ʻO ka spruce maʻamau

ʻO ka spruce maʻamau (Picea abies) ka mea kahiko loa o ka ʻohana pine, he lāʻau lāʻau lōʻihi a nani me ka lei aliʻi pyramidal ākea. I ke kūlohelohe, hiki i 50 m ke kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i kona kumu pololei ke hiki i ka 1 - 2 m ke anawaena. ʻOi mau ka piko o ka spruce, ulu nā lālā i ka pae a i ʻole i hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia i luna. He ʻulaʻula a hinahina paha ka ʻili. He pōkole nā ​​nila, 15-20 mm ka lōʻihi, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele i ke kala, me kahi ʻala ʻano. ʻOiai ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā conifers e like me nā evergreens, ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia nā nila i ko lākou ola ponoʻī: i ka spruce, noho lākou ma luna o kahi lāʻau no ka lōʻihi o 6 a 12 mau makahiki.

ʻO Norway spruce ka mea kanu coniferous maʻamau i ko mākou ʻāina, ka mea nui o ka ulu lāʻau. Ma ke kūlohelohe, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā lāʻau ma luna o 250 - 300 mau makahiki.

ʻO nā cones o ka spruce maʻamau he oblong, cylindrical. I ko lākou ola ʻana, hoʻololi lākou i ka waihoʻoluʻu mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a i ke oʻo ʻana, lilo lākou i ʻeleʻele. Hoʻopuehu maʻalahi nā hua e ka makani ma muli o ko lākou mau ʻēheu. Hoʻomaka ka hua i kēlā me kēia 3-4 mau makahiki, akā hiki ke kau i nā cones kahiko ma luna o kahi lāʻau no hoʻokahi makahiki.

I nā moʻomeheu like ʻole, ua manaʻo ʻia ka spruce he hōʻailona o ke ola mau loa, ka wiwo ʻole a me ka hilinaʻi. Akā i ko mākou ʻāina, ʻaʻole i kanu ʻia ʻo ia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hale - ua manaʻo ʻia he hōʻailona maikaʻi ʻole kēia. No ka mea maikaʻi… ʻā. A ina e hikiwawe ke ahi ma kekahi hale, ua opuu ka laau me he pakoko la, haule iho la a hohola ae i ke ahi i na hale e ae. Akā i kēia manawa ua kanu ʻia ma nā wahi he nui: ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano dwarf a me nā mea hale wela ʻole.

ʻO nā ʻano spruce maʻamau

Akā i kēia manawa, kaulana loa ka spruce maʻamau i ka hoʻolālā ʻāina ma muli o ke kūpaʻa hau, ka pale ʻana i ka malu, a ʻo ka mea nui loa, nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole.

Nidiformis (Nidiformis). Aia ia i ka subspecies dwarf o ka spruce maʻamau. Ua lanakila kēia mea kanu nani paʻa i kona wahi ma nā māla liʻiliʻi. ʻO kahi kumulāʻau me kahi ʻōpuni palahalaha mua (i nā lāʻau ʻōpio he ʻano pūnana), kahi lei aliʻi nui o nā lālā lahilahi me nā nila ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā i ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 1 - 1,2 m a me 2,5 m ka laulā. Akā i kēia mau nui, pono ʻo ia e ulu no ka manawa lōʻihi - i 10 mau makahiki, ʻaʻole hiki i ka spruce ke 40 cm.

ʻO kēiaʻano likeʻole he hoʻoilo-paʻakikī, me ka pilikiaʻole e kū i ka mahana o ka ea a hiki i -40 ° C. ʻAʻole ia i koiʻia i nā lepo,ʻoiaiʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka uluʻana ma nā lepo hou. Ulu maikaʻi ma ka mālamalama piha a me ka malu hapa.

Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻano like ʻole i ka moʻomeheu i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 1. Hoʻohana ʻia e ka poʻe ʻāina ma nā māla pōhaku a me nā palena haʻahaʻa (XNUMX). Aia kahi ʻike maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana o Nidiformis i loko o nā pahu.

