ʻO ka viscera ʻōpū nā ʻōnaehana a pau i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. ʻO kēia mau lālā āpau i ka hana i nā hana nui ʻekolu: digestion, purification and reproduction. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopili ʻia e kekahi mau pathology maʻamau (ka hoʻā, nā tumors, malformations) a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻē aʻe i kikoʻī ʻia i kēlā me kēia meaola. 

ʻO ka viscera ʻōpū nā ʻōnaehana a pau i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.

ʻO ka viscera o ka digestive tract

• ʻO ka ʻōpū: kahi mana muscular hollow i ke ʻano o ka pī, aia ia ma waena o ka esophagus a me ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi;
• ʻO ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi: komo pū kekahi me kahi ʻāpana paʻa, ʻo ka duodenum, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia a puni ka pancreas, a me kahi ʻāpana pūnaewele, ʻo ka jejuno-ileum i haku ʻia he 15 a 16 paha nā lou i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka U i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma hope o kekahi.
• ʻO ke kolonā, a i ʻole ka ʻōpū nui, aia ia ma waena o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi a me ka pololei;
• ʻO ka rectum ka mahele o ka digestive tract.

Hoʻopili ka viscera i ka digestive tract 

• ʻO ke akepaʻa: aia ma lalo o ka diaphragm, ʻo ia ka mea nui i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka. Triangular i kona ʻano, he ʻano ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula kona, palupalu a palupalu, a he ʻoluʻolu kona ʻili. Hana ʻia ia i ʻehā mau lobes;
• ʻO ke kīhāpai gall: kahi kīʻaha liʻiliʻi e waiho ana ma lalo o ke ake, pili ia i ke kahena o ka bile nui (ʻo kekahi o nā auwai e hoʻokahe i ka bile i hūnā ʻia e ke akepaʻa) e ke kaʻi cystic;
• ʻO ka pancreas: aia ma hope o ka ʻōpū, ʻelua ʻāpana o kēia gland me ka huna o loko a me waho.
• ʻO ka spleen: kahi spongy, nā mea palupalu e pili ana i ka nui o ka lima, aia ma lalo pono o ka iwi ʻaoʻao;
• Nā hakuʻala: nā mea ʻāpana ʻano ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, aia ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka iwi kuamoʻo. ʻO ke anakahi hana o ke kōpaʻa, i kapa ʻia ka nephron, hana ʻia i kahi lālā kānana (ka glomerulus) a me kahi ʻokana no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka mimi (ka tubule).

ʻO ka ʻōpū, ka pūpū a me nā mea kōkua (bladder, prostate, urethra) nā viscera urogenital.

Hoʻopili ka viscera ʻōpū i nā hana nui ʻekolu:

ʻO ka digestion

I loko o ka digestive tract, hoʻololi ʻia ka meaʻai i loko o ka meaʻai i mau kemikala maʻalahi i hiki ke hele i loko o ke kahe o ke koko.

• Hana ka ʻōpū i kahi hana pālua: kahi hana mechanical (hoʻowali i ka meaʻai) a me kahi hana kemika (loaʻa i ka ʻōpū ka waikawa hydrochloric e hoʻopau ai i ka meaʻai, a hūnā ia i ka pepsin, kahi enzyme e wāwahi i nā protein.);
• I loko o ka ʻōpū, nā ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū (nā mea i hana ʻia e ka pancreas) a me ka bile i hoʻopuka ʻia e ke akepaʻa e hoʻololi i nā protein, lipids a me nā carbohydrates i mau mea i hiki ke assimilated e ke kino;
• ʻO ke kolone kahi kahi e pau ai ka digestion mahalo i ka hana o ka microbial flora ma laila. ʻO ia pū kekahi iʻa wai kahi e hoʻopau ʻia ai nā koena meaʻai;
• Hoʻopiha ka pololei i nā stools i loko o ke kolona, ​​e hopena ana i ka pono e heʻe.

Pili pū ke akepaʻa i ka digestion:

• Hoʻoponopono ia i ke kō i ke kō e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka glucose i glycogen;
• Hoʻopau ia i nā ʻakika momona ʻai i nā huahana o ka waiwai nui o ka ikehu;
• Hoʻopaʻa ia i nā amino acid e hana i nā protein a laila mālama iā lākou a i ʻole e hoʻokuʻu iā lākou e hele i ke kahe o ke koko e like me ka makemake o ke kino.

