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ʻO ka mushroom apo no ka ʻāpana o nā mea liʻiliʻi i ʻike ʻia, akā i kēia manawa ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noi ma waena o nā mea ʻohi ʻohi. Hāʻawi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā ringworms a me kahi ʻenehana kūpono no kā lākou mahi ʻana. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o kou hoʻomaka ʻana e hōʻiliʻili i nā ringlets, ʻoi aku ka ʻono a me ka ʻono o nā kīʻaha i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai ia mau mea. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolapalapa ʻana i nā halo ʻōpio, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palai ʻana i nā halo ulu.
ʻO ke kiʻi a me ka wehewehe ʻana o ke apo
I kēia manawa, ʻelua ʻano ʻano o nā ringlets hiki ke mahi ʻia. ʻO kēia nā halo agaric nui. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano ʻano o ka ringworm i ka nuipa. ʻO Gartenriese nui, Winnetou liʻiliʻi.
Koltsevik (Stropharia rugoso-annulata) ulu maoli ma luna o nā ʻāpana lāʻau, ma ka lepo i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻōpala, a i ʻole ma ka mauʻu i uhi ʻia me ka lepo. Hiki iā ia ke ulu ma luna o ka compost champignon, akā no ka hua maikaʻi ʻana, pono e hui pū ʻia ka compost me ka sawdust, ka mauʻu a i ʻole nā ʻāpana lāʻau i kahi ratio 1: 1.
Nui nā kino hua, me ke anawaena o ka pāpale o 50 a 300 mm a me ke kaumaha o 50 a 200 g. I ka manawa o kona puka ʻana mai ka papahele o ka ululāʻau a i ʻole mai kahi moena i loko o ka māla, ua like ka ringworm me kahi pāpale ʻeleʻele kokoke poʻe a me kahi wāwae keʻokeʻo mānoanoa e like me ka porcini mushroom. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole like me ka haʻi porcini, aia ka ringworm i nā halo agaric. A laila, loaʻa ka pāpale i kahi ʻulaʻula māmā, ʻulaʻula, ua kūlou nā kihi. He keʻokeʻo mua nā papa, a laila ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a ʻo ka hope ʻulaʻula.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai ma ke kiʻi, he mānoanoa ka wāwae o ke kani, e mānoanoa ana i ke kumu:
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o ka pāpale ua ʻōwili ʻia a he uhi membranous mānoanoa, i haehae ʻia i ka wā e oʻo ai ka halo a noho mau i ke ʻano o ke apo ma ke kumu. Noho mau ke koena o ka moena ma ka pāpale ma ke ʻano o nā unahi liʻiliʻi.
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No laila, ua heluhelu ʻoe i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ʻuala, akā pehea kona ʻono? Aala loa keia halo. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pāpale poepoe o ka ʻōpio ʻōpio, ʻohi koke ʻia ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai ka māla. I ke kakahiaka, hoʻomaʻemaʻe iki a paʻa loa, ʻano like lākou me kahi pāpale o kahi halo porcini liʻiliʻi a i ʻole boletus. Hoʻomanaʻo pū ka ʻono i nā halo hanohano, akā aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona. ʻO ka ʻono o nā pāpale mushroom i hoʻolapalapa ʻia, akā loaʻa kahi ʻono liʻiliʻi o ka ʻuala paila. Eia nō naʻe, kūpono lākou i nā mea ʻai, a me nā soup. No ka ʻohi ʻana no ka hoʻoilo, hiki ke hoʻomaloʻo a maloʻo paha nā ʻōpala ʻōpio. ʻAʻole paʻa nā pāpale pōʻai i ka wā maloʻo, hiki ke mālama ʻia i ka hau i ka nui, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻā. Ma mua o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka pāpale i 2-4 mau papa, a laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana i ka sopa.
Manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole e lawe mai i ka ulu ʻana o nā halo i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o ke ola, i ka wā e palahalaha ai nā pāpale a lilo nā papa i poni. ʻAʻole ʻono ka ʻono o nā ringlets ulu nui. Akā inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i loaʻa ka manawa e hōʻiliʻili i nā halo i ka manawa, a laila e hoʻohana iā lākou i palai ʻia me nā aniani a me ka ʻuala.
ʻO ka ʻenehana o ka ulu ʻana i ka ringworm ma nā moena
Pono e hoʻomālamalama maikaʻi ʻia ka wahi no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻōpala ringworm i ka pūnāwai a me ka hāʻule, a i ke kauwela, ma kahi ʻē, pono e pale ʻia mai ka lā pololei. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kanu i nā halo me nā paukena, kahi e hana ai i kahi microclimate maikaʻi me kā lākou lau: hāʻawi lākou i ka wai a me ka pale pono.
Loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ma nā ʻāpana lāʻau paʻa hou. Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana lāʻau hou ka makū a ʻaʻole koi i kahi hana hou. Hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia nā lāʻau palupalu a me nā ʻoka, pine a me nā nila spruce ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui (ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 50% o ka nui o ke kaumaha). Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana mai nā lālā ma ke ʻano o kahi moena 30-40 cm mānoanoa, 140 cm ākea a hoʻoinu ʻia. Inā maloʻo nā ʻāpana lāʻau, hoʻoinu ʻia ka moena no kekahi mau lā i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi. Hoʻohui ʻia ka substrate mycelium i nā ʻāpana ma ka helu o 1 kg no 1 m2 o nā moena. Hoʻohui ʻia ka mycelium i ka kulu a hiki i ka hohonu o 5 knm ma nā ʻāpana e like me ka wōnati. I kekahi manawa hoʻohana ʻia kahi substrate ulu maikaʻi e like me ka mycelium. Ua ninini ʻia kahi papa o ka ʻāina māla maʻamau (uhi ka lepo) ma luna o nā moena. I nā wā maloʻo, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka lepo casing i kēlā me kēia lā.
I ka wā e ulu ana i ka ringworm, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mauʻu palaoa ma ke ʻano he substrate. Hoʻomoʻu ʻia no hoʻokahi lā i loko o kahi pahu ma lalo o ke kaomi. A laila kau ʻia lākou ma nā wahi malu ma ke ʻano o nā kuapo haʻahaʻa 20-30 cm mānoanoa a me 100-140 cm ākea. Pono ka 1-2 kg o ka mauʻu maloʻo no 25 m30 o nā kua. A laila hoʻohui ʻia ka mycelium substrate i ka mauʻu ma ka helu o 1 kg/m2.
I ka wā mahana (Mei-Iune), ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpala substrate a me nā kaula lōʻihi (rhizomorphs) i 2-3 mau pule.
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Ma hope o 8-9 mau pule, ʻike ʻia nā kolo o ka mycelium ringworm ma ka ʻili, a ma hope o 12 mau pule e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papa hoʻomau mai ka substrate i hui pū ʻia me ka mycelium. Ma hope o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka mahana o ka pō, hoʻomaka ka hua nui. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Ringworm he halo kauwela. ʻO ka mahana kūpono ma waena o ka moena he 20-25 ° C. Hoʻomohala wikiwiki ka mycelium o ka ringworm a ma hope o kekahi mau pule rhizomorphs i hoʻokumu ʻia, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka substrate holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka colonization piha o ka substrate e 4-6 mau pule. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kumu o nā kino hua ma hope o 2-4 mau pule ma ka mauʻu a ma hope o 4-8 mau pule ma nā ʻāpana lāʻau.
