No ka poʻe i hoʻoholo e haʻalele i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo no ka wā pau ʻole, he mea nui e ʻike, me ka ʻole o ka hōʻeha hou ʻana i nā holoholona, e loaʻa iā lākou nā meaʻai kūpono a pau, ʻoiai e holoi ana i ko lākou kino i kēlā mau mea make a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa i loaʻa i loko. ka nui o ka io. . Eia kekahi, nui ka poʻe, ʻoi aku ka poʻe ʻē aʻe i ka hopohopo no ka pono o ke kaiāulu a me ke kūlana o ka ecology o ke kaiapuni, e ʻike i kahi manawa maikaʻi ʻē aʻe i ka vegetarianism: ka hopena i ka pilikia o ka pōloli honua a me ka pau ʻana o ka pōloli. nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe o ka honua.
ʻO ka poʻe loea a me ka poʻe loea mahiʻai ua lokahi i ko lākou manaʻo ʻo ka nele o nā lako meaʻai i ka honua ke kumu, ma kahi hapa, ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka mahiʻai pipi, ma ke ʻano o ka ratio o ka protein meaʻai i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai i hoʻohana ʻia. Hiki i nā mea kanu ke lawe mai i ka protein i kēlā me kēia ʻeka o nā mea kanu ma mua o nā huahana holoholona. No laila, hoʻokahi ʻeka o ka ʻāina i kanu ʻia me ka ʻai e lawe mai i ʻelima mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka protein ma mua o ka ʻeka hoʻokahi i hoʻohana ʻia no nā meaʻai meaʻai i ka mahi holoholona. ʻO kahi ʻeka i lūlū ʻia me nā legumes e hoʻohua mai i ʻumi mau manawa hou aku ka protein. ʻOiai ka hoʻohuli ʻana o kēia mau helu, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o nā ʻeka a pau ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma lalo o nā mea kanu hānai.
Wahi a ka ʻikepili i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o ka hōʻike, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me World Resources, inā i hoʻohana ʻia nā wahi āpau i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua no nā mea kanu i hoʻopau pono ʻia e nā kānaka, a laila, ma ke ʻano o nā calorie, e alakaʻi kēia i ka piʻi ʻehā o ka nui. o ka ai i loaa. I ka manawa like, e like me ka United Nations Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua piliona kānaka ma ka Honua e loaʻa ana i ka pōloli ʻōnaehana, ʻoiai ma kahi o 500 miliona o lākou e kokoke ana i ka pōloli.
Wahi a ka US Department of Agriculture, 91% o ka palaoa, 77% o ka soybeans, 64% o ka bale, 88% o ka oats, a me 99% o ka sorghum i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma US i nā makahiki 1970 i hānai ʻia i nā pipi pipi. Eia kekahi, ua koi ʻia nā holoholona mahiʻai e ʻai i nā meaʻai iʻa kiʻekiʻe-protein; ʻO ka hapalua o ka huina iʻa iʻa makahiki i ka makahiki 1968 i hele i ka hānai holoholona. ʻO ka hope, ʻO ka hoʻohana ikaika ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai e hoʻokō i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka noi no nā huahana pipi e alakaʻi i ka pau ʻana o ka lepo a me ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o nā huahana mahiʻai. (ʻoi aku ka cereals) hele pololei i ka papaʻaina o ke kanaka.
ʻO ke kaumaha hoʻi ka ʻikepili e ʻōlelo ana i ka nalowale o ka protein meaʻai i ke kaʻina hana i loko o ka protein holoholona i ka wā e momona ai nā ʻiʻo holoholona. Ma ka awelika, pono ka holoholona i ewalu kilokani o ka polokina mea kanu no ka hana ana i hookahi kilokani o ka polokina holoholona, me na bipi ka nui iwakāluakūmākahi i hoʻokahi.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Francis Lappé, he loea mahiʻai a me ka pōloli ma ka Institute for Nutrition and Development, ma muli o kēia hoʻohana ʻino ʻana i nā kumulāʻau mea kanu, ma kahi o 118 miliona tons o nā mea kanu mea kanu ʻaʻole i loaʻa hou i nā kānaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki - kahi nui e like me 90 ka pakeneka o ka nele o ka protein makahiki o ka honua. ! Ma kēia mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōlelo a ka Luna Nui o ka UN Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) i ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻo Mr. Boerma.