Acrocona (Acrocona). ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano kiʻi nani loa, ʻike ʻia mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 3. ʻO kona ʻano kolamu ākea ākea ʻole o ka lei aliʻi, asymmetrically a arched nā lālā e kau ana e hāʻawi i ka māmā o ka māla. Hiki i ka Acrocona makua ke kiʻekiʻe o 3 m me ka laula o ka lei a hiki i 12 m. He pōkole nā'ōmaʻomaʻo'ōmaʻomaʻo, mālamaʻia ma nā lālā a hiki i ka XNUMX mau makahiki. Nui nā cones nui nani, i ulu mua ma nā wēlau o nā wana, lilo i mea hoʻonani maoli o ka lāʻau. I ka wā mua, ʻulaʻula lākou, a laila huli ʻeleʻele.

Ke ulu mālie nei nā ʻano like ʻole, kū i ka hau a hiki i -40 ° C, he photophilous, makemake i nā ʻāina momona a me ka ʻoluʻolu me ka hopena alkaline.

I ka hoʻolālā ʻāina, ua waiwai ʻia ʻo ia he tapeworm (mea kanu hoʻokahi). Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hana i nā māla pōhaku a me Iapana.

Inverse (Inversa). ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻololi hoihoi loa i ke kumuhana o "weeping spruce". Loaʻa ma ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1884. He lāʻau me ka lei aliʻi, hāʻule nā ​​lālā e hana ana i ka hulu ma ka honua. E ulu ma ke ʻano he lāʻau ulu lohi ma ke kākoʻo, a kanu paha ma kahi kumu lōʻihi. Hoʻopili paʻa nā lālā e kau ana i ke kumu, no laila i loko o kahi kumulāʻau makua, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ke anawaena o ka lei aliʻi ma mua o 2,5 m.

ʻO Variety Inversa (2) paʻakikī loa i ka hoʻoilo (e kū i lalo a hiki i -40 ° C), hiki ke ulu a hiki i nā kūlana mauna paʻakikī. Makemake i nā wahi mālamalama, akā hiki ke ulu i ka malu hapa. ʻOi aku ka lepo i ka mākū, ka meaʻai, ka hoʻomanawanui i ka acidic a me ka alkaline.

I ka hoʻolālā ʻāina, hoʻokani ʻo ia i ke ʻano o kahi tapeworm kupaianaha.

Wills Zwerg. Hoʻomaka e kūʻai ikaika ʻia mai ka makahiki 1956. Undersized, lohi-ulu, ma ka makahiki 30 e loaʻa iā 2 m ke kiʻekiʻe, akā hiki ʻole i ka 1 m ka laulā. ʻO ka lei aliʻi he nani, ʻeleʻele, ʻano pine a conical paha. He nani a nani loa ia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o nā wana, ʻo ia hoʻi, e kū ana i ke kua o nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kū i waho me ka ulu melemele-alani. A i ke kauwela, ʻokoʻa ke kala o nā pua ʻōpio - he ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā.

ʻO ke ʻano he hoʻoilo-paʻakikī (i lalo i -40 ° C), photophilous, ʻoiai hiki ke ulu i nā wahi malu. Pono ia i nā ʻāina momona maikaʻi.

I ka hoʻolālā ʻāina o nā kīhāpai liʻiliʻi, hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he tapeworm a ma nā hui ma ke ʻano he mea kanu kākoʻo.

ʻO Gem liʻiliʻi. ʻO kekahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka lohi o ka ulu ʻana o ka spruce mutations. Loaʻa i ka 50s o ke kenekulia hope ma Holland. ʻO ka lei aliʻi he cushion-shaped, paʻa, pōkole nā ​​lālā, hoʻokiʻekiʻe iki. He palupalu nā kui, lahilahi, ʻeleʻele ʻōmaʻomaʻo. I ka pūnāwai, e kū'ē i kēia kāʻei kua, kahi ulu ʻōpio me nā nila ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke nānā aku. I ka makahiki 10, ulu ka lāʻau Kalikimaka i ke kiʻekiʻe o 20 cm wale nō. A ma hope o 50 cm, pau kona ulu. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o kēia dwarf ʻaʻole ia e pua.

ʻO ka spruce kūpaʻa i ka hau (a hiki i -35 °C), photophilous, makemake i ka lepo maʻemaʻe a me ka momona.

