ʻO ka cochlea ka ʻāpana o ka pepeiao i loko e hoʻolohe i ka hoʻolohe ʻana. No laila, aia kēia kanal iwi iwi like me ka spiral i ka organ o Corti, i hana ʻia e nā hunaola lauoho e ʻohi i nā alapine kani like ʻole, kahi e hoʻopuka ai kēia mau pūnaewele i kahi leka nerve. Mahalo i kahi fiber nerve lohe, a laila e lawe ʻia ka ʻike i ka lolo. Ma Palani, ma kahi o 6,6% o ka heluna lehulehu i loaʻa ka nalo o ka lohe, a pili kēia i 65% o nā mea i ʻoi aku i ka 70. Hiki i kēia nalowale hoʻolohe ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka leo nui loa, kahi e luku ai ka lauoho. nā hunaola i ka cochlea, a i ʻole i ke au o ka makahiki, ka mea e hoʻemi ana i ka nui o nā hunaola lauoho i nā pepeiao. kūloko. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ke kekelē o ka nalo ʻana o ka hoʻolohe a me ka pono o ka uku, hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i ka implant cochlear, keu hoʻi ke lawa ʻole ka lohe pono e uku no ka kuli. I Palani, i kēlā me kēia makahiki, lawe ʻia nā hoʻonohonoho 1 o kēia ʻano.

Ua kapa ʻia ka "snail" ma mua, ʻo ka cochlea ka ʻāpana o ka pepeiao i loko e hoʻolohe ai. Aia ia i loko o ka iwi maha a ʻaiʻē i kona inoa i kona wili wili ʻana. No laila, ʻo ke kumu etymological o ka manawa mai ka Latin "cochlea", ʻo ia hoʻi "snail", a hiki, i nā manawa emepaea, koho i nā mea i ke ʻano o kahi spiral. Aia ka cochlea ma ka ʻāpana hope o ka pepeiao o loko kahi e pili ana i ka labyrinth, ke ʻano o ke kaulike.

Hana ʻia ka cochlea i ʻekolu canaliculi i ʻōwili ʻia i kahi wili a puni kahi axis bony i kapa ʻia ʻo modiolus. Loaʻa iā ia ka lālā o Corti, aia ma waena o ʻelua o kēia canaliculi (ʻo ia, ma waena o ke kahawai cochlear a me ka paia tympanic). ʻO kēia ʻāpana o Corti kahi hui sensori-nerve, a ʻo kekahi o nā anatomists mua nāna i wehewehe ua kapa ʻia ʻo Alfonso Corti (1822-1876). Hana ʻia i loko o ka wai a me nā paia i uhi ʻia me nā hunaola o loko a kūwaho hoʻi e waiho ana ma luna o ka membrane basilar, e hoʻololi ke cochlea i ka haʻalulu o nā wai a me nā hale e pili ana i loko o kahi leka hopohopo, a e hoʻoili ʻia ka ʻike i ka lolo ma o ka mea waena o kahi olonā o ke aʻalolo hoʻolohe.

He kuleana nui ko ka cochlea i ka hoʻolohe ʻana, ma o nā huna lauoho o ka lālā o Corti. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka pepeiao o waho (ʻo ia ka pinur auricular nona ka kuleana e hoʻonui i nā alapine a me ke kahawai hoʻolohe kūwaho) e hōʻoia, me ka pepeiao waena, ka lawe ʻana o ke kani i ka pepeiao o loko. A ma laila, mahalo i ka cochlea, lālā o kēia pepeiao o loko, ka lawe ʻana o kēia leka i nā neurons cochlear, na lākou nō e hoʻouna aku i ka lolo ma o ke aʻalolo lohe.

No laila, ke kumu o ka hana o ka hoʻolohe ʻana penei: ke hoʻolaha ʻia nā kani i ka lewa, kumu kēia i ka paio o nā mole ea e lawe ʻia nā haʻalulu mai ke kumu kani i kā mākou eardrum, membrane ma lalo o ka audition waho. canal. ʻO ka membrane tympanic, e haʻalulu ana e like me ka pahu, a laila hoʻoili i kēia mau haʻalulu i nā ossicle ʻekolu o ka pepeiao waena i hana ʻia e ka hama, ka anvil a me ka mea hoʻowali. A laila, ʻo ka haʻalulu o nā wai i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka caliper a laila e hoʻoulu i nā hunaola lauoho, ʻo ia ka cochlea, a pēlā e hana ai i nā hōʻailona bi-uila i ke ʻano o nā aʻa aʻa. E loli kēia mau hōʻailona a decode e ko mākou lolo.

ʻO nā keena lauoho, e pili ana i ko lākou wahi i ka cochlea, e ʻohi i nā alapine like ʻole: ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā mea e waiho ana ma ka puka o ka cochlea e kani ai nā alapine kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai aia nā mea ma ka piko o ka cochlea, nā alapine bass.

Hoʻopili nā anomalies nui a me nā pathologies o ka cochlea i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole e hōʻano hou nā hunaola lauoho i ke kanaka ke ʻino a hoʻopau ʻia paha. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ko lākou hōʻike ʻana i nā leo nui i hoʻonāukiuki i ko lākou luku. I kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ka makahiki e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o nā huna lauoho i loko o nā pepeiao o loko.

