ʻOi aku ma mua o 4,5% o ka heluna kanaka Dutch he mau meaʻai. ʻAʻole i hoʻohālikelike nui ʻia, no ka laʻana, me India, kahi he 30% o lākou, akā ʻaʻole lawa no ʻEulopa, kahi a hiki i ka 70s o ke kenekulia i hala, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻiʻo he mea maʻamau a paʻa ʻole. I kēia manawa, ma kahi o 750 poʻe Dutch e hoʻololi i kahi ʻokiʻoki a i ʻole ka ʻala ʻala i kēlā me kēia lā me kahi ʻāpana ʻelua o nā mea kanu, nā huahana soy a i ʻole nā hua manu ʻānai. ʻO kekahi no nā kumu olakino, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka hopohopo kaiapuni, akā ʻo ke kumu nui ke aloha i nā holoholona.
ʻO ka mea kanu Hocus Pocus
I ka makahiki 1891, ʻo Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis (1846–1919) ka mea kaulana Dutch, e kipa ana i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Groningen ma ka ʻoihana, nānā i loko o kahi hale ʻaina kūloko. ʻO ka mea hoʻokipa, mahalo ʻia e ka kipa kiʻekiʻe, hāʻawi i ka malihini i kahi aniani o kāna waina ʻulaʻula maikaʻi loa. No kona kahaha, ua hōʻole maikaʻi ʻo Domela, me ka wehewehe ʻana ʻaʻole ʻo ia i inu i ka waiʻona. Ua hoʻoholo ka hale hoʻokipa hoʻokipa e hōʻoluʻolu i ka malihini me kahi ʻaina ʻono: “E ka Haku! E haʻi mai iaʻu i kāu mea e makemake ai: he steak koko a maikaʻi paha, a i ʻole ka umauma moa a i ʻole ka ʻaoʻao puaʻa? “Mahalo nui iā ʻoe,” i pane aku ai ʻo Domela, “akā ʻaʻole au e ʻai i ka ʻiʻo. E hāʻawi mai iaʻu i ka berena rai maikaʻi me ka paʻakai. ʻO ka mea hale hoʻokipa, i hoʻokūhoihoi ʻia i ka hoʻomāinoino wale ʻana i ke kino, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e pāʻani ana ka mea auwana i ka mea hoʻohenehene, a i ʻole ma waho o kona noʻonoʻo ... Akā ua hewa ʻo ia: ʻo kāna malihini ka mea ʻai meaʻai mua i ʻike ʻia ma Netherlands. ʻO ka moʻolelo o Domela Nieuwenhuis he waiwai i nā huli ʻoi. Ma hope o kona pau ʻana i kāna papa theology, ua lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kahunapule Lutheran no ʻeiwa mau makahiki, a i ka makahiki 1879 ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka hale pule, me ka haʻi ʻana iā ia iho he atheist. Ua nalowale paha ko Nieuwenhuys i kona manaʻoʻiʻo ma muli o nā hahau ʻino o ka hopena: i ke 34 o kona mau makahiki he kāne make ʻekolu manawa, ua make nā kāne ʻōpio ʻekolu i ka hānau ʻana. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua hala kēia pōhaku ʻino i kāna male ʻehā. ʻO Domela kekahi o nā mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka ʻoihana socialist ma ka ʻāina, akā i ka makahiki 1890 ua haʻalele ʻo ia mai ka politika, a ma hope ua komo i ka anarchism a lilo i mea kākau. Ua hōʻole ʻo ia i ka ʻiʻo ma muli o ka manaʻo paʻa ʻaʻohe kuleana o ke kanaka e pepehi holoholona. ʻAʻohe o kona mau hoa i kākoʻo iā Nieuwenhuis, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he mea lapuwale loa. Ke ho'āʻo nei e hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā ia i ko lākou mau maka ponoʻī, ua hōʻike mai ka poʻe a puni iā ia me kā lākou wehewehe ponoʻī: ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻokēʻai me ka hui pū ʻana me nā limahana ʻilihune, nona nā papa ʻai i ʻike ʻia i nā lā hoʻomaha. I loko o ka pōʻai ʻohana, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka mea kanu mua i ka ʻike: ua hoʻomaka nā ʻohana e haʻalele i kona hale, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā ʻahaʻaina me ka ʻole o ka ʻiʻo a me ka ʻoluʻolu ʻole. Ua hōʻole ʻo Brother Adrian ma ka huhū i kāna kono ʻana i ka makahiki hou, me ka hōʻole ʻana e hana i ka "vegetarian hocus pocus." A ua kapa ʻia ke kauka ʻohana iā Domela he lawehala: ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua hoʻopilikia ʻo ia i ke olakino o kāna wahine a me kāna mau keiki ma ka hoʻokau ʻana i kāna ʻai hiki ʻole iā lākou.