I ka hoʻolālā ʻāina, hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā māla liʻiliʻi a me nā māla liʻiliʻi, i nā rockeries a me nā scree, a maikaʻi i nā ipu.

Ke kanu ʻana i ka spruce

He lula koʻikoʻi: ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana i kahi mea kanu, pono ʻoe e hoʻoholo pono i kahi o ke kanu ʻana, e ʻike ana i ka nui o ka mea kanu i 10-20 mau makahiki. ʻAʻole ʻo Spruces ke ʻano mea kanu e ʻae maʻalahi i ka hoʻololi ʻana. No nā mea kanu me kahi ʻōnaehana paʻa (ZKS), ʻo ka manawa kanu maikaʻi loa mai ka waena o ʻApelila a ʻOkakopa, no nā mea kanu me kahi ʻōnaehana ākea - a hiki i ka waena o ʻApelila a me ka hapa lua o Kepakemapa - i ka hoʻomaka o Nowemapa.

ʻO ka koho maikaʻi loa he mau mea kanu i loko o kahi pahu a i ʻole me kahi clod lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Pono e hoʻomākaukau mua ʻia ka lua pae.

Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ʻo nā mea kanu ʻōpio i nā hoʻoilo mua ʻelua hiki ke loaʻa i ka lā, no laila pono ka pale mai ka maloʻo ʻana o ka makani a me ka lā mālamalama i ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo.

ʻO Norewai mālama spruce

He ʻokoʻa nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano o ka spruce maʻamau, paʻakikī loa i ka hoʻoilo (me nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe), aia kekahi i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka mālama ʻana, akā ʻo ka ʻike maʻamau ka lawa no nā mea kanu e ulu a ulu nani, olakino a paʻa.

Pā

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana o ka spruce o Norewai ma nā ʻāina maʻemaʻe, hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻia, a momona maikaʻi. ʻO ka maikaʻi - kahi loam momona liʻiliʻi. Pono kekahi mau ʻano ʻano like ʻole i ka hopena o ka lepo alkaline, akā ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ulu maikaʻi nā spruces ma nā lepo acidic a kū ʻole. Ma nā ʻāina one maikaʻi ʻole, i ka wā e kanu ai i nā lua, hoʻohui ʻia ka pālolo a me ka humus i kahi ratio o 1: 1.

kau iho

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano ʻano e ʻae maikaʻi i ka lā o ka lā, akā i nā hoʻoilo mua ʻelua, pono nā ʻano dwarf i ka pale. Nui nā cultivars i ka malu o ka malu, akā naʻe, ulu ka lei aliʻi nani me ka lawa o ka lā.

Hoʻomoʻa i ka wai

Ma ke ʻano, ulu ka spruce maʻamau ma nā ʻāina maʻamau, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o nā ululāʻau spruce e ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi mauna kahi i nui ʻole ka wai. Eia nō naʻe, i ke kanu ʻana, pono nā ʻano spruce āpau i ka wai kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka makahiki mua.

Ma hope o ke kanu ʻana, pono ka hoʻoinu ʻana i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule ma ka nui o 1 - 10 lita o ka wai no ka seedling ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 12 m kiʻekiʻe. I ka wā wela, i ke ahiahi a i ke kakahiaka paha, he hopena maikaʻi ka ʻauʻau. No ka mālama ʻana i ka makū, hiki ke mulched i nā pōʻai kumu me kahi papa mānoanoa o ka ʻili a i ʻole ka sawdust o conifers.

Ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻelua paha, ʻaʻole pono ka nui o nā ʻano like ʻole o Norewai i ka wai, ʻoiai lākou e pane maikaʻi i ka ʻauʻau wai i nā lā wela.

