He aha ka biofuel a me kona ʻano
Aia nā biofuels i ʻekolu ʻano: wai, paʻa a me ke kinoea. ʻO ka paʻa ka lāʻau, ka sawdust, ka manure maloʻo. ʻO ka wai ka bioalcohols (ethyl, methyl a me butyl, etc.) a me ka biodiesel. ʻO ka wahie kinoea ka hydrogen a me ka methane i hana ʻia e ka fermentation o nā mea kanu a me ka manure. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea kanu he nui i wahie, e like me ka rapeseed, soybeans, canola, jatropha, etc. Ua kūpono nō hoʻi nā ʻaila mea kanu like ʻole no kēia mau kumu: ka niu, ka pāma, ka castor. Loaʻa iā lākou a pau ka nui o ka momona, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hana i ka wahie mai loko mai o lākou. I kēia mau lā, ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā limu e ulu ana ma nā loko i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka biodiesel. Manaʻo ka US Department of Energy he ʻumi a kanahā mika ka loko i kanu ʻia me nā limu liʻiliʻi e hiki ke hoʻohua mai i 3570 barela ʻaila bio. Wahi a ka poʻe akamai, hiki i ka 10% o ka ʻāina US i hāʻawi ʻia i ia mau loko ke hāʻawi i nā kaʻa ʻAmelika āpau me ka wahie no hoʻokahi makahiki. Ua mākaukau ka ʻenehana i hoʻomohala ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma Kaleponi, Hawaii a me New Mexico i ka makahiki 2000, akā ma muli o nā kumukūʻai aila haʻahaʻa, ua mau ia ma ke ʻano o kahi papahana.
Nā moʻolelo biofuel
Inā ʻoe e nānā i ka wā i hala o Rūsia, a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike koke i ka USSR, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu biofuels. No ka laʻana, i nā makahiki 30, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka wahie mokulele me ka biofuel (bioethanol). ʻO ka Soviet R-1 rocket mua i holo ma luna o ka hui ʻana o ka oxygen a me kahi hopena wai o ka ethyl alcohol. I ka wā o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui, ʻaʻole i hoʻopiha ʻia nā kaʻa Polutorka me ka ʻaila, ʻaʻole i lawa ka lako, akā me ka biogas i hana ʻia e nā mea hana kinoea mobile. I loko o ʻEulopa, ma ke ʻano ʻenehana, hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana o nā biofuels i ka makahiki 1992. He ʻumikumamāwalu mau makahiki ma hope mai, aia ma kahi o ʻelua haneli mau ʻoihana e hana ana i 16 miliona tons o ka biodiesel, i ka makahiki 2010 ua hana mua lākou i 19 biliona lita. ʻAʻole hiki iā Rūsia ke haʻaheo i ka nui o ka hana biodiesel ʻEulopa, akā i ko mākou ʻāina aia nā papahana biofuel ma Altai a me Lipetsk. I ka makahiki 2007, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka biodiesel Lūkini e pili ana i ka rapeseed ma nā locomotives diesel o ka Voronezh-Kursk South-Eastern Railway, ma hope o nā hopena o nā hoʻokolohua, ua hōʻike nā alakaʻi o ka Russian Railways i ko lākou makemake e hoʻohana iā ia ma ke ʻano ʻoihana.
I kēia ao hou, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāina nui e hoʻomohala nei i nā ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i nā biofuels. I Suedena, holo mau ke kaʻaahi e holo ana ma ka biogas mai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Jönköping a hiki i Västervik, ua lilo ia i mea ʻāina, ʻo ka mea minamina wale nō ʻo ke kinoea no ia mea i hana ʻia mai ka ʻōpala o kahi hale pepehi kanaka. ʻO ka mea hou aku, ma Jönköping, holo ka hapa nui o nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa ʻōpala ma ka biofuel.
Ma Brazil, ke hoʻomohala ʻia nei ka hana nui o ka bioethanol mai ke kō. ʻO ka hopena, kokoke i ka hapakolu o nā kaʻa ma kēia ʻāina e holo ana i nā wahie ʻē aʻe. A ma India, hoʻohana ʻia nā biofuels ma nā wahi mamao i nā mea hana mana e hāʻawi i ka uila i nā kaiāulu liʻiliʻi. Ma Kina, hana ʻia ka biofuel no nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko mai ka mauʻu raiki, a ma Indonesia a me Malaysia ua hana ʻia mai nā niu a me nā lāʻau pāma, kahi i kanu kūikawā ʻia ai kēia mau mea kanu ma nā wahi ākea. Ma Sepania, ke hoʻomohala ʻia nei ke ʻano hou loa o ka hana biofuel: nā mahiʻai kai e ulu wikiwiki ana i nā algae e ulu wikiwiki ana i hana ʻia i wahie. A ma USA, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka wahie aila no ka mokulele ma ke Kulanui o North Dakota. Ke hana like nei lākou ma ʻApelika Hema, ua hoʻomaka lākou i ka papahana Waste to Wing, kahi e hana ai lākou i wahie no nā mokulele mai ka ʻōpala mea kanu, kākoʻo ʻia lākou e WWF, Fetola, SkyNRG.
Pono o biofuels
· Hoʻihoʻi wikiwiki i nā mea maka no ka hana ʻana. Inā he mau haneli mau makahiki e hana ai i ka aila, a laila, he mau makahiki ia no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu.
· Palekana Kaiapuni. Hana ʻia ka biofuel e ke ʻano kokoke loa; i loko o hoʻokahi mahina, hiki i nā microorganism e noho ana i ka wai a me ka lepo ke hoʻokaʻawale iā ia i mau mea palekana.
· E hoʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea hoʻomehana honua. ʻO nā kaʻa biofuel e hoʻemi loa i ka CO2. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hoʻolei lākou i waho e like me ka nui o ka mea kanu i komo ai i ke kaʻina o ka ulu.
Mālama pono. Pono ka biofuels ma luna o 100°C no ka hoʻā ʻana, e palekana iā lākou.
Nā pōʻino o ka biofuels
· Ka palupalu o ka biofuels. Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā bioethanols a me ka biodiesel no ʻekolu mahina ma muli o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana.
ʻIke i nā mahana haʻahaʻa. I ka hoʻoilo, pono e wela ka wai biofuel, inā ʻaʻole ia e hana.
· Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻāina momona. ʻO ka pono e hāʻawi i ka ʻāina maikaʻi no ka mahi ʻana i nā mea waiwai no ka biofuels, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai.
No ke aha ʻaʻohe biofuel ma Rusia
He ʻāina nui ʻo Rūsia me ka nui o ka aila, ke kinoea, ka lanahu a me nā ululāʻau nui, no laila ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻomohala i kēlā ʻano ʻenehana ma kahi ākea. ʻO nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, e like me Suedena, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā waiwai kūlohelohe, ke hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻohana hou i ka ʻōpala organik, e hana i ka wahie mai loko mai o lākou. Akā, aia nā manaʻo maikaʻi ma ko mākou ʻāina e hoʻomaka ana i nā papahana pailaka no ka hana ʻana i nā biofuels mai nā mea kanu, a i ka wā e pono ai, e hoʻolauna nui ʻia lākou.
Panina
Loaʻa i ke kanaka nā manaʻo a me nā prototypes o nā ʻenehana wahie a me ka ikehu e hiki ai iā mākou ke ola a hoʻomohala me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kumu waiwai o lalo a me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ke ʻano. Akā i mea e lilo ai kēia i mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, pono ka makemake nui o ka poʻe, pono e haʻalele i ka ʻike consumerist maʻamau o ka honua honua a hoʻomaka e noho pū me ka honua o waho.