ʻO nā mea ʻino weliweli
ʻAʻole i noho kaʻawale ʻo Domela Nieuwenhuis no ka lōʻihi, ua ʻike mālie ʻo ia i nā poʻe like like, ʻoiai i ka wā mua he kakaikahi loa lākou. Ma ka lā 30 o Kepakemapa, 1894, ma ke kumu o ke kauka Anton Vershor, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Netherlands Vegetarian Union, nona nā lālā 33. He ʻumi mau makahiki ma hope mai, piʻi aʻe ko lākou helu i 1000, a he ʻumi mau makahiki ma hope mai - i 2000. Ua hui ka hui i nā hoa paio mua o ka ʻiʻo ʻaʻole ia he aloha, akā he ʻenemi. I ka Mei 1899, ua hoʻopuka ka nūpepa ʻo Amsterdam i kahi ʻatikala na Kauka Peter Teske, kahi āna i hōʻike ai i kahi manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole i ka vegetarianism: wāwae. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia nā mea a pau mai ka poʻe me ia mau manaʻo hoʻopunipuni: hiki koke lākou e hele wāwae ʻole ma nā alanui. ʻAʻole i luhi ka nūpepa ʻo Hague "People" i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka poʻe kākoʻo i ka meaʻai mea kanu, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wahine nāwaliwali: "He ʻano wahine kūikawā kēia: ʻo kekahi o ka poʻe i ʻoki i ko lākou lauoho pōkole a noi aku no ke komo ʻana i nā koho balota. !” ʻIke ʻia, ua hiki mai ka hoʻomanawanui i ka Dutch ma hope, a i ka hopena o ka makahiki ʻumikumamāiwa a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia iwakālua ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻia lākou e ka poʻe i kū i waho o ka lehulehu. ʻO kēia mau mea i komo i ka theosophists, anthroposophists, humanists, anarchists, a me nā mea ʻai meaʻai. Eia naʻe, i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mea hope i kahi hiʻohiʻona kūikawā o ka honua, ʻaʻole hewa loa ka poʻe kūlanakauhale a me nā conservatives. ʻO nā lālā mua o ka Union of Vegetarians he poʻe hahai i ka mea kākau Lūkini nui ʻo Leo Tolstoy, ka mea, i kona mau makahiki he kanalima, hōʻole i ka ʻiʻo, alakaʻi ʻia e nā loina pono. Ua kapa ʻia kona mau hoa Holani iā lākou iho ʻo Tolstoyans (tolstojanen) a i ʻole nā Kalikiano anarchist, a ʻo ko lākou pili ʻana i nā aʻo a Tolstoy ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i ka manaʻo o ka meaʻai. E like me ko mākou hoa aloha nui, ua manaʻoʻiʻo lākou ʻo ke kī i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kaiāulu kūpono ʻo ia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kanaka. Eia kekahi, ua kākoʻo lākou i ke kūʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia kanaka, i kāhea ʻia no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻi make a me nā kuleana kaulike no nā wahine. Akā, ʻoiai ʻo ia mau manaʻo holomua, ua pau ko lākou hoʻāʻo ʻana e komo i ka hui Socialist me ka hāʻule ʻole, a lilo ka ʻiʻo i kumu o ka paio! Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua hoʻohiki ka poʻe socialist i ka kaulike o nā limahana a me ka palekana waiwai, kahi i komo ai ka nui o ka ʻiʻo ma ka papaʻaina. A laila ua ʻike ʻia kēia poʻe momona mai kahi ʻole a hoʻoweliweli e huikau i nā mea āpau! A ʻo kā lākou kāhea ʻana ʻaʻole e pepehi i nā holoholona, he mea lapuwale loa ia… Ma ka laulā, ua paʻakikī ka poʻe mea ʻai meaʻai politika mua: ʻo ka poʻe hoʻomau holomua loa i hōʻole iā lākou.