Hōʻike nā kino hua i nā hui. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā haloo ma kahi o ka pilina ma waena o ka mauʻu a me ka lepo. Hiki i nā Ringworm rhizomorphs, ke ulu i loko o kahi moena māla, hiki ke ʻō aku ma mua o kona mau palena (no nā ʻumi mau mika) a hana i nā kino hua ma laila. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole like nā nalu hua e like me ko ka champignon. E hōʻiliʻili maʻamau i nā nalu 3-4. Hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia nalu hou 2 pule ma hope o ka nalu mua. E hōʻiliʻili i nā halo me kahi uhi uhi ʻole a haehae ʻia paha. ʻO kēia ka mea e hoʻolōʻihi ai i ke ola o nā halo. Pono ka hoʻoinu ʻana i nā moena no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā halo kiʻekiʻe. He palupalu nā kino hua o ka ringworm a ʻaʻole ʻae i ka neʻe ʻana mai kahi pahu i kekahi. Ma nā pahu lāʻau me ka lepo uhi, hiki i ka hua i ka 15% o ka nui o ka substrate, ma ka mauʻu ka liʻiliʻi o ka hua.
ʻO ka mycelium substrate no ka ulu ʻana i nā ringworms
A hiki i ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka substrate mycelium no ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea kanu. I ka ulu ʻana o ka mushroom, ʻo ke kaʻina o ka "seeding" vegetative o nā halo me ke kōkua o ka mycelium i kapa ʻia ʻo inoculation. No laila, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka compost champignon me nā ʻāpana o ka compost i haku mua ʻia e ka champignon mycelium. ʻO kēlā ʻano compost "seed" mycelium kekahi hiʻohiʻona o kahi mycelium substrate. Hoʻohana ʻia ka compost mycelium ʻaʻole wale no ka ulu ʻana i nā champignons, akā no nā humus ʻē aʻe a i kekahi manawa litter mushrooms. No laila "lūlū" i nā ʻano champignons, nā halo, nā umbrellas a me ke apo.
No ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke kauwela honey agaric, ʻoyster mushrooms a me nā mea kanu lāʻau ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mycelium substrate e pili ana i ka sawdust, haku ʻia e ka mycelium makemake ʻia (sawdust mycelium). No ka ulu ʻana i nā halo ma luna o nā kumu a me nā ʻāpana lāʻau, ua loaʻa i ke kūʻai ʻana nā dowels cylindrical lāʻau i loaʻa i ka haʻiki lāʻau. Hiki ke kapa ʻia kēlā mau dowels substrate mycelium. Hana ʻia lākou ma waho.
ʻAʻole loaʻa i ka substrate mycelium ʻaʻohe meaʻai nui no nā haʻi - ʻo ka mycelium wale nō no kā lākou hoʻopulapula mea kanu. No laila, hiki ke mālama ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi me ka nalowale o ka maikaʻi a hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i kahi substrate non-sterile.
I ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻenehana o ka mahi ʻana i nā halo, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻoihana e hana ana i ka mycelium i ka palaoa ma ke ʻano he mea lawe mycelium. ʻO ka mycelium i hana ʻia ma ka palaoa, ka bale a me ka millet i kapa ʻia ʻo ka palaoa. Hana ʻia ka mycelium palaoa ma luna o ka palaoa sterilized. No laila, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mycelium grain, hiki ke hoʻokumu i kahi ʻenehana sterile no ka hana ʻana o nā halo, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka nui o ka hua ma kahi substrate sterilized. Akā i ka hana maoli, ua lūlū ʻia kahi substrate pasteurized me ka mycelium palaoa. ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka mycelium palaoa ma luna o ka mycelium substrate ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana. Me ka ʻenehana sterile, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokomo i kekahi mau hua liʻiliʻi o ka millet me ka mycelium o ka haʻiki i loko o kahi ʻeke kilokilo me kahi substrate a e ulu nā halo a hāʻawi i kahi hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻohui ʻia ka mycelium palaoa i ka substrate mai 1 a 5% e ke kaumaha o ka substrate i hoʻopau ʻia. Hoʻonui kēia i ka waiwai waiwai o ka substrate ma muli o ka palaoa o ka mycelium a hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonui koke i ka substrate.
