ʻO ka insulation maikaʻi loa no kahi hale kiʻi ma 2022

Ke hele nei nā hale paʻa i kēia manawa. E pili ana i ka lakio o ke kumukūʻai a me ka maikaʻi, a me ka wikiwiki o ke kūkulu ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kekahi mau papahana me ka ʻole o kahi kumu nui a me ke kumu. E ʻōlelo kākou e kūkulu paha ka hui o nā limahana i hale ʻāina liʻiliʻi i loko o hoʻokahi pule. He mea koʻikoʻi loa ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kālā a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi hale kiʻi ma 2022. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma hope o nā ʻāpana o ka hoʻonaninani a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kekahi mea ma hope o ia mea he mea maoli ʻole.

I ka makahiki 2022, kūʻai ʻia ʻelua ʻano mea wela ma nā hale kūʻai a me nā mākeke. ʻO ka mea mua he kūlohelohe. Hana ʻia lākou mai ka sawdust a me nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe mai ka hana lāʻau a me nā ʻoihana mahiʻai. Maikaʻi, akā kānalua loa ko lākou aloha kaiapuni a me ka palekana o ke ahi, no laila ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻopā iā lākou i kēia mea. Hiki iā lākou ke kūpono i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka lāʻau, akā ʻaʻole i kahi hale kiʻi.

E kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka insulation artificial (synthetic) maikaʻi loa no kahi hale kiʻi ma 2022. I ka huli ʻana, ua māhele ʻia lākou i nā ʻano.

• Hulu hipa mineral - ka mea kaulana loa, i hana ʻia mai ka hui ʻana o nā mineral like ʻole i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hui pū ʻia, hoʻohui ʻia nā mea paʻa. Aia ka huluhulu pōhaku (basalt) a me ka fiberglass (bulu aniani). ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia ka quartz no ka hana ʻana i ka hulu hipa mineral.
• Nā papa PIR a i ʻole PIR - hana ʻia mai ka polyisocyanurate foam. He polymer kēia, ka inoa i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka pōkole. No 2022, e noho mau ana ka mea hou loa a me ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe.
• ʻO Styrofoam ʻO ka polystyrene i hoʻonui ʻia (EPS) a me ka pahu polystyrene extruded (XPS) he ʻōhū a me kāna ʻano i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia, kēlā me kēia. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka XPS a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka insulation thermal. I kā mākou helu helu, ua hoʻokomo wale mākou i nā mea hana o XPS insulation no nā hale kiʻi, no ka mea, ʻo ka plastic foam maʻamau kahi koho kālā loa.

I loko o nā hiʻohiʻona, hāʻawi mākou i ka mea hoʻohālikelike i ka coefficient conductivity thermal (λ). ʻO ka thermal conductivity ka hoʻololi molekala o ka wela ma waena o nā kino contiguous a i ʻole nā ​​​​particles o ke kino like me nā mahana like ʻole, kahi e hoʻololi ʻia ai ka ikehu o ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana hana. A ʻo ka coefficient o ka thermal conductivity ʻo ia hoʻi ka ikaika o ka hoʻoili wela, ʻo ia hoʻi, pehea ka nui o ka wela e hana ai kekahi mea. I ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa o ka conductivity thermal o nā mea like ʻole inā hoʻopā ʻoe i nā paia i hana ʻia i nā mea like ʻole i ka lā kauwela. No ka laʻana, e anuanu ka granite, ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka pōhaku one-lime, a ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka lāʻau.

ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka hōʻailona, ​​ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka insulation no ka hale kiʻi e hōʻike iā ia iho. E kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā waiwai kuhikuhi (kūpono) ma lalo o ka ʻāpana "Pehea e koho ai i kahi mea hoʻomehana no kahi hale kiʻi".

Koho Lunahooponopono

Isover Profi

ʻO Isover Profi ka mea hoʻokalakupua kaulana loa o ka brand. He kūpono ia no ka hale kaʻa holoʻokoʻa: hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā paia, nā kaupaku, nā kaupaku, nā papahele, nā kaupaku a me nā ʻāpana i loko o ka hale. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke makaʻu e kau iā ia i ke kaupaku ma luna o kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i ʻole i loko o kahi attic unheated. 

