Ma Palani e like me Kanada, ʻike mākou i nā kaulike ʻole o ka ʻoihana aʻo a ʻoihana e pili ana i ka wahine o kēlā me kēia kanaka. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā nā kaikamahine ma ka awelika i kā lākou aʻo ʻana ma mua o nā keikikāne, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou mahele i nā ʻāpana moʻokalaleo a me nā pae kula nui, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ala maikaʻi ma mua o nā ʻepekema, ʻenehana a me nā ʻenehana i koho ʻia e nā keikikāne. Wahi a nā mea kākau ʻo Couppié lāua ʻo Epiphane, ʻo kēia ka lilo ʻana o lākou ” ʻāpana o ka pōmaikaʻi o kēia kūleʻa ʻoihana maikaʻi aʻe ". ʻO kā lākou koho ʻana o ka ʻoihana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻole mai kahi manaʻo kālā, akā pehea e pili ana i ka pili i ka hauʻoli a me ka hoʻokō? Minamina ʻike mākou i kēia mau hoʻonohonoho ʻoihana e alakaʻi i nā paʻakikī o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻoihana no nā wahine, nā pilikia kiʻekiʻe o ka hana ʻole a me nā kūlana weliweli. 

Ma 1981, ua holomua ʻo Linda Gottfredson i kahi kumumanaʻo e pili ana i ka hōʻike o nā ʻoihana. Wahi a ka mea hope loa, ʻike mua nā keiki he ʻokoʻa nā hana e ka moekolohe, a laila he mau kaulike kaulike ʻole ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hanohano kaiaulu. Pēlā i ka makahiki 13, loaʻa i nā ʻōpio āpau kahi palapala ʻāina kūlike e hōʻike i nā ʻoihana. A e hoʻohana lākou ia mea e hoʻokumu i ʻāpana o nā koho koho ʻae ʻia e like me nā pae hoʻohālikelike 3: 

• ka hoʻokaulike o ka moekolohe i ʻike ʻia o kēlā me kēia ʻoihana me ka ʻike kāne
• ke kūlike o ke kūlana i ʻike ʻia o ka hanohano o kēlā me kēia ʻoihana me ka manaʻo o ka hiki ke hoʻokō i kēia hana
• ka mākaukau e hana i nā mea āpau e pono ai e loaʻa ka hana i makemake ʻia.

ʻO kēia palapala ʻāina o nā "ʻoihana ʻae ʻia" e hoʻoholo i ka ʻike aʻo a me nā loli e hiki ke hana ʻia i ka wā o ka ʻoihana.

I ka makahiki 1990, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻana i nā hana punahele a nā keikikāne he mau hana e like me ka ʻepekema, luna mākaʻi, mea pena kiʻi, mea mahiʻai, kamana, a me nā mea kālai kiʻi, ʻoiai ʻo nā hana punahele a nā kaikamahine he kumu kula, kumu kula kiʻekiʻe, mahiʻai, mea pena kiʻi, kākau ʻōlelo. a me nā mea kūʻai. I nā hihia āpau, ʻo ia ke kumu o ke kāne a ʻoi paha e ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka mea hanohano hanohano.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai e nānā pono nā keikikāne i nā uku o nā ʻano ʻālau like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hopohopo o nā kaikamahine i ke ola kaiaulu a me ka hoʻolaulea ʻana o ka hana ʻohana a me ka ʻoihana.

Aia kēia mau manaʻo stereotypical i nā makahiki mua loa a keu hoʻi i ka hoʻomaka o ke kula haʻahaʻa. 

I ka makahiki 1996, ua hāpai ʻo Gottfredson i kumumanaʻo o ka manaʻo kuikahi. Wahi a ka mea hope loa, ua wehewehe ʻia ka mea kuʻikahi ma ke ʻano he hana e hoʻololi ai kēlā me kēia kanaka i nā ʻiʻini no nā koho ʻoihana kūpono a maʻalahi hoʻi.

Wahi a Gottfredson, ʻo nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "kakahiaka" e hana i ka wā e ʻike ai kekahi kanaka ʻo ka ʻoihana āna i makemake nui ai, ʻaʻole ia he koho kūpono a kūpono ʻole paha. ʻO nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "empirical" e hana pū kekahi ke hoʻololi kekahi i kā lākou mau makemake i ka pane i nā ʻike i loaʻa iā lākou e hoʻāʻo nei e loaʻa kahi hana a i ʻole i nā ʻike mai kā lākou kula.

ka manaʻo hoʻohoka i manaʻo ʻia hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻike o ka hiki ʻole a ʻaʻole ma muli o nā ʻike maoli i ka mākeke hana: no laila ua ʻike mua ʻia lākou a hoʻohuli i ka koho o ka hana e hiki mai ana.

I ka makahiki 2001, ua ʻike ʻo Patton lāua ʻo Creed i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe ʻōpio i kā lākou papahana ʻoihana ke lōʻihi ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hoʻoholo ʻana (ma kahi o 13 mau makahiki): hilinaʻi nui nā kaikamahine no ka mea he ʻike maikaʻi kā lākou no ka honua ʻoihana.

Akā, he mea kupanaha, ma hope o 15 mau makahiki, ʻike ʻole nā ​​keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine i ka maopopo ʻole. Ma ka 17, ke kokoke mai ke koho, hoʻomaka nā kaikamahine e kānalua a ʻike i ka kānalua nui i kā lākou koho ʻana i ka ʻoihana a me ka ʻoihana ʻoihana ma mua o nā keikikāne.

Ma 1996 ua noi ʻo Holland i kahi kumumanaʻo hou e pili ana i ka "koho hana". Hoʻokaʻawale ia i nā ʻāpana 6 o nā pono ʻoihana, e like me kēlā me kēia ʻano pilikino.

• ʻoia iʻo
• Ka mea noiʻi
• Kaulike
• Social
• hoʻoleʻaleʻa
• ʻike mau

Wahi a Holland, ke kāne, nā ʻano pilikino, ka nohona, ka moʻomeheu (nā ʻike o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe o ka moekolohe like, mai ke ʻano like e like me ka laʻana) a me ka mana o ka ʻohana (me nā mea i manaʻo ʻia, nā mākau manaʻo i loaʻa) hiki iā ia ke wānana i ka ʻoihana. nā makemake o ka poʻe ʻōpio.