Huikala

Hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻōpala a mea ʻona paha i loko o ke kino e:

• ʻO ke akepaʻa, ka mea noʻonoʻo i ka bile i nā mea e kiki ʻia mai kahi e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i ke koko i hala iā ia;
• ʻO nā puʻupaʻa, nāna e hoʻopau i nā ʻōpala nitrogenous a me nā toxins hiki ke hoʻonā ʻia e ka wai e ka mimi ʻana;
• ʻO ka puhā, e hōʻiliʻili i ka mimi e hoʻopau ʻia.

Ka hana kope

Hoʻopili ka puki a me ka uterus i ka hānau hou.

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻōpū e nā ʻano abnormalities a me nā pathologies:

• ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻeha i loko o ka ʻōpū hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hōʻino i ka ʻōpū, i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻaelike a me ke alo o ka ea i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.
• Gastritis: ka wā mau a hoʻokaʻawale paha i ka uhi o ka ʻōpū
• Ulcer ʻōpū: nalo o nā mea mai ka pale o ka ʻōpū
• Nā Tumors: hiki iā lākou ke benign a i ʻole ka maʻi ʻaʻai
• Kahe ʻana o ka ʻōpū: hiki i kēia ma muli o ka ulcer, cancer, a i ʻole hemorrhagic gastritis

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻōpū e nā ʻano he nui i hiki ke alakaʻi i ka ālai, diarrhea, a i ʻole ke kīnā i ke kaʻina e neʻe i ka meaʻai ma o ka pale o ke kōpū (malabsorption):

• Congenital anatomical abnormalities e like me ka hikiki a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōpū (congenital atresia)
• ʻO nā Tumors
• Wili o ka ʻōpū a puni kona kiko o ka hoʻopili (volvulus)
• Ka hoʻohaunaele o ka naʻau (enteritis)
• Puʻu ʻōpū
• Intearinal a mesenteric infarction (hoʻi i hope o ka peritoneum i loaʻa i nā moku e hānai i ka ʻōpū)

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ke kolona e kēia mau pathology:

• ʻO ka hoʻowahāwahā o ke kolona o ka maʻi koʻohune, ʻona, parasite, viral a me autoimmune kumu. Hiki ke hopena i ka palahī, a i kekahi manawa ke kuni
• ʻO nā tumors i hōʻike ʻia e nā hemorrhages, nā hōʻeha o ka constipation a i ʻole ke kahakaha ʻana o ka ʻōpū
• ʻO kahi colopathy hana, me ka ʻole o ka hana ʻino, i hōʻike ʻia e like me spasms a i ʻole diarrhea.

ʻO nā pathologies e hoʻopili i ka rectum penei:

• ʻO nā hōʻeha hōʻeha i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kino haole, nā papahana a i ʻole ke kau ʻana
• ʻO ka hoʻohaunaele o ka pololei (proctitis): pinepine i ka wā o ka maʻi hemorrhoid, hiki iā lākou ke lilo i ke kula kiʻekiʻe i ka irradiation therapeutic o ka pelvis.
• Benign (polyps) a i ʻole nā ​​tumors cancerous

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ke akepaʻa e ka lehulehu o nā pathology:

• ʻO Hepatitis ka mumū o ke akepaʻa o nā mea ʻino, viral, bacterial a i ʻole kumu kūmole
• ʻO Cirrhosis ka maʻi degenerative o ke akepaʻa akepaʻa ma muli o ka waiʻona (80% o nā hihia) a i ʻole nā ​​kūlana ʻē aʻe (ka maʻi hepa, ka maʻi o Wilson, ka ālai ʻana i nā aʻa aʻa, a pēlā aku.)
• ʻO nā maʻi Parasitic, me ka maʻi fluke o ka ate i ʻaelike pinepine ʻia mai ka ʻai ʻana i ka watercress hihiu
• ʻO nā abscesses o ke akepaʻa o ka parasite a i ʻole ke kumu bacteria
• Nā Tumiko Benign (cholangiomas, fibroids, hemangiomas)
• ʻO ke kanesa ate mua e ulu ana mai nā hunaola ate

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ke akepaʻa i ka wā o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi (hiki ʻole i ka puʻuwai, pericarditis, embolism arterial, thrombosis, a me nā mea like ʻole) a me nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole, e like me ka granulomatosis, thesaurismosis, glycogenosis a i ʻole ke kanesa o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ke ake. ʻO ka hope loa, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā pōpilikia hepatic i ka wā hāpai.