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokomo i loko o ke kiʻi me ka ʻole o nā mea hoʻopili hou - ma muli o ka elasticity o ka mea. Ua ʻōlelo ka mea hana i kēia insulation repels moisture, ua kapa ʻia ka ʻenehana ʻo AquaProtect. Kūʻai ʻia i loko o nā papa, i ʻeha ʻia i ʻōwili. Inā lawe ʻoe i ʻelua a ʻehā paha papa i loko o kahi pūʻolo, e ʻoki ʻia lākou i ʻelua mau papa like. 

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TechnoNIKOL LOGICPIR (PIR-panel) 

ʻO ka huahana o kēia brand kekahi o nā mea hoʻomehana maikaʻi loa no kahi hale kiʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo LOGICPIR. Aia he mau haneli o nā cell i hoʻopiha ʻia me ke kinoea i loko o ka pā. He aha ke ʻano o ia mea, ʻaʻole hōʻike ka ʻoihana, akā hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe mea pōʻino no nā kānaka i loko. ʻAʻole ʻā ka LOGICPIR thermal insulation. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kauoha pololei i nā papa o ka mānoanoa i koi ʻia mai ka ʻoihana - he mea maʻalahi ia e hiki ke koho i kahi mea pilikino no kēlā me kēia papahana. 

Ma ke kūʻai aku, aia nā pā PIR me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe: mai fiberglass a i ʻole foil, nā hoʻonā ʻokoʻa no ka hoʻomehana ʻana ma lalo o ka papahele, nā balconies a me nā ʻauʻau. Aia pū kekahi me ka laminate i hoʻoikaika ʻia (PROF CX / CX version). ʻO ia ke ʻano hiki ke waiho ʻia ma lalo o ke one sima a i ʻole ka asphalt screed. 

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ʻO ka 3 maikaʻi loa ka hoʻokaʻawale huluhulu mineral

1. ROCKWOOL

Hoʻokumu ka brand i ka hana ʻana i ka insulation wulu pōhaku. ʻO nā mea a pau i loko o kahi kumu papa. No ka hale kiʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka huahana Scandic universal: hiki ke kau ʻia i loko o nā paia, nā ʻāpana, nā kaupaku, ma lalo o kahi kaupaku. 

Aia kekahi mau niche solutions, no ka laʻana, insulation thermal no nā kapuahi a i ʻole no nā facade plastered - Light Butts Extra. ʻO 50, 100 a me 150 mm ka mānoanoa maʻamau.

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2. Knob ʻĀkau

ʻO kēia kahi sub-brand o Knauf, kahi mea pāʻani nui i ka mākeke mea kūkulu hale. ʻO ia ke kuleana no ka hoʻokaʻawale wela. ʻEwalu huahana kūpono no nā hale kiʻi. ʻO ka mea kiʻekiʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo Nord - he huluhulu mineral honua kēia. Hana ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā resins formaldehyde. 

Ke hoʻomau nei ka hapa nui o nā mea hana i ka formaldehyde i 2022, no ka mea ʻo ia ke ala maʻalahi a hilinaʻi hoʻi e hoʻopaʻa ai i ke ʻano o ka hulu hipa mineral. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo lākou ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea ʻino i nā mea maʻamau. Eia naʻe, i kēia mea hoʻomehana i hana me ka ʻole o lākou. Hiki i ka mea hana ke loaʻa nā hoʻonā niche - hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa no nā paia, nā hale, nā ʻauʻau a me nā balconies. Kūʻai ʻia ka hapa nui o lākou ma nā ʻōwili.

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3. Izovol

Hana lākou i ka huluhulu pōhaku i ke ʻano o nā papa. He ʻeono kā lākou huahana. ʻO ka hōʻailona, ​​ʻaʻole naʻe, e ʻae i ka lepili ʻana ʻaʻole hiki ke heluhelu ʻia no ka mea kūʻai aku: "hoʻopili ʻia" ka inoa e kahi kuhikuhi o nā leka a me nā helu. ʻAʻole ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo koke i kahi kahua kūkulu i manaʻo ʻia ai ka mea. 

Akā inā ʻoe e ʻimi i nā kikoʻī, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo he kūpono ka F-100/120/140/150 no kahi facade plaster, a me CT-75/90 no kahi facade ventilated. Ma keʻano laulā, e aʻo pono. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻano insulation like ʻole o kēia brand, no ka laʻana, kūikawā no ka luna a me lalo o ka facade.