Akā, pehea e hoʻohana ai i ka mycelium palaoa no ka "lulu ʻana" i kahi haʻiki, e like me ka ringworm, i loko o kahi moena māla non-sterile? E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole maʻalahi e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia. Me ia lūlū ʻana, hoʻouka nā ʻōpala i ka palaoa sterile o ka mycelium, ua uhi koke ʻia ka palaoa me nā spores ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a make ka mycelium o ka ringworm. No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hopena maikaʻi, pono ʻoe e "lulu" mua i ka mycelium palaoa sterile i loko o kahi ʻeke me kahi substrate lāʻau lāʻau sterile, e kali a hiki i ka ulu ʻana o ka mycelium ringworm ma laila, a laila hoʻohana wale ia ma ke ʻano he substrate mycelium no ka lūlū ʻana i nā moena.
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Chopper no ka ulu ʻana i nā ringworms
Hiki ke loaʻa i kahi hua nui o nā halo lāʻau ma luna o nā moena a i ʻole ma ka substrate manuahi i loko o nā ʻeke plastik, akā ʻaʻole ma nā ʻāpana lāʻau. Pono ka substrate maʻemaʻe, meaʻai a wehe i lawa ka oxygen e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana o nā haʻiki. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia mau koi āpau e kahi substrate o nā lālā ʻāina hou.
Hiki i nā ʻōpala lāʻau ke hoʻololi i ka mauʻu i ka wā e mahi ai i nā halo oyster, shiitake a me nā halo lāʻau ʻē aʻe. Akā ʻo ka mea nui e pono ai ʻoe e kūʻai i kahi grinder e hana i kahi substrate no nā moena me ke apo. ʻO nā lālā hou me nā lau, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi me ka ʻole o nā lau, he substrate i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me ka wai o ka 50%, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua ʻia. Aia nā lālā o nā lāʻau a me nā kumu lāʻau i nā meaʻai e pono ai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mycelium fungal.
Pono nā kīhāpai kīhāpai me nā pahi. Me ka chopper, paipai au e kūʻai i nā pahi pani pani. Pono lākou e hana i nā lālā hou wale nō. A laila loaʻa iā ʻoe nā ʻāpana o ka nui kūpono, a e lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka grinder. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona me nā kaʻa, akā ʻaʻole lawa ka ea permeable substrate. ʻO nā birch ʻōpio a hiki i ka 4 cm mānoanoa ka lepo maikaʻi i loko o kahi shredder māla. Ma kahi kokoke i nā birch copses ma nā māla i haʻalele ʻia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā wahi me ka ululāʻau nui o nā birch ʻōpio e ka lūlū ʻana iā ia iho. ʻAʻole hiki ke kanu ʻia i loko o ka ululāʻau, akā ma ka ʻāina mahiʻai, kahi e hoʻopau ai i nā māla. Eia kekahi, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻoki i nā birches a pau i ka lālani, akā e hoʻokaʻawale iā ʻoe iho, e hoʻomaikaʻi kēia i ka ulu ʻana o ka boletus a me nā halo porcini i loko.
I loko o kahi willow, a keʻokeʻo paha, e ulu ana ma nā alanui a me nā muliwai, hiki i nā lālā ke ulu a hiki i 5 cm mānoanoa i hoʻokahi kau! A wili maikaʻi lākou. Inā ʻoe e aʻa i ka nui o kēia mau willow i ka ʻāina, a laila ma hope o 5 mau makahiki e loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi kumu pau ʻole o ka substrate no nā halo. ʻO nā lāʻau deciduous a me nā kumu liʻiliʻi e hana i nā lālā lōʻihi a pololei e kūpono: bred willow, hazel, aspen, etc. ʻO nā chips mai nā lālā ʻoka kūpono no ka ulu ʻana i ka shiitake, akā ʻaʻole ringworm a me nā halo oyster, no ka mea. ʻAʻole hoʻopau ko lākou mau enzymes i ka tannin.
ʻO nā lālā o nā pine a me nā spruces he lepo maikaʻi nō hoʻi, akā pili ikaika lākou a puni nā pahi chopper a me kona kino i loko me ka resin. ʻO nā ʻōpala mai nā lālā coniferous he kūpono wale no ka ulu ʻana i ka lālani poni (Lepista nuda).