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā puʻupaʻa e nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me nā mea i hōʻino ʻia a me ke ʻano o ka leona:

• ʻO ka glomerulopathies mua, e pili ana i ka glomerulus, hiki ke lilo i mau manawa a ʻoi aku ka holomua a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e holomua i ka hōʻino ʻole o ke kōpaʻa mau. ʻO lākou ka hopena i kahi hoʻopau a ʻoi aku paha ka nui o ka nui i ka mimi o nā protein i mālama mau ʻia e ka glomerulus. Pili pinepine lākou me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mimi i loko o ke koko (hematuria) a i kekahi manawa me ke koko kiʻekiʻe;
• Hōʻike ʻia nā glomerulopathies lua i ka wā o nā maʻi āpau e like me amyloidosis a me diabetes.
• Hoʻopōʻino nā tubulopathies i ka paipu i hiki ke paʻakikī ke hana ʻia e ka lawe ʻana i kahi mea ʻona, a i ʻole wā mau. I ka hihia ʻelua, hopena lākou i kahi kīnā o hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha nā hana tubular 
• ʻO nā kūlana puʻupaʻa e hoʻopili i nā mea kākoʻo ma waena o nā puʻupaʻa ʻelua, i kapa ʻia he nephropathies interstitial, ka hopena pinepine mai ka maʻi urinary tract;
• ʻO nā kūlana e hoʻopili i nā moku i nā puʻupaʻa, i kapa ʻia nā nephropathies vascular, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka nephrotic syndrome a i ʻole ke koko kiʻekiʻe. 
• Nā malformations hakuʻala e like me hypoplasia (ʻole i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi aʻa a i ʻole organ) a i ʻole polycystosis (holomua nā helehelena o nā cist ma ka tubule) he maʻa mau 
• ʻO ke kōpaʻa maikaʻi ʻole kahi hōʻemi a hoʻopau paha i ka hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka puʻupaʻa. ʻO nā hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka urea a me ka creatinine (kahi neoneo o ka metabolism) i loko o ke koko, me ka edema a me ke koko kiʻekiʻe. 
• Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā puʻupaʻa e nā ʻano ʻoki kino e like me ka trauma ma muli o ka haʻalulu i ka lumbar, nā maʻi a i ʻole nā ​​ʻeha tumo. 
• ʻO ka nephroptosis (a i ʻole he puʻupaʻa i iho mai) kahi maʻi i hōʻike ʻia e ka neʻe ʻole a me kahi haʻahaʻa o ka puʻupaʻa.

Hoʻopilikia ʻia paha ka ʻōpala e nā malformations kūlohelohe (piha a hapa hapa paha o ka ʻōpala, nā paku), nā ʻūhū a i ʻole nā ​​fistula e pili ai ka puʻupaʻa me ka digestive tract a i ʻole ka urinary tract. ʻO kahi kūlana hoʻoweliweli i ka uhi ʻana o ka ʻōpū, i kapa ʻia ʻo vaginitis, nā hopena i ka hoʻokuʻu keʻokeʻo, ka puhi ʻana, ka ʻili ʻana, a me ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻole me ka moekolohe.

He mau kīnā hānau paha ka uterus (pālua, septate, a i ʻole unicornuate uterus) i kumu e infertility, abortions, a i ʻole abnormal fetal presentations. Hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i nā mea kūpono ʻole o ke kūlana, a i ʻole ka noho o nā maʻi a i ʻole nā ​​maʻi ʻino maikaʻi a malignant paha.

Hiki ke hōʻeha ka pūpū. Hiki i ka hoʻemi o ke kahe o ka mimi ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pōhaku i loko o ka ʻai. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻōpala o ka maʻi he mimi koko.

Hiki i ka urethra ke kahua o kahi koʻikoʻi, kahi pōhaku a i ʻole kahi tumo.

ʻO ke kūlana maʻamau o ka prostate ka prostatic adenoma, kahi maʻi puʻupuʻu benign e like me ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻana o ka urination, nā loli i ke ʻano, a i kekahi manawa ka paʻa nui o ka mimi. Hiki i ka prostate ke kahua o ka maʻi ʻaʻai a i ʻole ke kuni.

ʻO nā maʻi o ka ʻōnaehana digestive (ʻōpū, ʻōpū, kolona, ​​kele, ate, pancreas, gall bladder, spleen) mālama ʻia e ka gastroenterologist. I nā hanana o nā maʻi pololei pololei, hiki i ke kūkākūkā ʻana me kahi proctologist (ka loea i ka pākū a me ka anus). Hiki ke lawelawe ʻia nā pathologies o ke akepaʻa, nā mānoanoa a me nā aʻa o ka bile me kahi kikoʻī e kēia loea, ka hepatologist.

Hāʻawi ʻia kahi mālama olakino o nā pathology kidney e kahi nephrologist, a me nā pathologies o ka ʻōnaehana wahine (pūnana, uterus) e kahi gynecologist.

