ʻO ka ʻōnaehana ʻōiwi kanaka, ʻo ka paʻakikī paʻakikī, aia ma kahi o 100 biliona mau neurons, i kapa ʻia hoʻi nā pūnana nerve. Hiki i nā neurons i ka lolo ke kamaʻilio ma o nā synapses e lawe i ka hōʻailona nerve mai kekahi neuron i kekahi.

He pōkole nā ​​lālā a me nā lālā o kēia mau neurons. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hana nā dendrite i ka ʻāpana receptor o ka neuron: hōʻike pinepine ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻano lāʻau e puka mai ana mai ke kino pūnana neuronal. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ka hana kūpono o dendrites no laila e ʻohiʻohi i ka ʻike ma ka pae o nā synapses e uhi ai iā lākou, ma mua o ka hoʻohuli ʻana iā lākou i ke kino o ka neuron. 

ʻOkoʻa loa nā pūnaewele nerve mai nā hunaola ʻē aʻe i ke kino o ke kanaka: ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, kikoʻī loa kā lākou morphology a ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hana uila lākou. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo dendrite mai ka huaʻō Helene ʻO Dendron, ʻo ia hoʻi "lāʻau".

ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻekolu e hana i ka neurona

ʻO nā Dendrite nā ʻāpana receptor nui o ka neuron, i kapa ʻia hoʻi he pūnana nerve. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā neurons i ʻekolu mau mea nui:

• he kino pūnaewele;
• ʻelua ʻano o nā pūnaewele hoʻonui i kapa ʻia dendrites;
• nā koʻi lipi. 

ʻO ke kino o nā neurons, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo soma, loaʻa ka nucleus a me nā organelles ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke koina he hoʻokahi, lahilahi, hoʻopuʻi nā paukū e kuhikuhi i ke aʻalolo i kekahi neona ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano nāʻaʻa ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hana kūpono wale nō o ka axon ke kalaiwa, mai kahi wahi i ka lolo i kahi ʻē aʻe, kahi leka i hoʻopili ʻia i ke ʻano o ke kuʻina o nā hana hiki.

He aha e pili ana i nā dendrites?

Kūkulu ʻia kahi kumu lāʻau mai ke kino o ka pūnaewele

ʻO kēia mau dendrite pōkole, tapered, a me nā branched extensions, e hana ana i kahi ʻano lāʻau e puka mai ana mai ke kino cell neuronal.

ʻO nā dendrite nā ʻāpana receptor o ka neuron: ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka membrane plasma o nā dendrites nā pūnaewele receptor he nui no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ʻelele kemika mai nā hunaola ʻē aʻe. Kuhi ʻia ka radius o ka lāʻau dendritic i hoʻokahi millimeter. ʻO ka mea hope loa, aia nā pihi synaptic he nui ma nā dendrite ma nā wahi mamao loa mai ke kino pūnaewele.

ʻO ka ramifikasi o dendrites

Puka mai kēlā me kēia dendrite mai ka soma e kahi cone e hoʻonui ʻia i loko o kahi hana cylindrical. ʻO ka wikiwiki loa, e māhele ia i ʻelua mau kaikamahine-lālā. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou anawaena ma mua o ka lālā makua.

A laila, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ramama nā ʻāpana, a laila, i ʻelua mau mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Ke hoʻomau nei kēia mau subdivision: ʻo kēia ke kumu e hoʻonāukiuki ai nā neurophysiologists metaphorically "ka lāʻau dendritic o kahi neuron".

ʻO ka hana o dendrites e ʻohiʻohi i ka ʻike ma ka pae o nā synapses (nā hakahaka ma waena o ʻelua mau neurons) e uhi iā lākou. A laila e lawe kēia mau dendrite i kēia ʻike i ke kino o ke neuron.

Hoʻomaopopo nā Neurona i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki like ʻole, a hoʻololi lākou i nā hōʻailona uila (i kapa ʻia nā mana hana hopohopo), ma mua o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i kēia mau hana i nā neurons, nāʻiʻo muscle a i ʻole nā ​​glands. A ʻoiai, ʻoiai i kahi axon, haʻalele ka impulse uila i ka soma, i kahi dendrite, hoʻolaha kēia impulse uila i ka soma.

Ua hiki i kahi noiʻi ʻepekema ke hiki, mahalo i nā electrodes microscopic i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā neurons, e loiloi ai i ke kuleana o nā dendrites i ka lawe ʻana i nā leka nerve. ʻIke ʻia, ma kahi mamao loa o ka hoʻonui passive, hana nui kēia mau kūkulu i ka hana i ka ʻike ʻike.

