ʻO kekahi o nā kī kahiko o Kina, ua hele mai ka inoa mai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Puʻer, kahi a hiki i ke kenekulia XNUMXth i hoʻohana ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa ma kahi o ke kālā. No nā makahiki he nui i nā mākeke o Tibet a me Mongolia, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka pu-erh i nā lio, a i kēia manawa wale nō ke hoʻomaka nei e loaʻa ka kaulana maoli ma Rusia. ʻO ke kī kilokilo, ka lāʻau lapaʻau maoli, ka nani a me ke kī o ka ʻōpio, ka inu o ka mōʻī, ka waiwai aupuni o Kina - pili kēia iā ia.
I ka wā o ka mōʻī Tang (618-907), ua lawe ʻia ʻo pu-erh i Tibet mai nā wahi like ʻole. No ka maʻalahi o ka lawe ʻana, ua kaomi ʻia i loko o nā pancakes a me nā pōhaku lepo, lawe ʻia ma nā kaʻa. I loko o ka huakaʻi lōʻihi, ua hoʻololi ke aniau a me ke aniau mai ka maloʻo a i ka haʻahaʻa loa; No laila, i ka hiki ʻana aku o ka huakaʻi i Tibet, ua lilo ka pu-erh mai ke kī ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ke kī ʻeleʻele palupalu. No laila ua maʻalahi ʻo ia i ka fermentation ma muli o ka pulu mua a maloʻo. Ua ʻike ka poʻe i kēia hoʻololi a lilo ʻo Pu-erh i mea kaulana i ka papa luna o ke kaiāulu.
Aia ʻo Puer City ma ke kikowaena o ka ʻāina ʻo Yunnan. ʻAʻole i hana ʻia ke kī ma ke kūlanakauhale ponoʻī, aia wale nō ka mākeke nui loa, kahi i lawe ʻia ai ke kī mai nā mauna kokoke loa a me nā ʻāina no ke kālepa. Mai kēia kūlanakauhale i haʻalele ai nā kaʻa kaʻa - a ua kapa ʻia nā kī a pau o kēia mau wahi he "puer".
He aha nā mea i loko?
ʻO ka ʻono o ka pu-erh he kikoʻī: makemake ʻoe a huli ʻole paha me ka huhū. ʻO ka mea nui, loaʻa i ka pu-erh kahiko kahi ʻono kikoʻī, kahi i pili mua i ka mālama ʻana (maloʻo a maloʻo paha). Inā maikaʻi ke ʻano o ka sheng pu-erh ʻōpio, a laila ʻono ia. Ma keʻano laulā, heʻokoʻa loa kaʻono o ka pu-erh a hiki i nā mea a pau ke loaʻa i nā "notes" i ko lākou makemake.
ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pilina kanaka me ke kī e iho i ka mōʻaukala no nā millennia ma mua o ka haʻi ʻia ʻana ma ka palapala. I ka wā mua, inu ʻia ke kī e nā shamans mai nā ʻohana kūloko, nā mea hoʻōla a me nā kilokilo e noho ana i ka ululāʻau a hoʻohana iā ia e hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻuhane, kino a me ka noʻonoʻo, e hoʻōla i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a hāʻawi i ka naʻauao i nā haumāna. Ma hope mai, ua aloha pū nā mea ho'ōla Taoist i ke kī. A hiki i kēia lā, hoʻomana kekahi mau ʻohana ma Yunnai i nā lāʻau pu-erh kahiko. Manaʻo lākou ʻo nā mea ola a pau a me nā kānaka ponoʻī no lākou.
Huahana huna
Ua manaʻo mau ʻia ʻo Kina he ʻāina e hōʻike ʻole i kāna mau mea huna. Ua mālama pono ʻia nā mea huna o ka hana ʻana mai ka wā kahiko. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka honua hou o ka ʻenehana ʻike, aneane ʻaʻohe mea huna i koe. Eia nō naʻe, i mea e hoʻokō pono ai i nā pae āpau o ka hana pu-erh, pono ʻoe i ka ʻike nui.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hana ʻia ka pu-erh maikaʻi loa ma ka ʻāina ʻo Xi Shuan Ban Na. Aia 6 mau mauna kī kaulana - ʻo ka pu-erh i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma kēia mau wahi i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka moʻolelo o nā mauna mai ka luna kaulana ʻo Zhu Ge Liang (181-234). Ua waiho ʻo ia i nā mea like ʻole ma kēlā me kēia mauna i lilo i inoa no kēia mau mauna: ʻo Yu Le copper gong, ka ipu keleawe a Man Zhi, Man Zhuang hao, ka noho lio Ge Dan, Yi Bang lāʻau kuʻi, ʻeke hua a Man Sa. Ma ka ʻohana aliʻi ʻo Qing (1644-1911) ua kaulana ka ʻohi pu-erh ma nā mauna ʻo Yi Wu - ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea maikaʻi loa a hāʻawi ʻia i ka mōʻī.
