolo pōʻai o ka iris a me ka ʻiʻo ciliary.
Ua ʻike ʻo Schmideberg ʻaʻole hana ka muscarine mushroom i nā aʻalolo kaʻa, ʻaʻole like me ka muscarine artificial, kahi e hoʻopau ai i nā hopena nerve motor. Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia e Hans Meyer lāua ʻo Gonda. No laila, ʻokoʻa nā waiwai e like me curare i ka muscarine synthetic i loaʻa mai ka choline.
Hoʻoulu ka muscarine mushroom i nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, hoʻoulu i ka huna ʻana o ka bile a me ka wai pancreatic. Hoʻonui ia i ka salivation, sweating a me ka lacrimation. ʻO ka huna ʻana o ka saliva ma lalo o ka hana a muscarine ua wehewehe ʻia e ka mea e hoʻonāukiuki ai i nā hopena nerve peripheral (ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia e Schmideberg). Hoʻonui ʻia ka huna ʻana o nā ʻōpū ʻē aʻe e ka hana hoʻonāukiuki a muscarine ma ko lākou mau aʻalolo scapular. I kēia hihia, ʻo ka pahuhopu o ka hana muscarine ʻo ia ka hopena o ke aʻalolo peripheral.
ʻO ka antagonist pololei o ka muscarine he atropine, ka mea e pale ai i ka hopena o ka muscarine ma o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hopena o nā aʻalolo parasympathetic. Hōʻike ʻia kēia i nā hihia i loaʻa i ka muscarine ka hopena hoʻonāukiuki i nā mea hoʻokipa peripheral o kekahi o nā aʻalolo parasympathetic. No laila, hoʻopau koke ka atropine i ka hopu ʻana o ka naʻau diastolic a me ka lohi o ka puʻuwai i hoʻonāukiuki ʻia e muscarine. Hoʻopau pū ʻo Atropine i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka peristalsis, antiperistalsis a me nā spasms o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū, ka noho ʻana o ka spasm a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka haumāna, ka ʻoki ʻana o ka ʻōpū, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana huna o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe (ka hou, salivary a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Hoʻohana ka Atropine sulphate i kona hopena antagonistic ma muscarine ma kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (0,001-0,1 mg). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Muscarine e hoʻōki i ka hana o ka atropine ma ka puʻuwai o ka rana, nā maka, ka ʻili submandibular, a me nā ʻili hou. No laila, aia ka manaʻo ʻo ka muscarine a me ka atropine he mau antagonists. Akā i ka manawa like, koi ʻia ka nui o ka muscarine (a hiki i 7 g) i mea e pau ai ka hana o ka atropine. Ma kēia mea, ʻaʻole kūpono ke ʻōlelo ʻana he hopena koʻikoʻi ka muscarine i ka atropine, a he nui nā lāʻau lapaʻau i manaʻo ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia ka pilikia o ka bilateral antagonism o kēia mau pūhui ʻelua.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka muscarine antagonists ka aconitine, hyoscyamine, veratrin, scopolamine, physostigmine, digitalin, delphinium, camphor, helleborine, chloral hydrate, adrenaline. Aia kekahi mau ʻike hoihoi i hōʻike ʻia e Tsondek he hopena antagonistic kekahi o ka calcium chloride i ka muscarine.
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā holoholona like ʻole i ka muscarine. No laila, make ka pōpoki mai ka hoʻokele subcutaneous o muscarine ma kahi ʻano o 4 mg ma hope o kekahi mau hola, a ma kahi ʻano o 12 mg ma hope o 10-15 mau minuke. Hoʻomanawanui nā ʻīlio i ka nui o ka alkaloid. Pilikia loa ke kanaka i keia mea. Ua hana ʻo Schmideberg lāua ʻo Koppe i nā hoʻokolohua iā lākou iho a ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka muscarine ma kahi maʻa o 3 mg ke kumu o ka make ʻana, i hōʻike ʻia e ka salivation ikaika loa, kahe o ke koko i ke poʻo, ʻūlū, nāwaliwali, ʻulaʻula o ka ʻili, nausea a me ka ʻoi. ʻeha ma ka ʻōpū, tachycardia, ʻike makaʻu a me ka spasm o ka noho ʻana. Hoʻonui ʻia ka hou ʻana ma ka maka a emi iki ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ke kino.
Kiʻi ʻona
I ka hihia o ka mushroom poisoning, ua like paha ke kiʻi me ka wehewehe ʻana o ka muscarine poisoning, akā ʻokoʻa nō naʻe ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka fly agaric i nā ʻano mea like ʻole atropine a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka waena. nenoaiu, a ma kekahi aoao, e hooki i ka hana a muscarine. No laila, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻona e nā hōʻailona mai ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū (nausea, luaʻi, ʻeha, ʻeha) a i ʻole nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, kahi kūlana o ka ʻona i hele pū ʻia me ka delirium a me ka hauʻoli ikaika, dizziness, ka makemake ʻole e luku i nā mea āpau. a puni, ka pono e neʻe. A laila, haʻalulu ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa, epileptiform a me tetanic convulsions, hoʻonui ka haumāna, emi pinepine ka puʻupuʻu wikiwiki, hoʻopilikia ʻia ka hanu ʻana, lilo ʻole i maʻamau, hāʻule ka wela o ke kino a ulu ke ʻano o ka hāʻule. Ma kēia kūlana, hiki mai ka make i nā lā ʻelua a ʻekolu paha. I ka hihia o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana, hoʻōla lohi ke kanaka, ʻike ʻia kahi kūlana o ka hyperleukocytosis i loko o ke koko, a ʻo ke koko ponoʻī e coagulates maikaʻi loa. Akā i kēia lā, ʻaʻohe ʻikepili hilinaʻi a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pili ana i nā loli koko, e like me ka ʻole o ka ʻikepili i nā loli pathological i ka wā o ka make.
ʻO ke kōkua mua
ʻO ka mea mua, i ka hihia o ka ʻawaʻawa me nā halo, pono e wehe i nā mea mai ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, e hoʻohana i nā emetics, gastric lavage me kahi probe, a me nā ʻōpū me kahi enema. I loko o ka nui, inu lākou i ka ʻaila castor. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hōʻailona o ka ʻona o ka muscarine, a laila hoʻokomo ʻia ka atropine subcutaneously. Inā ulu nui ka ʻona ma lalo o ka mana o nā mea like atropine, a laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka atropine ma ke ʻano he antidote.
ʻO ka muscarine artificial, ka mea i loaʻa mai ka choline, ka mea i aʻo nui ʻia. ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i nā muscarines artificial. Hoʻonui ka Anhydromuscarine i ka huna ʻana o ka hou a me ke kohu, ʻaʻohe hopena i ka maka a me ka puʻuwai. He make ia ma muli o ka ma'i hanu. ʻAʻole hiki i ka Isomuscarine ke hopu i ka naʻau, akā hoʻolohi i ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia me ka atropine. I loko o nā manu, alakaʻi ia i ka ʻokiʻoki o ka haumāna, a i nā mammals he hopena like ia o ka curare i nā aʻalolo kaʻa a hoʻonui i ka hana huna o nā ʻōpū, ʻaʻole pili i nā maka a me nā ʻōpū, akā hoʻonui i ke koko. He hopena like ko Ptomatomuscarine me ka cholinemuscarine, e hōʻike ana he ʻano kemika like ko lākou. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia ka hana pharmacological o uromuscarins. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i ka hana pharmacological o carnomoscarin.