"Pehea e hiki ai iā mākou ke manaʻolana e noho aliʻi ka maluhia a me ka pōmaikaʻi ma ka honua inā he mau lua ola ko mākou kino kahi i kanu ʻia ai nā holoholona make?" Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
ʻO kahi kūkākūkā ākea e pili ana i ka hōʻole ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā huahana holoholona, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka meaʻai mea kanu, ka pono no ka hoʻohana pono ʻana a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1878, i ka wā i paʻi ai ka nūpepa Lūkini ʻo Vestnik Evropy i kahi ʻatikala na. Andrey Beketov ma ke kumuhana "The Present and the Future Human Nutrition."
Andrey Beketov – polopeka-botanist a me ka rector o St. Petersburg University ma 1876-1884. Ua kākau ʻo ia i ka hana mua ma ka mōʻaukala o Rūsia ma ke kumuhana o ka vegetarianism. Ua kōkua kāna ʻatikala i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi neʻe e ʻimi nei e hoʻopau i ka paradigm o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, a me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka lehulehu i ka moe kolohe a me ka pōʻino i ke olakino ma muli o ka ʻai ʻana i nā huahana holoholona. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Beketov ua hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻōnaehana digestive kanaka i ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā mea kanu a me nā huaʻai. Ua hoʻopuka pū ka ʻatikala i ka pilikia ʻole o ka hana ʻana i nā holoholona ma muli o ke ʻano o ka mahi ʻana i nā meaʻai holoholona mai nā mea kanu he mea waiwai nui, ʻoiai hiki i ke kanaka ke hoʻohana i kēia mau kumuwaiwai no ka ulu ʻana i nā meaʻai mea kanu no kāna hānai ponoʻī. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā meaʻai mea kanu ma mua o ka ʻiʻo.
Ua hiki mai ʻo Beketov i ka hopena o ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o ke ao nei e alakaʻi i ka hemahema o nā wahi ʻai i loaʻa, kahi e kōkua ai i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hānai pipi. ʻO ka ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka pono o ka meaʻai o nā mea kanu a me nā meaʻai holoholona, ua manaʻo ʻo ia he manaʻo hoʻowahāwahā a ua manaʻo maoli ʻo ia e hiki i ke kanaka ke loaʻa i ka ikaika e pono ai mai ke aupuni mea kanu. I ka pau ʻana o kāna ʻatikala, hōʻike ʻo ia i nā kumu kūpono no ka hōʻole ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā huahana holoholona: "ʻO ka hōʻike kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hanohano a me ka pono o ke kanaka ke aloha i nā mea ola āpau, no nā mea āpau e noho nei i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole wale no nā kānaka. . ʻAʻole hiki i kēlā aloha ke pili i ka pepehi nui ʻana i nā holoholona. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo ka hōʻole ʻana i ka hoʻokahe koko ka hōʻailona mua o ke kanaka. (Andrey Beketov, 1878)
ʻO Lev Tolstoy ʻo ia ka mea mua, 14 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻopuka ʻia ʻana o ka ʻatikala a Beketov, nāna i hoʻohuli i ka maka o ka poʻe i loko o nā hale pepehi kanaka a haʻi i nā mea e hana nei i loko o ko lākou mau pā. I ka makahiki 1892, ua paʻi ʻo ia i kahi ʻatikala i kapa ʻia ʻo , ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka resonance i loko o ke kaiāulu a ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia e kona mau hoa o ka "Bible of Russian Vegetarianism." Ma kāna ʻatikala, ua hoʻoikaika ʻo ia e hiki i ke kanaka ke lilo i kanaka makua ʻuhane wale nō ma ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻololi iā ia iho. ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana i ka meaʻai o nā holoholona he hōʻailona ia he koʻikoʻi a ʻoiaʻiʻo ka makemake no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana iā ia iho.
Ua kamaʻilio ʻo Tolstoy e pili ana i ke kipa ʻana i kahi hale pepehi kanaka ma Tula, a ʻo kēia wehewehe paha ka ʻāpana ʻeha loa o ka hana a Tolstoy. Ke hōʻike nei i ka weliweli o ka mea e hana nei, kākau ʻo ia "ʻaʻohe o mākou kuleana e hoʻāpono iā mākou iho ma ka naʻaupō. ʻAʻole mākou he ostriches, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole pono mākou e noʻonoʻo inā ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike i kekahi mea me ko mākou mau maka ponoʻī, a laila ʻaʻole hiki. (Leo Tolstoy, , 1892).
Me Leo Tolstoy, makemake wau e haʻi aku i nā mea kaulana e like me Ilya Repin - paha kekahi o nā mea pena kiʻi Lūkini nui loa, Nikolai Ge – mea pena kaulana Nikolay Leskov - he mea kākau, no ka manawa mua ma ka moʻolelo o ka palapala Lūkini, i hōʻike i ka meaʻai meaʻai ma ke ʻano nui (, 1889 a, 1890).
Ua hoʻohuli ʻo Leo Tolstoy iā ia iho i ka vegetarianism i ka makahiki 1884. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua pōkole ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā meaʻai kanu, a ma hope o kekahi manawa ua hoʻi ʻo ia i ka ʻai ʻana i nā hua manu, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lole ʻili a me nā huahana hulu.
ʻO kekahi kanaka Lūkini kaulana a me ka meaʻai meaʻai - Paolo Troubetzkoy, he mea kālai kiʻi kaulana a me ka mea pena kiʻi i hōʻike iā Leo Tolstoy lāua ʻo Bernard Shaw, nāna i hana i hoʻomanaʻo no Alexander III. ʻO ia ka mea mua i hōʻike i ka manaʻo o ka vegetarianism i ke kiʻi - "Divoratori di cadaveri" 1900.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻomanaʻo i nā wahine maikaʻi ʻelua i hoʻopili i ko lākou ola me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka vegetarianism, ke ʻano etika i nā holoholona ma Rusia: Natalia Nordman и Anna Barikova.
Ua hoʻolauna mua ʻo Natalia Nordman i ke kumumanaʻo a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa o ka meaʻai maka i ka wā i hāʻawi ai ʻo ia i kahi haʻiʻōlelo e pili ana i ke kumuhana i ka makahiki 1913. He paʻakikī ke overestimate i ka hana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana o Anna Barikova, nāna i unuhi a paʻi i ʻelima mau puke o John Guy ma ke kumuhana o ka lokoino. ka hana hoopunipuni a me ka moe kolohe i na holoholona.