"Inā makemake maoli mākou e ʻike i kahi loli no ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana meaʻai o ka ʻāpana ʻilihune o ka honua, pono mākou e kuhikuhi i kā mākou mau hana āpau e hoʻonui i ka ʻai ʻana o ka poʻe i ka protein kumulāʻau."
Ke alo nei i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kēia mau ʻikepili koʻikoʻi, e hoʻopaʻapaʻa kekahi, "Akā, hoʻopuka ʻo ʻAmelika i ka nui o ka palaoa a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe i hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa ke koena o nā huahana ʻiʻo a loaʻa mau ke koena nui o ka palaoa no ka lawe ʻana aku." E haʻalele ana i ka nui o nā ʻAmelika ʻai ʻole, e nānā kākou i ka hopena o ke koena mahiʻai nui o ʻAmelika no ka lawe ʻana aku.
ʻO ka hapalua o nā huahana mahiʻai a pau o ʻAmelika e hoʻopau i ka ʻōpū o nā bipi, hipa, puaʻa, moa a me nā ʻano ʻiʻo ʻē aʻe o nā holoholona, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea e hoʻemi nui ai i kāna waiwai protein, e hoʻoili ana i loko o ka protein holoholona, i loaʻa wale i kahi pōʻai palena ʻole. ka poʻe noho maikaʻi a waiwai hoʻi o ka honua, hiki ke uku no ia mea. ʻOi aku ka pōʻino, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻiʻo i ʻai ʻia ma ka US mai nā holoholona hānai hānai i hānai ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka ʻilihune, nā ʻāina o ka honua. ʻO ʻAmelika ka mea lawe ʻiʻo nui loa o ka honua, e kūʻai ana ma luna o 40% o nā pipi āpau i ke kālepa o ka honua. No laila, i ka makahiki 1973, ua lawe mai ʻo ʻAmelika i 2 biliona paona (ma kahi o 900 miliona kilokani) o ka ʻiʻo, ʻoiai he ʻehiku wale nō pakeneka o ka nui o ka ʻiʻo i ʻai ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, akā naʻe he kumu nui loa ia no ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina e lawe ana i ke kaumaha. ke kaumaha nui o ka nalowale o ka protein.
Pehea ʻē aʻe ke koi ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, e alakaʻi ana i ka nalowale o ka protein meaʻai, e hāʻawi ana i ka pilikia o ka pōloli honua? E nānā kākou i ke kūlana meaʻai ma nā ʻāina pōʻino loa, e kiʻi ana i ka hana a Francis Lappe lāua ʻo Joseph Collins "Food First":
"Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Dominican Republic, ma waena o ka hapakolu a me ka hapa o nā ʻiʻo i hana ʻia e lawe ʻia aku i waho, ʻo ia hoʻi i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua kākau ʻo Alan Berg o ka Brookings Institution, i kāna aʻo ʻana i ka meaʻai honua ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻiʻo mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa "ʻaʻole i pau i ka ʻōpū o nā Hepanika, akā i nā hamburger o nā hale ʻai wikiwiki ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa."
"ʻO ka'āina maikaʻi loa ma Colombia e hoʻohana pinepineʻia no ka hānaiʻana, aʻo ka hapa nui o kaʻohi palaoa, i hoʻonui nuiʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ma muli o ka"'ōmaʻomaʻo'ōmaʻomaʻo" o nā makahiki 60, ua hānaiʻia i nā holoholona. Ma Kolombia kekahi, ʻo ka ulu nui ʻana o ka ʻoihana moa (i alakaʻi mua ʻia e kekahi hui meaʻai nui ʻAmelika) ua koi aku i nā mahiʻai he nui e neʻe aku mai nā mea kanu meaʻai kuʻuna kanaka (kāna a me nā pī) i ka sorghum a me ka soybeans ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i hoʻohana wale ʻia i mea hānai manu. . Ma muli o ia mau hoʻololi, ua kū mai kahi kūlana i hoʻonele ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻilihune loa o ka lehulehu i kā lākou meaʻai kuʻuna - kulina a me nā legumes i lilo i ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi - a i ka manawa like ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i ka nani o kā lākou kapa ʻia he pani pani - ʻiʻo moa.