ʻO nā maʻi e pili ana i ka urinary tract (bladder, urethra) a me nā genitalia kāne (prostate) mālama ʻia e kahi urologist. Hāʻawi pū ka mea hope i ka hoʻokele ʻoki ʻana o nā maʻi o ka puʻupaʻa a i ʻole ka maʻi genital o ka wahine.

Ka hoʻokolokolo hoʻokolohua

Hoʻopili ia i ka palpation a me ka percussion o ka ʻōpū i hiki ke hiki ke ʻike i nā loli nui i ka nui a me ke kūpaʻa o ke ake, a i ʻole e ʻike i kahi puʻupaʻa nui.

ʻImi hana

Aia kahi o nā hoʻokolohua holoʻokoʻa e mākaʻikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka holo ʻana o ka viscera ʻōpū ʻokoʻa.

Hiki ke ʻimi ʻia ka hana huna a ka pancreas e:

• ʻO kahi hoʻāʻo o kahi enzyme (amylase) i ke koko a me ka mimi
• ʻO Duodenal tubing: hoʻolauna ʻia kahi kuʻina i loko o ka duodenum e hōʻiliʻili i ke kōpaʻa pancreatic i loaʻa ma hope o ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana i ka excretion o ka momona.
• ʻO kahi nīnaninau: ʻo ka lawa ʻole o ka pancreatic ke kumu o ka digestion maikaʻi ʻole e hopena ai i nā noho aliʻi momona, nā momona a me nā momona

ʻO ka ʻimi maʻamau o ka puʻupaʻa e:

• ʻO kahi ninaninau kemikala o ka mimi e ʻike ai i ka hoʻopau ʻia o nā protein i ka mimi e hōʻike ana i kahi hana o ke kānana hana o ka glomerulus
• Urea a me nā creatinine koko e hoʻāʻo e nānā i ka hopena o ke kōkō hoʻomaʻemaʻe koko

X-kukuna o ka ʻōpū

• ʻIke i nā kino haole i loko o ka ʻōpū
• ʻO ka maʻiʻeha
• Ke radiological ninaninau 'ana o ka opu hiki ia e kahi highlightuli i inflammations o ka uhi o ka opu

Pākuʻi uila Digestive

Loaʻa iā ia e ale i kahi huahana opaque i nā kukuna X a me ke aʻo ʻana i ka holomua o kēia huahana ma o ka esophagus, ʻōpū, duodenum a me nā dile bile. Hāʻawi ia i kahi noiʻi morphological o nā paia o loko o kēia mau ʻano ʻokoʻa. Pono ka hoʻokē ʻai e ʻae ai i ka huahana e pili i nā paia digestive. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka hōʻailona o ke kahe o ka gastric.

Hoʻoponopono

Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia hoʻokolohua ʻana i ka hoʻolauna ʻana i kahi Tube optika i hoʻokomo ʻia me kahi ʻōnaehana i loko o ka lua e nānā iā ia. Ke nānā ka endoscopy i ka ʻōpū, duodenum, ate, a i ʻole nā ​​genital, kapa ʻia ka hōʻike he endoscopy esogastroduodenal a i ʻole "esogastroduodenal endoscopy, a hoʻokomo ʻia ka paipu ma o ka waha. Ke hana ʻia e nānā i ke kolona, ​​ke ake, ka bladder, a i ʻole ke kiko, e hoʻolauna ʻia ka endoscope ma o ka anus. Hana ʻia ʻo Endoscopy i kikoʻī no ke kuhi o ka hemorrhage gastric, ka maʻi ʻaʻai o ka ʻōpū, ka maʻi tumo, ka maʻi kolona inflammatory, nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ke ake, a pēlā aku.

Scintigraphy

Kāhea ʻia hoʻi ka radiography gamma, pili ia i ka nānā ʻana i kahi ʻokana mahalo i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana ma kāna pae o nā mea kemika e hoʻopuka i nā kukuna gamma. Mahalo i kahi mea huli hipa e neʻe ana i ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻilikai e aʻo ʻia, loaʻa kahi kiʻi o ka meaola kahi e hōʻike ai ka nui radioactive i ka mahele o ka lāʻau paʻa. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Scintigraphy e mākaʻikaʻi:

• Akepaʻa Hiki iā ia ke kahakaha i nā cista, nā abscesses, nā tumors a i ʻole nā ​​metastases.
• ʻO ka puʻupaʻa. ʻAe ia e hoʻohālikelike i ka symmetry o nā puʻupaʻa ʻelua.