ʻO ke kūlana koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻoilo maikaʻi o nā mea kanu ʻōpio ʻo ia ka hoʻoinu wai. ʻAʻole pili i ka wai o ka hāʻule, ma ʻOkakopa, ma lalo o kēlā me kēia lāʻau coniferous, pono e ninini ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi o 20-30 lita o ka wai ma luna o nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi a me 50 lita no ka mika o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lei aliʻi.

nā mea kanu

I ke kanu ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā fertilizers phosphorus-potassium a me ka sawdust o nā conifers. ʻAʻohe manure a i ʻole ka compost hou, akā naʻe, e like me nā mea kanu nitrogen, a me ka lehu. Ma lalo o nā ʻano dwarf, ʻae ʻia e waiho i ka hapalua o ka bākeke o ka compost i hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia i loko o ka lua kanu.

e ai ana

Ma nā ʻāina momona i nā makahiki 2-3 mua ma hope o ke kanu ʻana, ʻaʻole pono ka spruce i ka lole luna. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, hoʻohana ʻia nā fertilizers kūikawā i nā pōʻai kumu. Ke huli melemele nā ​​nila a hāʻule, e like me ka makahiki mua, pono e pīpī i ka lei aliʻi me nā hopena o Epin a me Ferrovit.

Hana hou i ka spruce maʻamau

Hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia nā spruces i ʻekolu mau ala.

Nā hua. Me kēia ʻano, ʻaʻole mālama ʻia nā ʻano varietal. Eia naʻe, kaulana kēia ʻano i ka poʻe e pono ana i ka nui o nā mea kanu, a ʻaʻole wikiwiki lākou. Me kēia ʻano o ka ulu ʻana, he mea nui e hou a stratified nā hua.

Inoculation. He koho kēia no nā mea kanu varietal - hiki iā ʻoe ke mālama i nā hōʻailona āpau o ka mea kanu makuahine.

Nā ʻokiʻoki. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā lāʻau fir varietal. Akā, pono ia i ka hoʻomanawanui, ka manawa a me ka hoʻokō me ka nui o nā lula.

Lawe ʻia nā ʻoki aʻa mai nā mea kanu makuahine ma kahi lā ʻeleʻele i ka hopena o Malaki - i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻApelila, e haehae ana mai kahi lālā me kahi kuʻekuʻe wāwae - kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻili. ʻO ka ʻokiʻoki maikaʻi he 7-10 cm ka lōʻihi. Ma hope koke o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, waiho ʻia nā hopena o nā ʻokiʻoki no kahi lā i kahi hopena o kahi stimulator hoʻokumu aʻa (no ka laʻana, Heteroauxin). A laila kanu ʻia nā ʻokiʻoki i loko o nā ipuhao me ka lepo momona māmā ma ke kihi o 30 °, hohonu e 2-3 cm. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ipu i loko o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i uhi ʻia me kahi ʻeke plastik. He mea nui ka ea i nā mea kanu i hoʻokahi manawa i ka lā.

E hoʻomanawanui - hiki i ke kaʻina hana aʻa i hoʻokahi makahiki. A i loko o kēia wā, he mea nui ka wai mau a me ka ventilate i nā mea kanu. I kēlā me kēia 2 pule, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohui i kahi hopena nāwaliwali o Heteroauxin i ka wai.

I ka pūnāwai, kanu ʻia nā ʻokiʻoki ʻia i loko o kahi kula, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma lalo o ke kumu lāʻau. Ma hope wale nō o hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻelua paha mea kanu hiki ke kanu ʻia ma kahi paʻa.

ʻO nā maʻi o ka spruce maʻamau

Rust (spruce spinner). He maʻi fungal kēia. Hōʻike ka maʻi iā ia iho ma ka cortex ma ke ʻano o nā pehu liʻiliʻi, 0,5 cm ke anawaena o ke kala ʻalani. A laila hoʻomaka nā nila e huli melemele a hāʻule. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā cones e ka ʻōpala.

He mea nui i ka wā mua e hōʻiliʻili i nā nila maʻi a me nā cones, ʻoki a puhi i nā lālā i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka haʻiki, a mālama i nā mea kanu me ka Hom (copper oxychloride) (3) a i ʻole Rakurs. No ka pale ʻana, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka puna wai me ka wai Bordeaux.

Paʻa. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā paina i kēia maʻi, pili pinepine ʻo Schütte (snow mold) i ka spruce Norway. ʻO ka mea hewa he pathogen fungus. Hoʻopiha ia i nā mea kanu i ka hāʻule. Hoʻoulu wikiwiki i ka hoʻoilo, ma lalo o ka hau. I ka pūnāwai, ʻike ʻia nā nila brown me kahi uhi keʻokeʻo ma luna o nā mea kanu. Hiki i nā nila maʻi ke noho ma ka spruce no kekahi makahiki ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopau kēia i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu, a ma kekahi mau mea i ka make.