"Ma nā ʻāina o ʻApelika Komohana ʻĀkau, ʻo ka lawe ʻana aku i nā pipi i ka makahiki 1971 (ʻo ka mea mua i loko o nā makahiki o ka wā maloʻo nui) ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 miliona paona (ma kahi o 90 miliona kilokani), kahi piʻi o 41 pakeneka mai nā helu like no 1968. Ma Mali, kekahi o nā hui o kēia mau ʻāina, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻāina ma lalo o ka mahi ʻai ʻāina i ka makahiki 1972 ma mua o ka pālua o ka makahiki 1966. Ma hea i hele ai kēlā mau pī? E hānai i nā pipi ʻEulopa.
"I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻoihana ʻiʻo ʻiʻo e hoʻolele i nā pipi i Haiti e hoʻomomona ʻia ma nā wahi hānai a laila lawe hou ʻia i ka mākeke ʻiʻo ʻAmelika."
Ma hope o ke kipa ʻana iā Haiti, kākau ʻo Lappe lāua ʻo Collins:
"Ua hauʻoli nui mākou i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻōpala o nā poʻe noi ʻāina ʻole e hoʻomoe ana ma nā palena o nā māla wai nui i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hānai ʻana i nā kaukani puaʻa, nona ka hopena e lilo i sausages no Chicago Servbest Foods. I ka manawa like, koi ʻia ka hapa nui o ka heluna Haitian e uhuki i nā ululāʻau a palau i nā puʻu mauna ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e hoʻāʻo ana e ulu i kahi mea no lākou iho.
Hoʻopilikia pū ka ʻoihana ʻiʻo i nā mea ʻino i ke ʻano ma o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "kalepa ʻai" a me ka overgrazing. ʻOiai ua ʻike ka poʻe akamai ʻaʻole i hoʻopōʻino nui ka ʻāina i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole a he ala maikaʻi ia e hoʻohana ai i nā ʻāina marginal, ʻaʻole kūpono i kekahi ʻano no nā mea kanu, akā naʻe, ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā holoholona o kahi ʻano mea hiki ke alakaʻi pōʻino hiki ʻole ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka ʻāina mahiʻai waiwai, e hōʻike loa ana iā lākou (he ʻano ʻano maʻamau i ka US, e hoʻoulu ai i ka hopohopo hohonu o ka kaiapuni).
Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Lappé lāua ʻo Collins ʻo ka ʻoihana mahiʻai holoholona ma ʻApelika, i kālele nui ʻia i ka lawe ʻana aku i ka pipi, "he mea weliweli loa ia i nā ʻāina maloʻo maloʻo o ʻApelika a me kona hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano holoholona he nui a me ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai i kēlā ʻano capricious. mākeke pipi honua. Akā ʻaʻohe mea e hiki ke hoʻōki i nā mea hoʻopukapuka haole i ko lākou makemake e kāʻili i kahi ʻāpana mai ka pie momona o ke ʻano ʻApelika. Hōʻike ka Food First i ka moʻolelo o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kekahi mau hui ʻEulopa e wehe i nā mahiʻai holoholona hou he nui ma nā wahi ʻai momona a momona o Kenya, Sudan a me ʻAitiopa, kahi e hoʻohana ai i nā loaʻa āpau o ka "'ōmaʻomaʻo kipi" e hānai i nā holoholona. Pipi, nona ke ala e waiho ana ma ka papa ʻaina o ʻEulopa…
Ma waho aʻe o nā pilikia o ka pōloli a me ka nele i ka meaʻai, ʻo ka mahiʻai pipi ke kau nei i kahi ukana kaumaha ma nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe o ka honua. Ua ʻike nā kānaka a pau i ke kūlana pōʻino me nā kumuwaiwai wai ma kekahi mau wahi o ka honua a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kūlana me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ma kāna puke ʻo Protein: Its Chemistry and Politics, ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka Aaron Altschul i ka inu wai no ka nohona meaʻai (me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka māla, ka holoi ʻana, a me ka kuke ʻana) ma kahi o 300 galani (1140 lita) i kēlā me kēia kanaka i kēlā me kēia lā. I ka manawa like, no ka poʻe e hahai ana i kahi meaʻai paʻakikī e komo pū me nā mea kanu meaʻai, ka ʻiʻo, nā hua manu a me nā huahana waiu, e komo pū ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai wai no ka momona a me ka luku ʻana i nā holoholona, hiki kēia helu i kahi 2500 mau galani. 9500 liters!) La (ʻo ka mea like no ka "lacto-ovo-vegetarians" ma waena o kēia mau mea ʻelua).
ʻO kekahi hōʻino ʻē aʻe o ka mahi ʻai pipi ʻo ia ka haumia o ke kaiapuni i puka mai ma nā mahi ʻai ʻiʻo. Ua kākau ʻo Kauka Harold Bernard, he loea mahiʻai me ka United States Environmental Protection Agency, ma kahi ʻatikala ma Newsweek, Nowemapa 8, 1971, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana o ka wai a me ka ʻōpala paʻa i ka holo ʻana mai nā miliona o nā holoholona i mālama ʻia ma 206 mau mahiʻai ma United States. Moku'āina “… he mau kakini, a i kekahi manawa he mau haneli mau manawa kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o nā hōʻailona like no nā effluent maʻamau i loko o ka ʻōpala kanaka.
Eia kekahi, kākau ka mea kākau: "Ke komo ka wai ʻino i loko o nā muliwai a me nā waihona (e hana pinepine ʻia i ka hana), alakaʻi kēia i nā hopena pōʻino. ʻO ka nui o ka oxygen i loko o ka wai e hāʻule nui loa, ʻoiai ka nui o ka ammonia, nitrates, phosphates a me nā bacteria pathogenic ma mua o nā palena āpau.
Pono e haʻi ʻia i nā effluent mai nā hale pepehi kanaka. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina o ka ʻōpala ʻiʻo ʻiʻo ma Omaha e hoʻolei ana nā hale pepehi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 paona (000 kilokani) o ka momona, ka ʻōpala meaʻai, ka ʻōpala, ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ka rumen, a me nā feces mai ka ʻōpū haʻahaʻa i loko o nā ʻauwai (a mai laila aku i ka muliwai Missouri) i kēlā me kēia lā. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka ʻōpala holoholona i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka wai he ʻumi mau manawa ma mua o nā ʻōpala a pau o ke kanaka a ʻekolu manawa i hui ʻia nā ʻōpala ʻoihana.
ʻO ka pilikia o ka pōloli honua he mea paʻakikī a multidimensional, a ʻo mākou a pau, ma ke ʻano a i ʻole kekahi, me ka ʻike a i ʻole ka ʻike ʻole, pololei a ʻole paha, kōkua i kāna mau ʻāpana waiwai, pilikanaka a politika. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā mea a pau i luna aʻe, ʻoiai ke kūpaʻa ka koi ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, e hoʻomau nā holoholona i ka ʻai ʻana i nā manawa he nui i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka protein ma mua o kā lākou hana ʻana, hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni me kā lākou ʻōpala, hoʻopau a make i ka honua. kumu waiwai wai. . ʻO ka hōʻole ʻana i ka meaʻai ʻiʻo e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻonui i ka huahana o nā wahi i lūlū ʻia, e hoʻonā i ka pilikia o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kānaka i ka meaʻai, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe o ka Honua.