I ka wā kahiko, lōʻihi a paʻakikī nā ala kalepa ma waena o nā wao ua hoʻoulu ʻia i ka fermentation maoli (fermentation), no laila ua hele ke kī ma ke alanui, ʻoiai ʻo ka maka, a "hoʻomaʻa" i ka hele. Pehea e hana ʻia ai ke kī i kēia lā? E haʻi ʻia nā mea huna a pau e Denis Mikhailov, he haumāna o ke kula ʻo Cha Dao "Tea Hermit's Hut". Ma mua o 8 mau makahiki, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ke kiʻi kī, ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka Moscow "Tea Hut" a me ka mea nāna i hana i ka hale kūʻai kī kī "Puerchik".
Denis: "Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Spring ka manawa maikaʻi loa no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka pu-erh, ma ka liʻiliʻi o ka hāʻule. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka pu-erh ʻo Mao Cha (ke kī koʻikoʻi) - he mau lau i hana ʻia. A laila kaomi ʻia lākou i loko o nā "pancakes" a waiho ʻole ʻia.
ʻO nā kiko'ī hana e like me kēia. Lawe ʻia nā lau hou i ʻohi ʻia i loko o ka hale a waiho ʻia ma luna o nā moena ʻohe no ka mae. ʻO ke kumu o ka maloʻo, ʻo ia ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa iki ʻana i ka makū o nā lau i lilo lākou i mea maʻalahi a ʻaʻole e pōʻino i ka hana hou ʻana. Pono e hana pono ʻia ka maloʻo ʻana i ʻole e oxidize nā lau ma mua o ka pono. Waiho ʻia nā lau kī e maloʻo no kekahi manawa ma waho, a laila waiho ʻia i loko o kahi wahi hoʻoluʻu maikaʻi.
Hoʻopili ʻia kēia me kahi kaʻina hana i loko o ka ipuhao Sha Qing kahi e wehe ʻia ai ka ʻono maka o nā lau (he ʻawaʻawa loa kekahi mau mea kanu e ʻai koke). Ma Yunnan, ke hana mau ʻia nei ke kaʻina hana ma ka lima, i loko o nā woks nui (nā pā palai kuʻuna Kina) a ma luna o ke ahi wahie. Ma hope o ka ʻala ʻana, ʻōwili ʻia nā lau - me ka lima pū, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻenehana kūikawā (kahi hana e like me ke kāwili ʻana i ka palaoa). Hoʻopau kēia i ke ʻano cellular o nā lau, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka oxidation a me ka fermentation. A laila maloʻo ke kī e hiki mai ana i ka lā. Pono e hana me ka akahele loa i ʻole e hōʻino i nā lau. ʻO ka pinepine, maloʻo nā lau i ke kakahiaka nui a i ke ahiahi paha, ke ikaika ʻole ka lā. Ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana, mākaukau ʻo Mao Cha. A laila hoʻomaka lākou e māhele i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka maikaʻi o ka lau.
ʻO nā ʻano ʻelua ʻokoʻa loa o ka hana ʻana i ka pu-erh, ʻo ia ka ʻai ʻana i ka ipuhao Sha Qing a maloʻo i ka lā. ʻAʻole pono ka ʻai ʻana i ka pu-erh e hoʻōki i ka oxidation, akā ʻo ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ka lā e hāʻawi i ka inu e hiki mai ana i kahi ʻono, ʻano a me ka ʻala. ʻO ia kaʻina hana e kōkua i ka ikehu o nā mauna a me ka ululāʻau, kahi i ulu ai ke kī, e noho lōʻihi i loko.
Pu-erh kahiko a hou
Nui ka poʻe i hauʻoli ma hope o nā huaʻōlelo "wild puer". ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā kumulāʻau ʻāhiu he mau mea kanu kahiko i mālama ʻia i hoʻokahi haneli a ʻoi aku paha nā makahiki. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā mea hihiu mua - ʻo ia nā mea e ulu kūlohelohe i ke ʻano - a kanu ʻia e nā kānaka, no nā haneli mau makahiki i holo hihiu a hui pū me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.