Me ka mālie akā ʻoiaʻiʻo
ʻAʻole hopohopo nā lālā o ka Netherlands Association of Vegetarians a hōʻike i ka hoʻomanawanui. Hāʻawi lākou i kā lākou kākoʻo i nā limahana meaʻai meaʻai, i kapa ʻia (ʻoiai ʻaʻole i kūleʻa) e hoʻolauna i ka meaʻai mea kanu i loko o nā hale paʻahao a me ka pūʻali koa. Ma ko lākou hoʻomaka ʻana, i ka makahiki 1898, ua wehe ʻia ka hale ʻaina meaʻai mua ma The Hague, a laila ua ʻike hou ʻia nā mea hou aʻe, akā aneane pau nā mea a pau i ka panakalupa. Ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā haʻiʻōlelo a me ka paʻi ʻana i nā puke liʻiliʻi, nā puke a me nā hōʻiliʻili meaʻai, ua hoʻoikaika ikaika nā lālā o ka Union i kā lākou meaʻai kanaka a olakino. Akā ʻaʻole i lawe nui ʻia kā lākou hoʻopaʻapaʻa: ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka mahalo i ka ʻiʻo a me ka mālama ʻole ʻana i nā mea kanu.
Ua hoʻololi kēia manaʻo ma hope o ke Kaua Honua Mua, i ka wā i maopopo ai ka maʻi tropical beriberi ma muli o ka nele o nā huaora. ʻO nā meaʻai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano maka, ua hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia i ka meaʻai, hoʻomaka ka vegetarianism e hoʻāla i ka makemake nui a lilo i mea maʻamau. Ua hoʻopau ke Kaua Honuaʻelua i kēia: i ka wā o ka nohoʻana,ʻaʻohe manawa no nā hoʻokolohua, a ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻuʻiaʻana, ua waiwai nuiʻia kaʻiʻo: ua'ōlelo nā kauka Dutch he pono nā protein a me ka hao i loko o ia mea e hoʻihoʻi i ke olakino a me ka ikaika ma hope. ka hooilo pololi o 1944-1945. ʻO nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā makahiki ma hope o ke kaua he nui i ka poʻe kākoʻo o ke aʻo ʻana anthroposophical, e komo pū ana ka manaʻo o ka mea kanu meaʻai. Aia kekahi poʻe mehameha ʻaʻole i ʻai i ka ʻiʻo i hōʻailona o ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka poʻe pōloli o ʻApelika.
No nā holoholona i manaʻo ʻia e nā makahiki 70 wale nō. Ua waiho ʻia ka hoʻomaka e ka mea olaola ʻo Gerrit Van Putten, nāna i hāʻawi iā ia iho i ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻano o nā holoholona. Ua hoʻopūʻiwa nā hopena i nā mea a pau: ua ʻike ʻia nā bipi, nā kao, nā hipa, nā moa a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a hiki i kēlā manawa i manaʻo ʻia he mau mea wale nō o ka hana mahiʻai, hiki ke noʻonoʻo, manaʻo a pilikia. Ua hauʻoli loa ʻo Van Putten i ka naʻauao o nā puaʻa, ʻaʻole i emi iki ma mua o nā ʻīlio. Ma 1972, ua hoʻokumu ka mea olaola i kahi mahiʻai hōʻikeʻike: kahi ʻano hōʻike e hōʻike ana i nā kūlana i mālama ʻia ai nā pipi a me nā manu pōʻino. I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, hui pū nā mea kūʻē i ka bioindustry i loko o ka Tasty Beast Society, ka mea i kūʻē i nā peni ʻokiʻoki, lepo lepo a me nā hale, nā meaʻai maikaʻi ʻole, a me nā ala ʻeha o ka pepehi ʻana i "ka poʻe noho mahiʻai ʻōpio." ʻO ka nui o kēia mau mea hana a me nā mea aloha i lilo i mea ʻai meaʻai. I ka ʻike ʻana i ka hopena, ua pau nā pipi a pau - ma nā ʻano āpau i mālama ʻia - i ka hale pepehi kanaka, ʻaʻole lākou makemake e noho mau i nā mea komo i kēia kaʻina o ka luku. ʻAʻole i manaʻo hou ʻia kēlā poʻe he kumu a me nā extravagances, ua hoʻomaka lākou e mālama ʻia me ka mahalo. A laila ho'ōki lākou i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana: lilo ka vegetarianism i mea maʻamau.
Dystrophics a i ʻole centenarians?
