ʻO ka enzim pili immunoabsorption assay loea - ma English Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay - a i ʻole ʻo ELISA hōʻike he hōʻike immunological i hiki ai ke ʻike a i ʻole ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā molekiola i kahi mea olaola. Ua manaʻo ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia e nā ʻepekema Suetena ʻelua, ʻo Peter Perlmann lāua ʻo Eva Engvall ma ke Kulanui ʻo Stockholm ma 1971.

ʻO nā mole i hoʻāʻo ʻia e ka hana ELISA he mau protein. A ʻo nā ʻano laʻana me nā meaola biolo wai - plasma, serum, mimi, perspirant -, media culture culture, a i ʻole kahi protein protein recombinant - protein i hana ʻia e kahi huna kahi mea i hoʻololi ʻia e nā genetic recombination - hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i loko o ka hopena.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hōʻike ELISA i ka immunology e ʻike ai a / a ana paha i ke alo o nā protein, antibodies a i ʻole nā ​​antigens i kahi laʻana. Kuhi kēia hōʻike serological kikoʻī i nā antibodies i hana ʻia e ke kino i ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻohaumia viral.

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pale mūhune no ke kuhi ʻana i nā maʻi infectious e hōʻike i kahi hana kūikawā a wikiwiki hoʻi. ʻO ka ʻenehana ELISA kahi hana immuno-enzymatic e hiki ai ke ʻike, mai kahi hāpana olaola, nā hopena ma waena o kahi antigen - he kino i manaʻo ʻia he haole e ka meaola ola - a me kahi antibody e hoʻohana ana i kahi ʻano kala i hana ʻia e kahi markima enzyme - ʻo ka alkaline phosphatase a me ka peroxidase - pili mua ʻia i ka maʻi pale. Hōʻoia ka hopena o ke kala i ka ʻike o ka bacteria i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a i ʻole ke kū ʻana o ka virus i makemake ʻia a me ka ikaika o ke kala e hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona o ka nui o nā antigens a i ʻole nā ​​antibodies i hāʻawi ʻia.

ʻEhā ʻano nui o ka hōʻike ELISA:

• kuhikuhi iā ELISA, hiki ai ke ʻike a ana paha i nā mea ʻino. Hoʻohana wale ia i kahi antibody mua;
• ʻole ELISA, ka mea i hoʻohana ākea ʻia, hiki pū ke ʻike a hoʻāʻo paha i nā mea ʻino. Hoʻohana ia i kahi antibody lua e hāʻawi iā ia i ka ʻike maikaʻi aʻe ma mua o ELISA pololei;
• ELISA i ka hoʻokūkū, ʻae i ke ana o nā antigens. Hana ʻia e ka hoʻokūkū no nā hoʻopaʻa, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻohana i kahi enzyme;
• ELISA «i ka sanwī», ʻae i ke ana o nā antigens. Hoʻohana maʻamau kēia hana i ka noiʻi.

Hoʻohana ʻia ka hōʻike ELISA no:

• E huli a ana i nā mea pale mū i ke serology no ke kuhi ʻana i nā maʻi infectious: virology, parasitology, bacteriology, a pēlā aku.
• Nā polokina hana ma nā hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa: nā dosages kikoʻī o kekahi mau protein plasma (immunoglobulin E (IgE), ferritin, nā protein protein, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
• Hana i nā mole liʻiliʻi: nā steroid steroid, nā thyroid hormones, nā lāʻau…

Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻokolohua ELISA kikoʻī e ʻike pono i nā maʻi infectious he nui:

Nā maʻi i lawe ʻia i ka moekolohe (STDs)

Me ka maʻi hepa, syphilis, chlamydia a me HIV. Hōʻike ʻia e nā luna olakino, ʻo ia ka hōʻike loiloi nui o ka maʻi AIDS: hōʻike ia i ke alo o nā anti-HIV antiodies a me ka p24 antigen ʻeono pule ma hope o ka maʻi.

Nā maʻi āpana a i ʻole hopena paha

Fiva melemele, maʻi maʻi virus Marburg (MVM), Ladengue, maʻi Lyme, Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, Ebola, Lassa fever, etc.

ʻO Covid-19

E lawe ʻia ma mua o 2 a 3 mau pule ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻōuli, hiki i ka hoʻāʻo ELISA ke hoʻomaopopo, ma lalo o hoʻokahi hola, ke kū nei o nā anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

ʻO nā pathogens Viral e kumu i nā maʻi prenatal

Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex ʻo kahi laʻana.

ʻO nā hihia ʻē aʻe

Akā ua loaʻa iā ia nā noi i ka ʻike:

• Nā hāpai keiki;
• Nā maʻi Autoimmune;
• ʻO nā meaʻai āpau: ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā immunoglobulins E (IgE) kōkua i ka loiloi a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi āpau.
• Nā haunaele Hormonal;
• Kaha Tumor;
• Kanu i nā mea hoʻomaʻi;
• A he nui aku nā mea'ē aku

Ma ke ʻāpana o ka ʻike ʻana i nā anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, ua hana ʻia kahi noiʻi pailaka i ʻAukake 2020 e ka Institut Pasteur, ka CNRS, Inserm a me ke Kulanui o Palisa e hōʻoia i ka hilinaʻi o ka hoʻāʻo ELISA: ua hōʻoia nā hoʻohana ELISA ʻelua. ʻo ka protein N holoʻokoʻa o ka SARS-CoV-2 (ELISA N) a i ʻole ke kikowaena extracellular o ka spike virus (S) ma ke ʻano he antigen. ʻO kēia hana e hiki ai ke ʻike i nā mea pale mūhuna ma mua o 90% o nā hihia, me ka helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maikaʻi maikaʻi loa o 1%.

Lawe ʻia i loko o nā keʻena hoʻokolohua kālailai ma ke kauka lāʻau lapaʻau, ua kumukūʻai ʻo Elisa ma kahi o 10 euro a uku ʻia ma 100% e ka ʻinikua olakino.

Lawe ʻia i loko o ka ʻike manuahi, kānana a me nā kikowaena diagnostics (CeGIDD), hiki iā lākou ke kaʻawale no ka maʻi HIV a me SARS-CoV-2.