Wahi a kēia noi i paʻi ʻia ma Nature, no laila ʻaʻole nā ​​dendrite e maʻalahi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka membrane e pili ana i ka hoʻoili ʻana i ke aʻa aʻa i ke koʻi: ʻaʻole lākou he mea uwao maʻalahi, akā e hoʻoponopono pū lākou i ka ʻike. ʻO kahi hana e hoʻonui ai i nā mana o ka lolo. 

No laila ke hui pū nei nā ʻikepili āpau: ʻaʻole passive nā dendrites, akā, ma kekahi ʻano, nā minicomputers i ka lolo.

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hana maʻamau o nā dendrites i nā disfunction e pili ana i nā neurotransmitters e hoʻonāukiuki iā lākou a i ʻole, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe e kāohi iā lākou.

ʻO ka mea ʻike nui ʻia o kēia mau neurotransmitters he dopamine, serotonin a i ʻole ʻo GABA. ʻO kēia nā disfunction o kā lākou huna, i kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ʻē aʻe i haʻahaʻa loa, a i ʻole pāpā ʻia, a ʻo ia ke kumu o nā anomalies.

ʻO nā pathologies i hopena ʻia e ka holo pono ʻole o nā neurotransmitters, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā maʻi psychiatric, e like me ke kaumaha, bipolar maʻi a i ʻole schizophrenia.

Hoʻopili nā hemahema psychic i ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻole o nā neurotransmitters a no laila, i lalo, i ka hana o nā dendrites, hiki ke mālama ʻia i kēia manawa. ʻO ka pinepine, kahi hopena maikaʻi e pili ana i nā pathology psychiatric e loaʻa ʻia e kahi hui ma waena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano psychotherapeutic.

Aia kekahi mau ʻano psychotherapeutic i kēia manawa: ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki i ka mea hoʻomanawanui ke koho i kahi ʻoihana āna i manaʻo ai he hilinaʻi, hoʻolohe a me kahi ʻano e kūpono iā ia e like me kona wā i hala, kāna ʻike, a me kāna mau pono.

Aia kekahi i loko o kahi ʻano noʻonoʻo-behavioral therapies, interpersonal therapies a i ʻole nā ​​psychotherapies i pili hou i kahi kahe psychoanalytic.

ʻO ka hōʻailona o kahi maʻi psychiatric, no laila e kūlike i ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana kahi e hana nui ai nā dendrite, e hana ʻia e ka psychiatrist. Lōʻihi pinepine ia e hana i kahi kuhi.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, he mea nui e ʻike ʻaʻole pono ka mea maʻi e paʻa i loko o kahi "lepili" e hoʻohālikelike iā ia, akā noho mau ʻo ia he kanaka piha, nāna e aʻo maʻalahi e hoʻokele i kāna mea nui. ʻO nā loea, psychiatrists a me psychologists, e hiki ke kōkua iā ia i kēia ala.

ʻO ka lā i hoʻolauna ʻia ai ka huaʻōlelo “neuron” i hoʻonoho ʻia ma 1891. ʻO kēia huakaʻi, he anatomical pono ia i ka hoʻomaka, ua puka kū mai i loko o nā mahalo i ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele o kēia keʻena, i lawe ʻia e Camillo Golgi. Akā, kēia ʻepekema epic, mamao loa i ka nānā wale ʻana i nā ʻano kūkulu o kēia ʻike ʻana, hoʻolōʻihi i ka hiki ke hāpai i ka neuron ma ke ʻano he wahi noho o nā mīkini uila. A laila ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau reflexes i hoʻoponopono ʻia, a me nā hana lolo paʻakikī.

ʻO ia ka mea nui mai nā makahiki 1950 he nui nā mea biophysical sophisticated i noi ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana o ka neurona, ma ka infra-cellular a laila ka pae mole. No laila, ua hiki i ka microscopy electron ke hōʻike i kahi o ka synaptic cleft, a me ka exositosis o nā neurotransmitter vesicle ma nā synapses. A laila ua hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻike o kēia mau vesicle.

A laila, ʻo kahi ʻenehana i kapa ʻia ʻo "patch-clamp" i hiki ke hiki, mai nā 1980, e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻano kū i kēia manawa ma o kahi kaha ion hoʻokahi. Ua hiki iā mākou ke wehewehe i nā ʻano intracellular pili o ka neuron. I waena o lākou: ka hoʻolahalaha hope ʻana o nā hiki ke hana i nā lāʻau dendrite.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, no Jean-Gaël Barbara, neuroscientist a me ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema, "lohi, lilo ka neurona i mea o nā hōʻike hou, e like me ke keena kūikawā i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai he mea ʻokoʻa ia e nā manaʻo hana paʻakikī o kāna mau ʻano hana.".

Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻepekema ʻo Golgi lāua ʻo Ramon y Cajal i ka Nobel Prize ma 1906 no kā lāua hana e pili ana i ka manaʻo o nā neurons.