Acoustic overstimulation no laila ke kumu o ka nui physiological sequelae o ka cochlea. Hoʻoulu ʻia kēia mau mea e ka hoʻāla ʻana o nā ʻano oxygen reactive (a i ʻole ROS, i manaʻo ʻia he mau mea ʻawaʻawa o ka metabolism o ka oxygen maʻamau a komo i nā mea ʻino he nui, akā ua hōʻike ʻia e nā mea noiʻi ua komo pū lākou i ka mālama ʻana i ke koena o nā cell). Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau hemahema hoʻolohe ma muli o ka apoptosis, ka make ʻana o ka lauoho lauoho.

ʻO kahi kikoʻī, kahi noiʻi ʻepekema i hana ʻia ma 2016, i hōʻike kikoʻī ʻia i ka hōʻailona intracellular o ka calcium (Ca²⁺) i komo i loko o nā ʻano kumu pathophysiological mua o ka cochlea, ma hope o ka hōʻike nui ʻana i ka walaʻau. A no laila, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka trauma acoustic i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā overstimulation kani kani, i kēia lā, ke kūlana mua o nā kuli.

ʻO ka cochlear implant kahi lapaʻau i hōʻike ʻia e hoʻokumu i kahi hoʻolohe kūpono i kekahi mau hihia o ke kuli hohonu i ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua, a ke lawa ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻolohe lohe maʻamau. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi implant pono e mua ma mua e ka hoʻokolokolo hoʻokalakupua. Ke kumu o kēia implant? E hoʻokomo i ka cochlea i kahi pūʻulu o nā electrodes e hoʻonāukiuki uila i ke aʻalolo lohe e like me ke alapine o nā kani i kiʻi ʻia e ka ʻaoʻao waho o ka implant. I Palani, 1500 mau hoʻonohonoho o kēia ʻano e hoʻokō ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Eia kekahi, hiki i ke kau ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana lolo hiki ke hana ʻia, i ka manawa inā ʻaʻole i hana hou ke aʻalolo cochlear, no laila ke pale nei i ka hoʻokomo cochlear. Pili paha kēia hemahema o ke aʻalolo cochlear, i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o kahi tumo kūloko a i ʻole kahi anomaly anatomical. ʻO kēia mau mea hoʻopili ʻōnaehana i loaʻa ka pōmaikaʻi mai ka ʻenehana i hoʻomohala ʻia no nā implant cochlear.

ʻO ke kuli, i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa me ka nalo ʻana o ka lohe, pili i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka lohe i ka lohe. Nui nā hihia o ke kuli waena (pili i ka lolo) akā i ka hapa nui o nā hihia, pili ka kuli i kahi hemahema i ka pepeiao.

• no ka pepeiao ma waho a ma waena paha ka nalo o ka lohe hoʻolohe.
• ʻO ka nalo ʻana o ka pepeiao Sensorineural (i kapa ʻia hoʻi ka nalo ʻana o ka lohe ʻo sensorineural) e kahi maikaʻi ʻole i ka pepeiao o loko.

Ma loko o kēia mau ʻāpana ʻelua, he kolohe kekahi kuli, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa.

ʻO kahi hana ʻole o ka pepeiao i loko, a no laila o ka cochlea, aia ma ke kumu o ke kuli sensorineural (o ka ʻike ʻana)

ʻO ke kūlana gula no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pae o ka halulu i lohe ʻia i ka pepeiao ʻo ia ka audiogram. Lawe ʻia e kahi audiologist a i ʻole acoustician kōkua pepeiao, no laila e ʻae ka audiogram i ka hōʻailona o ka nalo ʻana o ka sensorineural loss: e loiloi kēia hoʻolohe hoʻolohe ʻana i ka nalo ʻana o ka hoʻolohe ʻana, akā helu hoʻi ia.

ʻO ia i Kepakemapa 1976 ka perfact intracochlear implant multi-electrode i hana pono ʻia, hoʻomohala ʻia, patent a hoʻouka ʻia. ʻO ia, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hana Farani a Djourno a me Eyries na ke kauka a me ke kauka hana kūikawā i ka otolaryngology Claude-Henri Chouard, i kōkua ʻia e kāna hui mai ka haukapila Saint-Antoine, e hoʻolālā i kēia implant. Ma muli o nā kumu waiwai he nui akā pili pū me nā ʻoihana, ua hana ka hana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā kōmele cochlear i ke kaumaha, i hoʻokahi kanahā mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua pakele loa iā Palani. No laila, ʻehā mau hui wale nō i ka honua e hana nei i kēia mau hana a ʻo lākou ʻo Australia, Switzerland, Austrian a me Denemaka.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, e noke: ʻo ka cochlea, ma waena o kāna mau pono āpau, kahi mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia, akā maikaʻi loa i nā archaeologists: hiki ke kōkua iā lākou e hoʻoholo i ka moekolohe o kahi iwi iwi. Aia ka cochlea i loko o ka iwi ʻoi loa o ka iwi poʻo - ka pōhaku o ka iwi maha -, a e hiki nō ia, ma o kahi ʻenehana archaeological kikoʻī, e hoʻokumu, mahalo iā ia, ka moekolohe o ka wā kahiko loa, inā he mōʻalihaku a i ʻole ʻaʻole. A ʻo kēia, ʻoiai e pili ana i nā ʻāpana.