ʻO ka mālamaʻana i ka weheʻana i nā lālā i hoʻopiliʻia a mālama i nā mea kanu iʻekolu manawa me ka hoʻomākaukauʻana o Hom a Rakurs (3).

Nā pest spruce maʻamau

Spruce spider mite. ʻO ka pest maʻamau e hānau ikaika loa i nā mahina maloʻo wela. Hoʻokuʻu ʻo Ticks i nā nila, inu wai, waiho ʻia nā kiko melemele liʻiliʻi ma luna o lākou. Me ka maʻi ikaika, huli nā nila i ʻeleʻele a hina. Hōʻike ʻia kahi pūnaewele ma nā lālā.

Kāohi - hoʻoinu mau i nā lei aliʻi me ka wai. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa - ka pīpī ʻana i nā mea kanu maʻi me Actellik, Antiklesch, Fitoverm. He mea nui e hoʻokō i ka liʻiliʻi 3 lapaʻau mai Iune a Kepakemapa.

ʻO ka lau ʻauʻau spruce. Hoʻopiha ʻia kahi ʻinikena liʻiliʻi i ka spruce me nā ʻuala e ʻai i nā nila. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka ʻike ʻana i ka lele ʻana o ka sawfly i ka wā mua - hui maoli nā larvae me nā nila. Akā i ka wā e lilo ai nā nila ʻōpio i ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula i ka waihoʻoluʻu, pono e lawe ʻia nā hana wikiwiki e pale i nā mea kanu.

ʻO ka lāʻau lāʻau Pinocid maikaʻi mai ka sawfly. Hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka lāʻau me ka hopena ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻelua, he mea nui hoʻi e hoʻoheheʻe i nā pōʻai kokoke i ke kumu me ka hopena - eli nā larvae i ka lepo. I ka pae mua o ka maʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pīpī ʻana me Actellik a i ʻole Fury.

Spruce laulea-needleworm. Hoʻopili ka moth butterfly i ka spruce me nā larvae e nahu ana i nā nila, e hana ana i nā maina. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, uhi ʻia nā nila me nā pūnana cobweb a me ka ʻūhā.

He mea maikaʻi ʻo Calypso a me Confidor e kūʻē i nā lau lau. Me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻelua a ʻekolu paha lapaʻau o nā lālā i hoʻopilikia ʻia me ka kopa Green.

Spruce pale pale wahaheʻe. Hoʻopilikia pinepine i nā mea kanu ʻōpio. Noho nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi ma luna o ka ʻili a me nā nila, kahi i ʻike ʻia e ka uhi paʻa. Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā mea kanu, ʻeleʻele nā ​​nila a hāʻule i lalo, kūlou nā lālā a maloʻo.

ʻO ka mea maikaʻi loa e kūʻē i kēia pest ʻo Aktara a me Confidor.

Nā nīnau a me nā pane kaulana

Ua nīnau mākou e pili ana i ka spruce maʻamau agronomist Oleg Ispolatov - ua pane ʻo ia i nā nīnau kaulana loa o nā kamaʻāina kauwela.

Kumuwaiwai o

1. Stupakov OM, Aksyanova T.Yu. ʻO nā hui mai nā mea kanu perennial, coniferous a me nā mea kanu deciduous i ka hoʻolālā ʻāina kūlanakauhale // Conifers o ka boreal zone, 2013, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kompozitsii-iz-mnogoletnih-travyanistyh-drevesnyh-hvoynyh-i-listvennyh -rasteniy -v-ozelenenii-gorodov
2. ʻO Gerd Krussman. ʻO nā ʻano coniferous. // M., ʻoihana lāʻau, 1986, 257 ʻaoʻao.
3. ʻAe ʻia ka papa inoa o nā pesticides a me nā agrochemical no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka ʻāina o ka Federation ma Iulai 6, 2021 // Ministry of Agriculture of the Federation
4. https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii-i-zashchity-rasteniy/industry-information/info-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/