I ka makahiki 1848, ua kākau ke kauka Holani ʻo Jacob Jan Pennink: “ʻO ka ʻaina ahiahi me ka ʻiʻo ʻole, ua like ia me ka hale me ke kahua ʻole. I ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa like nā kauka i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo he hōʻoia no ke olakino, a, no laila, he kūlana kūpono no ka mālama ʻana i kahi lāhui olakino. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ka manaʻo ʻia o ka poʻe Pelekania, nā mea aloha pipi pipi kaulana, ʻo ia ka poʻe ikaika loa o ka honua! Pono nā mea hana o ka Netherlands Vegetarian Union e hōʻike i ka nui o ke akamai e hoʻoluliluli i kēia aʻo ʻana i hoʻokumu ʻia. I ka ʻike ʻana e lilo nā ʻōlelo pololei i ka hilinaʻi wale, ua hoʻokokoke lākou i ka hihia me ka akahele. Ua hoʻopuka ka magazine Vegetarian Bulletin i nā moʻolelo e pili ana i ka ʻeha ʻana o ka poʻe, ka maʻi a me ka make ʻana ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo i hoʻopōʻino ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, nānā a ʻono hou loa ... nā maʻi, ka lōʻihi o ke ola, a i kekahi manawa ua kōkua nui i ka ho'ōla kupanaha o ka poʻe maʻi manaʻo ʻole. Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe inaina ʻiʻo ʻoi loa ʻaʻole i hoʻopau loa ʻia, waiho ʻia kona mau ʻāpana e pala i loko o ka ʻōpū, e make wai ai, blues, a me ka huhū. Ua ʻōlelo lākou ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka meaʻai mea kanu e hōʻemi i ka hewa a alakaʻi paha i ka maluhia honua ma ka Honua! ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kēia mau manaʻo.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi a i ʻole nā pōʻino o ka meaʻai meaʻai e nā kauka Dutch, ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina ma kēia kumuhana. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua haʻi mua ʻia nā kānalua e pili ana i ka pono o ka ʻiʻo i kā mākou meaʻai ma ka nūpepa ʻepekema. ʻOi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki i hala mai ia manawa, a ʻaʻohe kānalua ka ʻepekema e pili ana i nā pono o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka ʻiʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe ʻai meaʻai mai ka momona, ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka maʻi puʻuwai, ka maʻi diabetes, a me kekahi mau ʻano maʻi kanesa. Eia nō naʻe, ke lohe ʻia nei nā leo nāwaliwali, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana iā mākou me ka ʻole o ka entrecote, ka hupa a me ka wāwae moa, ʻaʻole hiki ke mae. Akā ʻo ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana e pili ana i ke olakino he pilikia kaʻawale.
Panina
Ke noho nei ka Dutch Vegetarian Union i kēia lā, ke kū'ē nei i ka bioindustrial a kākoʻo i nā pono o ka meaʻai mea kanu. Akā naʻe,ʻaʻoleʻo ia i hana nui i ka nohona o ka lehulehu o ka'āina,ʻoiai he nui aʻoi aku ka nui o nā meaʻai meaʻai ma Netherlands: i nā makahiki heʻumi i hala iho nei, ua pālua ko lākou helu. Aia ma waena o lākou kekahi ʻano o ka poʻe koʻikoʻi: nā veganists i kāpae i nā huahana o nā holoholona mai kā lākou ʻai: nā hua, ka waiū, ka meli a me nā mea hou aku. Aia kekahi mau mea koʻikoʻi: hoʻāʻo lākou e ʻoluʻolu i nā huaʻai a me nā nati, me ka manaʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke pepehi ʻia nā mea kanu.
ʻO Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, nona nā manaʻo i hoʻoikaika i nā mea hana pono holoholona Dutch mua, hōʻike pinepine i ka manaʻolana ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia iwakālua, e haʻalele nā kānaka a pau i ka ʻiʻo. ʻAʻole naʻe i hoʻokō pono ʻia ka manaʻolana o ka mea kākau. Akā, he manawa wale nō paha ia, a nalo maoli ka ʻiʻo mai kā mākou papaʻaina? He paʻakikī ke manaʻoʻiʻo i kēia: ikaika loa ka moʻomeheu. Akā ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo wai ka mea ʻike? ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia ke ola, a ʻo ka vegetarianism ma ʻEulopa he ʻano ʻōpiopio. He lōʻihi nō paha kāna e hele ai!