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ʻO 3 ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka polystyrene foam insulation

1. Ursa

Loaʻa paha i kēia mea hana ke koho ākea loa o nā papa XPS no 2022. ʻElima mau huahana i ka hui i ka manawa hoʻokahi. Hōʻike ka paʻi i nā wahi o ka noi: kūpono kekahi no nā alanui a me nā kahua mokulele, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā mākou hihia, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe no nā paia, facades, kumu a me nā hale o nā hale kūkulu. 

Loaʻa i ka hui kahi hōʻailona hōʻailona i loko o ka laina - kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā hōʻailona a me nā leka Latin. No laila e nānā i nā kikoʻī ma ka ʻeke. Mai kekahi i kekahi, ʻokoʻa nā huahana i ka ukana i ʻae ʻia: mai 15 a 50 tons no ka m². Inā huikau loa ʻoe, a laila no ke kūkulu hale pilikino ka ʻoihana ponoʻī e paipai i ka mana maʻamau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kūpono ia no nā kaupaku.

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2. "Penoplex"

Hoʻokumu ka hui i ka insulation thermal no nā ʻaoʻao āpau o ka hana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi hale ʻāina. Loaʻa nā huahana no nā kumu a me nā ala hele, ʻoi loa no nā paia a me nā hale. A inā ʻaʻole ʻoe makemake e hoʻopilikia i ke koho, akā e lawe i hoʻokahi mea no ka papahana holoʻokoʻa i ka manawa hoʻokahi, a laila e lawe i ka huahana Comfort a Extreme. 

ʻOi aku ka uku o ka hope, akā i ka manawa like ka lōʻihi loa. Manaʻo pū mākou iā ʻoe e nānā i ka laina ʻoihana o nā mea wela XPS o kēia hōʻailona. No nā hale kiʻi, kūpono ka huahana Facade. Loaʻa iā ia ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

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3. "Ruspanel"

Hoʻokumu ka hui i ka hanaʻana i nāʻano "sandwiches" a me nā paneli. Ma waho, ua hoʻopauʻia me nā mea waiwai ma ka manaʻo o ka mea kūʻai. No ka laʻana, LSU (glass-magnesium sheet) a i ʻole OSB (oriented strand board) - kūpono lāua ʻelua no ka facade o nā hale kiʻi a no ka hoʻopau koke ʻana. 

ʻO kekahi ʻano hoʻololi ʻē aʻe o nā ʻaoʻao o ka "sandwich" he mele polymer-cement. He sima kēia i hoʻohui ʻia kahi polymer no ka ikaika. I loko o kēia pai, hūnā ka hui i ka XPS maʻamau. ʻAe, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā pallets ʻelua o Styrofoam a hoʻopaʻa i ka hale. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ma muli o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana me nā mea waho, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mea hoʻomehana i ka hoʻopau ʻana a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka conductivity thermal.

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ʻO 3 mau mea hoʻomehana PIR maikaʻi loa (PIR)

1. ProfHolod PIR Kuhina Nui

Kapa ʻia ka insulation ʻo PIR Premier. Ua kūʻai ʻia i loko o nā uhi i hana ʻia me ka pepa, ka pepa a me nā mea ʻē aʻe - pono lākou e pale i nā mea mai ka wai, nā rodents, nā ʻōpala, a ma ka manawa like e hoʻemi i ka conductivity thermal. Ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana, pono ʻoe e koho i kāu mea nui. 

No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka uhi pepa no ka hoʻopau ʻana, ʻoi aku ke kūpaʻa o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka makū (maʻalahi no nā lumi me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe), a kūpono ka fiberglass no ka waiho ʻana ma lalo o ka hale. Ua loaʻa i ka hui kahi palapala Europa no kēia huahana e hana ʻia nā mea āpau e like me nā kūlana. 

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kā mākou GOST i kēia ʻano insulation. ʻAʻole kūpono ia no ka hale noho wale nō, akā no nā hale ʻoihana hoʻi - a ma laila, e like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahi. No laila, he mea nui ka palena o ka palekana o ka insulation. ʻOiaʻiʻo, no kahi hale kiʻi maʻamau, e pōmaikaʻi wale kēia.

