ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka hana ʻana i ka manaʻo o Hayflick
ʻO Leonard Hayflick (hānau ʻia ʻo Mei 20, 1928 ma Philadelphia), he polopeka o ka anatomy ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi ma Kapalakiko, i hoʻomohala i kāna kumumanaʻo ʻoiai e hana ana ma ka Wistar Institute ma Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ma 1965. Ua kapa ʻo Frank MacFarlane Burnet i kēia manaʻo ma hope o Hayflick ma ʻO kāna puke i kapa ʻia ʻo Internal Mutagenesis, i paʻi ʻia ma 1974. Ua kōkua ka manaʻo o ka palena Hayflick i nā ʻepekema e aʻo i nā hopena o ka ʻelemakule cell i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, ka ulu ʻana o nā cell mai ka wā embryonic a hiki i ka make, me ka hopena o ka pōkole o ka lōʻihi o nā welau o nā chromosomes i kapa ʻia. nā telomere.
I ka makahiki 1961, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Hayflick e hana ma ke Keʻena ʻo Wistar, kahi āna i ʻike ai ma o ka nānā ʻana ʻaʻole e puʻunaue mau ke kino kanaka. Ua wehewehe ʻo Hayflick lāua ʻo Paul Moorehead i kēia hanana i loko o kahi monograph i kapa ʻia ʻo Serial Cultivation of Human Diploid Cell Strains. ʻO ka hana a Hayflick ma ka Wistar Institute i manaʻo ʻia e hāʻawi i kahi hopena nutrient no ka poʻe ʻepekema nāna i hana i nā hoʻokolohua ma ke kula, akā i ka manawa like ua hana ʻo Hayflick i kāna noiʻi ponoʻī e pili ana i nā hopena o nā maʻi maʻi i loko o nā cell. Ma 1965, ua wehewehe ʻo Hayflick i ka manaʻo o ka palena Hayflick ma kahi monograph i kapa ʻia ʻo "Limited Lifespan of Human Diploid Cell Strains in the Artificial Environment".
Ua hiki mai ʻo Hayflick i ka hopena e hiki i ke kelepona ke hoʻopau i ka mitosis, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohua ʻana ma o ka māhele ʻana, he kanahā a kanaono wale nō manawa, a ma hope o ka make. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia hopena i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a pau, inā paha nā cell cell cell. Hāʻawi ʻo Hayflick i kahi kuhiakau e pili ana i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka hiki ke hoʻopiʻi o ke kelepona e pili ana i kona ʻelemakule a, no laila, me ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule o ke kino kanaka.
I ka makahiki 1974, ua hoʻokumu pū ʻo Hayflick i ka National Institute on Aging ma Bethesda, Maryland.
He lālā kēia o ka US National Institutes of Health. Ma 1982, ua lilo ʻo Hayflick i hope pelekikena o ka American Society for Gerontology, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1945 ma New York. Ma hope mai, hana ʻo Hayflick e hoʻolaha i kāna kumumanaʻo a hōʻole i ka manaʻo o Carrel no ka make ʻole o ke kelepona.
Hōʻole i ka manaʻo o Carrel
ʻO Alexis Carrel, he kauka lapaʻau Farani i hana me ka ʻiʻo o ka puʻuwai moa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua manaʻoʻiʻo e hiki ke hoʻohua hou nā cell ma o ka māhele ʻana. Ua'ōleloʻo Carrel ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i ka māhele o nā puʻuwai moa i loko o kahi meaʻai - ua hoʻomauʻia kēia hana no nā makahiki he iwakālua. ʻO kāna mau hoʻokolohua me ka ʻiʻo naʻau o ka moa i hoʻoikaika i ka manaʻo o ka māhele cell pau ʻole. Ua ho'āʻo pinepine nā kānakaʻepekema e hana hou i ka hana a Carrel, akā,ʻaʻole i hōʻoia kā lākou mau hoʻokolohua i ka "ʻike" o Carrel.
Ka hoʻohewa ʻana i ka manaʻo o Hayflick
I ka makahiki 1990, ua ʻōlelo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema, e like me Harry Rubin ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi ma Berkeley, pili wale ka palena Hayflick i nā cell i poino. Manaʻo ʻo Rubin e hiki ke hoʻopōʻino ʻia nā cell ma muli o ka noho ʻana o nā cell i kahi kaiapuni ʻokoʻa mai ko lākou kaiapuni mua i loko o ke kino, a i ʻole nā kānaka ʻepekema e hōʻike ana i nā cell i loko o ka lab.
E noiʻi hou aʻe i ke ʻano o ka ʻelemakule
Me ka hoʻohewa ʻana, ua hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻē aʻe i ka manaʻo o Hayflick i kumu no ka noiʻi hou ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻelemakule cellular, ʻoi aku ka telomeres, ʻo ia nā ʻāpana hope o nā chromosomes. Mālama ʻo Telomeres i nā chromosomes a hōʻemi i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka DNA. I ka makahiki 1973, ua hoʻohana ka mea ʻepekema Lūkini ʻo A. Olovnikov i ka manaʻo o Hayflick o ka make cell i kāna aʻo ʻana i nā hopena o nā chromosomes ʻaʻole e hana hou iā lākou iho i ka wā mitosis. Wahi a Olovnikov, ua pau ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kelepona inā ʻaʻole hiki i ke kelepona ke hana hou i nā wēlau o kāna chromosomes.
I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1974, kapa ʻia ʻo Burnet i ka manaʻo Hayflick ʻo ka palena Hayflick, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia inoa ma kāna pepa, Internal Mutagenesis. Ma ka puʻuwai o ka hana a Burnet, ʻo ia ka manaʻo ʻo ka ʻelemakule he kumu maoli i loko o nā keʻena o nā ʻano ola like ʻole, a ʻo kā lākou hana koʻikoʻi e pili ana i kahi kumumanaʻo i kapa ʻia ʻo ka palena Hayflick, nāna e hoʻokumu i ka manawa o ka make o ke kino.
Ua huli ʻo Elizabeth Blackburn o ke Kulanui o Kapalakiko a me kāna hoa hana ʻo Jack Szostak o ke Kula Lapaʻau ʻo Harvard ma Boston, Massachusetts, i ka manaʻo o ka palena Hayflick i kā lākou aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā telomeres i ka makahiki 1982 i ko lākou lanakila ʻana i ka cloning a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā telomeres.
I ka makahiki 1989, ua hana ʻo Greider lāua ʻo Blackburn i ka ʻanuʻu aʻe i ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻelemakule cell ma o ka ʻike ʻana i kahi enzyme i kapa ʻia ʻo telomerase (he enzyme mai ka pūʻulu o nā transferases e hoʻomalu ana i ka nui, helu a me ka ʻano nucleotide o nā chromosome telomeres). Ua ʻike ʻo Greider a me Blackburn i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka telomerase ke kōkua i nā pūnaewele kino e pale i ka make i hoʻonohonoho ʻia.
I ka makahiki 2009, ua loaʻa iā Blackburn, D. Szostak a me K. Greider ka makana no ka Nobel ma Physiology a i ʻole Medicine me ka huaʻōlelo "no kā lākou ʻike ʻana i nā hana o ka pale ʻana i nā chromosomes e nā telomeres a me ka enzyme telomerase." Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kā lākou noiʻi ma ka palena Hayflick.