I ka honua hou, ua loaʻa iā Pu-erh kona kaulana ma Hong Kong, kahi i hoʻolako ʻia mai ka hopena o ka Qing Dynasty. Ma Kina ponoʻī i kēlā manawa ʻaʻole ia i kaulana a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke kī koʻikoʻi. Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa ma Hong Kong, ua oʻo koke ʻo pu-erh a loaʻa i nā mea akamai he nui. E like me ka waina, hoʻololi kēia kī i ka manawa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻo ia ke kumu i huki ai ka manaʻo o nā ʻohi he nui i kēlā manawa. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ma hope o kēlā, hoʻomaka ka emi ʻana o nā waihona o ka pu-erh kahiko. A laila hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Shu pu-erh (ʻoi aku ka nui ma lalo). Ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1990, ua kaulana ka pu-erh kahiko ma Taiwan. ʻO ka poʻe o Taiwan ka poʻe mua i hele i Yunnan e hana i kā lākou pu-erh ponoʻī. Hoʻoikaika nui lākou i kāna aʻo ʻana a hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻihoʻi i nā ʻano hana kahiko. No ka laʻana, mai ka makahiki 1950 a hiki i ka makahiki 1990, ua hana nui ʻia ka pu-erh mai nā kumu lāʻau liʻiliʻi - ma ke ʻano he kī liʻiliʻi a me ke koʻikoʻi, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka pu-erh maoli o nā kumulāʻau kahiko, i hana ʻia ma ke ala maikaʻi loa e ka poʻe kī, i kaulana hou. I ka makahiki 2000 wale nō i hoʻomaka hou ai ka pu-erh i Kina.
ʻO Denis: "ʻElua ʻano nui o ka pu-erh: sheng ('ōmaʻomaʻo) a me ka shu (ʻeleʻele). ʻO Sheng pu-erh nā lau i hana ʻia a hiki i ka mokuʻāina ʻo mao cha. Ma hope o kēlā, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo mua ʻia, kaomi ʻia ke kī i loko o nā "pancakes" a waiho ʻole ʻia. A laila, i kona wā kahiko, lilo ia i pu-erh sheng kahiko. ʻO Shu pu-erh kahi sheng pu-erh i hana ʻia e Wo Dui. No kona hoʻomākaukauʻana, ua ahuʻiaʻo Mao Cha, nininiʻia me ka wai kūikawā mai kahi punawai a uhiʻia me kahi lole. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina, kahi e loaʻa ai ka pu-erh ʻeleʻele mai ka pu-erh ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1970, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻopili i nā ʻano o ka sheng pu-erh kahiko, e lawe ana i nā makahiki he mau makahiki. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana hou i loko o ka mahina i ka hana o ke ʻano i 70-100 mau makahiki. Akā ʻo kēia ke ʻano o ka pu-erh hou.
No ka sheng pu-erh (ʻaʻole like me ka shu), he mea nui nā mea maka. Hana ʻia kahi sheng pu-erh maikaʻi mai nā mea maka maikaʻi loa mai nā kumu lāʻau kahiko i ʻohi ʻia i ka puna a me ka hāʻule. A ma shu pu-erh, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻenehana fermentation. ʻO ka maʻamau, hana ʻia ka shu pu-erh mai nā lāʻau hōʻiliʻili kauwela. Eia naʻe, hana ʻia ka shu maikaʻi loa mai ka ʻohi puna.
Nui nā mauna kahi e ulu ai ka pu-erh, a no laila, he nui nā ʻono a me nā ʻala like ʻole. Akā aia nā ʻokoʻa nui: ʻo ka sheng pu-erh ʻōpio maʻamau ka infusion ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kahi ʻono pua-hua a me ka ʻala. ʻO ka infusion o ka shu pu-erh he ʻeleʻele i ka waihoʻoluʻu, a ʻo ka ʻono a me ka ʻala he momona, malt a me ka lepo. He mea maikaʻi ʻo Shu pu-erh no ka hoʻomehana ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo sheng ʻōpio maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻomaha.
Aia kekahi pu-erh keʻokeʻo - ʻo sheng pu-erh kēia, i hana ʻia me nā puʻupaʻa. A ʻo ka pu-erh poni he sheng pu-erh mai nā kumulāʻau hihiu me nā lau poni.
Pehea e koho ai a hoʻomaʻamaʻa?
Denis: "E aʻo mua wau e koho i ka pu-erh organik. Hoʻoulu ʻia kēia kī me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i nā mea kanu kemika, nā pesticides a me nā herbicides. ʻO ia pu-erh he Qi ikaika (tea ikehu), he hopena maikaʻi kona i ke kino. ʻO ke kī i ulu me ka "chemistry" he liʻiliʻi qi a maikaʻi ʻole. Inā he mea ʻai ʻoe a alakaʻi i kahi nohona olakino, e maʻalahi iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka Qi o ke kī kūlohelohe a hauʻoli iā ia i ka piha.
Nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no nā mea aloha pu-erh hoʻomaka: Pono e kūʻaiʻia ka shu pu-erh mai nā mea hana nui - hiki iā lākou ke uku i ka sterility o ka hanaʻana, he mea nui i ka hanaʻana i kēia kī. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o Sheng pu-erh e kūʻai i loko o nā hale kūʻai kī – he mau hale kūʻai kī kī kēia e hana ana i ke kī iā lākou iho a i ʻole e hoʻomalu i ke kaʻina hana.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pu-erh organik mai nā kumulāʻau kahiko i ʻohi ʻia, akā hiki ke hana ʻia ka shu pu-erh mai nā lāʻau.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā pu-erh āpau me ka wai paila (ma kahi o 98 degere). Me ka sheng pu-erh, pono ʻoe e makaʻala a helu pono i kona nui, i ʻole e lilo ka inu i ʻawaʻawa. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka inu ʻana o Sheng pu-erh mai nā kīʻaha. Hiki ke waiho ʻia ka sheng pu-erh i loko o ke pola (ke kīʻaha nui) a ninini wale ʻia me ka wai paila - ʻo ia ke ala maʻalahi loa e inu ai i ke kī. Hoʻopili kēia ala iā mākou me ke ʻano: he kīʻaha wale nō, lau a me ka wai. Inā paʻi ʻia ke kī, a laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kīʻaha, a laila ninini i loko o nā kīʻaha. Inā makemake mākou e ʻike i nā ʻaoʻao maʻalahi a me nā nuances o ka ʻono o ka pu-erh, a laila pono e hoʻohana ʻia me ke ʻano Gongfu. ʻO Gongfu kahi kīʻaha pālolo Yixing a me nā kīʻaha porcelain liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kī i kēia ala - no ka laʻana, 15-30 makahiki sheng no kēlā me kēia.
ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa ʻo Shu pu-erh i ka hana ʻana (e hana ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka brewing), maikaʻi ia ʻoiai ke hoʻokomo ikaika ʻia. I kekahi manawa, i ka pau ʻana o ka inu ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka chrysanthemum hau i ka shu pu-erh a hoʻomau i ka inu ʻana. A e hele maikaʻi nā ʻōpuʻu mai nā lāʻau Ya Bao hihiu. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia mau kī ka mea maikaʻi loa no ka hana ʻana.
Nā Mea Hoʻohanohano
ʻO Denis: "ʻElima mau mea e hana ai i ka pu-erh tea kūikawā:
1 wahi. ʻO ka ʻāina ʻo Yunnan kahi ululāʻau kupua e haʻalulu me ke ola. He home ia ma luna o 25% o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu āpau e noho ana ma Kina. ʻO nā mea kanu āpau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna Kina mai Yunnan mai a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke kī ka lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi loa i waena o lākou. Nui nā mea kanu a pau ma ʻaneʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe.
2) Nā lāʻau kahiko. ʻO ka lāʻau pu-erh kahiko loa he 3500 mau makahiki. No ia mau mea kanu ke kī a pau. He kumu lōʻihi ko ia mau lāʻau kahiko e komo ai ka ikehu o ka lā a me ka mahina. ʻO ko lākou mau aʻa nui, hiki i ka hohonu i ka honua, hiki ke loaʻa i nā minerala a me nā mea ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. Pono kēia mau minerala a pau i ke kanaka a hiki ke loaʻa ma o ke kī wale nō.
3) E iho mai ana ka wai aniani mai na piko o na mauna Himalaya, e hoemi ana ma ke ala e iho ai i ka papu o Tibeta a e hanai hou i na kumulaau ti.
4) kī ola. ʻO Pu-erh ka nui loa o ke kī ola. He kī kēia i ulu ʻia mai nā hua i loko o nā mea olaola, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka irrigation a me ka "chemistry". Loaʻa iā ia kahi lumi e ulu ai (i kekahi manawa kanu ʻia nā lāʻau i hope a ʻaʻohe wahi e ulu ai). ʻO ka poʻe nāna i hana ke kī iā lākou iho, makemake lākou i ke ʻano a like pū me ia.
5) He mea koʻikoʻi loa nā bacteria a me nā microorganism e noho ana ma luna o nā lāʻau pu-erh (a laila i loko o ka "pancake". ʻO ia me ke kōkua o lākou e hoʻololi ʻia ke kī i ka manawa i kahi ʻokoʻa. I kēia manawa aia nā sheng pu-erh i ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki. He mea kupanaha kēia mau kī. He makana nui kēia o ke ʻano i nā kānaka! He paʻakikī ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ia kī, a hiki i kēia manawa he mea pohihihi ia e hiki ai iā mākou ke lawe wale.