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2. PirroGroup

ʻO kahi hui mai Saratov, ʻaʻole kaulana e like me kāna mau mea hoʻokūkū. Akā ʻo ke kumukūʻai o kāna insulation thermal, ʻoiai e noʻonoʻo ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai ma 2022, e mau ana ka democratic. ʻEkolu ʻano o ka PIR-palapala no nā hale kiʻi: i loko o ka foil, fiberglass a i ʻole pepa hana hana - e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua me ka mea like. E koho ma muli o nā hana: ʻo ka foil kahi i ʻoi aku ka pulu, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka fiberglass no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kumu.

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3. ISOPAN

ʻO kahi mea kanu mai ka moku Volgograd e hoʻopuka i kahi huahana hoihoi. Ma ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka huaʻōlelo, ʻaʻole kēia mau panela PIR maʻamau. Kapa ʻia nā huahana ʻo Isowall Box a me Topclass. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia nā panela sandwich kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā pā PIR. 

Hoʻomaopopo mākou ʻaʻole kūpono kēlā ʻano hoʻonā no nā papahana āpau o nā hale kiʻi, no ka mea ke wehe nei ka pilikia o ka hoʻopau ʻana - pili ia i ka mea a lākou e makemake ai e uhi i ka facade. Ma ka maʻamau, hele mai nā paneli o kēia brand me nā ʻili metala. 

ʻAʻole nui nā mea nani i loko (ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia no nā mea a pau!): no ka hale māla, hale ʻauʻau, kahi hale ʻauʻau e kūpono mau ia, akā inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi hale, a laila e ʻoʻopa ka mea ʻike. Eia naʻe, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i kahi pahu a hoʻoponopono i ka ʻili i makemake ʻia ma luna. A i ʻole e hoʻohana i ka mea no ka hale wale nō.

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Pehea e koho ai i kahi mea wela no ka hale kiʻi 

E noʻonoʻo i nā mea

Ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana i kā mākou loiloi o ka insulation hale hale maikaʻi loa no 2022, hiki mai kahi nīnau kūpono: he aha nā mea e koho ai? pane mākou me ka pōkole.

• Ua kaupalena ʻia ka waihona kālā a i ʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka hale i ka wā mahana wale nō a i ka manawa like ʻaʻole ʻoe e noho i kahi ʻāina anu - a laila lawe XPS. Ma waena o nā mea a pau, ʻo ia ka mea ʻoi loa ke ahi.
• ʻO ka mea kaulana loa no ka hoʻomehana ʻana i kahi hale kiʻi hulu mineral, akā me kona styling pono e tinker.
• Inā makemake ʻoe e hana i ka qualitative a mau loa, noho ʻoe i loko o kahi hale i ka makahiki āpau a i ka wā e hiki mai ana makemake ʻoe e hoʻemi nui i nā kumukūʻai hoʻomehana - PIR pā ma kāu lawelawe.

Ehia mau mea e lawe

E ana i nā palena o ka hale e hiki mai ana: ka laulā, ka lōʻihi a me ke kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hulu hipa mineral a me XPS i ʻelua a ʻekolu mau papa. E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo he 5 knm (50 mm) a i ʻole 10 knm (100 mm) ka mānoanoa o nā panela. 

Hōʻike nā code hale no Waena Ko kakou Aina ʻo ka ʻaoʻao insulation ma kahi o 20 cm (200 mm). Ma ka pololei, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia kēia kiʻi ma kekahi palapala, akā ua loaʻa mai ma ka helu ʻana. Ma muli o ka palapala SP 31-105-2002 "Ka hoʻolālā a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale noho ʻohana hoʻokahi me kahi papa lāʻau"¹. 

Inā hoʻohana wale ʻia ka hale i ke kauwela, a laila lawa ka 10 cm (100 mm). No ka hale a me ka papahele +5 cm (50 mm) mai ka mānoanoa o ka insulation i loko o nā paia. Pono e uhi ʻia nā hui o ka papa mua e ka papa ʻelua.

No na wahi anu ʻO Siberia a me ka Far North (KhMAO, Yakutsk, Anadyr, Urengoy, a me nā mea'ē aʻe) heʻelua ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻamau ma mua o Central Our Country. No nā Urals (Chelyabinsk, Perm) Ua lawa ka 250 mm. No nā wahi wela e like me Sochi a me Makhachkala, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi maʻamau maʻamau o 200 mm, no ka mea, ʻo ka insulation thermal ka mea e pale ai i ka hale mai ka wela nui.

Nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka nui o ka insulation

No 10-15 mau makahiki, ʻo ka density kahi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o ka insulation. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka kg no ka m², ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Akā i ka 2022, ʻo nā mea hana maikaʻi loa a pau e like me ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻokahi: ua neʻe ka ʻenehana i mua, a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mea nui. ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā he 20-25 kg ka m², a laila he mea maʻalahi ke kau ʻana ma muli o ka palupalu nui. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka makemake i nā mea me ka nui o 30 kg i ka m². ʻO ka'ōlelo aʻo wale mai nā mea kūkulu hale - ma lalo o ka plaster a me ka sima, koho i kahi mea hoʻomehana me ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka laina.

Coefficient o ka thermal conductivity

E nānā i ka waiwai o ka mea hoʻohenehene wela ("lambda") (λ) ma ka pahu. ʻAʻole pono ka palena ma mua o 0,040 W / m * K. Inā ʻoi aku, a laila ke hana nei ʻoe i kahi huahana kālā. ʻO ka insulation maikaʻi loa no ka hale kiʻi e loaʻa kahi hōʻailona o 0,033 W / m * K a ma lalo.

Pehea ka lōʻihi e mau ai

Hiki ke lawelawe ʻia ka insulation thermal o kahi hale kiʻi a hiki i 50 mau makahiki me ka ʻole o nā loli koʻikoʻi i nā waiwai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono ka mālama. He mea nui e hoʻokomo mua i nā mea āpau - e like me ke kumu o ka pai. Mai waho, pono e pale ʻia ka insulation me nā membrane e pale ai i ka makani a me ka wai. 

Pono e hū ʻia nā āpau ma waena o ke kiʻi (polyurethane foam sealant, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he polyurethane foam). A laila wale nō e hana i ka pahu a me ka pale. E hoʻopili i kahi pale mahu i loko o ka hale.

Mai hoʻomaka i ka hana i ka ua, ʻoi aku ka ua no nā lā ʻelua a he kiʻekiʻe ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ka mea hoʻomehana i ka makū. A laila e loaʻa iā ʻoe ka palaka, fungus. No laila, e nānā i ka wānana o ka wā, e helu i ka manawa a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, a laila e hoʻomau i ka hoʻonohonoho. ʻAʻole i loaʻa ka manawa e hoʻopau ai i ka insulation o ka hale holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka ua? Akā, e hoʻopili i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai i nā wahi me ka insulation thermal.

ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana i nā panela a me nā ʻāpana o ka insulation thermal ma luna o ʻekolu mau mika ma waena o ʻelua mau pahu o ke kiʻi, inā ʻaʻole ia e hāʻule ma lalo o kona kaumaha ponoʻī. No ka pale ʻana i kēia, e hoʻopaʻa i nā lele lele ma waena o nā pā a kau i ka insulation.

I ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka insulation thermal, e hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ka laulā o nā papa he 1-2 cm ka nui ma mua o nā pahu kiʻi. No ka mea he elastic ka mea, e emi iho a ʻaʻole e waiho i kahi lua. Akā ʻaʻole pono e ʻae ʻia ka insulation e kūlou i loko o kahi arc. No laila ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hoʻoikaika a waiho i kahi palena ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 cm.

ʻAʻole kūpono wale no nā paia o waho a me nā kaupaku

Inā mākaukau ʻoe e hoʻolilo i ke kūkulu ʻana i hale e like me ka mea e pono ai, a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka insulation thermal i nā paia ma waena o nā lumi. E hoʻonui kēia i ka pono o ka ikehu holoʻokoʻa (ʻo ia hoʻi e hiki ke mālama i ka hoʻomehana) a lawelawe ma ke ʻano he kani. E hoʻopaʻa pono i ka insulation ma nā uhi papahele ma luna o ke kumu.

E heluhelu i ka lepili o ka mea hana ma ka pahu. Ke ho'āʻo nei nā ʻoihana e wehewehe kikoʻī i nā ʻano (ke ʻano o ka hale, ka laulā, nā mahana hoʻolālā) o kā lākou huahana.

Nā nīnau a me nā pane kaulana

Pane ke KP i na ninau a ka poe heluhelu Escapenow engineer Vadim Akimov.

Kumuwaiwai o

1. https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200029268