ʻAʻole kūpono nā lālā maloʻo o nā kumulāʻau a me nā kumu lāʻau no ka wili ʻana, no ka mea, ua hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia lākou e ka pala. A ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka wā e wili ai i kahi maloʻo, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā lālā i hoʻohaumia ʻia i ka lepo, lilo koke nā pahi.
Inā pono ʻoe e mālama i ka substrate no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, a laila no ka mālama ʻana, pono e hoʻomaloʻo ʻia ma lalo o kahi canopy, a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana. No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi substrate me ka wai o 50%, pono e ninini ʻia nā ʻāpana lāʻau maloʻo me ka wai no 30 mau minuke, a laila e hoʻokahe ʻia ka wai a hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā hua lāʻau i ka māla i ka lā.
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Ka hoʻoinu ʻana i kahi mahiko me ke apo
No ka hua maikaʻi, pono ka hoʻoinu maʻamau i kahi kanu mushroom. He maʻalahi loa ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana.
Aia kahi punawai liʻiliʻi i loko o ka māla, no laila ʻaʻole pono e hana i ka luawai a i ʻole ka luawai. Kahe ka wai mai ka pūnāwai i lalo o ke kahua ma ke ʻano he kahawai liʻiliʻi a hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o kahi loko iʻa ʻo 4 x 10 m ka nui. Mai laila mai, waiho ʻia kahi paipu asbestos-cement 8 m ka lōʻihi, kahi e kahe ai ka wai i loko o kahi puʻu, kahi e noho ai nā mea pālolo. A laila, hoʻopiha nā kahawai wai maʻemaʻe i kahi pahu pahu me ke anawaena o 2,5 m a me ka hohonu o 2 m, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai kahi paila wai me ka mana o 1100 W, e hāʻawi ana i ke poʻo o 0,6 atm ma kahi hiki. o 10 m3 / h. No ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hou ʻana i ka wai mai nā ʻāpana pālolo, waiho ʻia ka paila i loko o kahi pahu plastik, kahi e kau ʻia ai kahi ʻeke agril mānoanoa 200 µm. ʻO Agril kahi mea uhi makamae no nā moena māla.
Hāʻawi ka paila i ka wai i kahi paipu me ke anawaena o 32 mm. A laila, me ke kōkua o nā mea hoʻopili kūikawā, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wai ma o nā paipu me ke anawaena o 20 mm. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana i nā paipu a me nā mea pono i hana ʻia me ka polyethylene haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (HDPE) - ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana hilinaʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā paipu a me nā pono.
Ua waiho ʻia nā paipu irrigation ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 2,2 m ma luna o ka ʻāina me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pahu kukū i hana ʻia me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana me ke anawaena o 12 mm. Hiki iā ʻoe ke mow i ka lau nahele a mālama i ka mahi ʻai ʻana me ka ʻole o ke keakea ʻana. Hoʻopuʻi ʻia ka wai mai nā kini wai i kuhikuhi ʻia i luna. ʻO nā kīʻaha wai he mea hoʻoheheʻe plastik no nā hue me nā puka 0,05 mm. Ua kūʻai ʻia lākou ma nā hale kūʻai lako no 15 rubles. he apana. No ka hoʻopili ʻana iā lākou me nā pono HDPE, pono ʻoe e ʻoki i kahi kaula kūloko 1/2 ma luna o lākou. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻāpana winterizer synthetic i loko o kēlā me kēia pahu wai, kahi e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i ka wai.
ʻO ka hoʻā ʻana i ka pamu e hoʻopuka i kahi manawa home. No ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka mahiʻai holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa (15 ʻeka) 2 mau manawa i ka lā no 20 mau minuke, ʻoi aku ka nui o 4 m3 o ka wai i ka wā e kahe ana ka wai mai kahi pūnāwai mai 8 m3 / lā a 16 m3 / lā (e pili ana i ka manawa. o ka makahiki). No laila, aia ka wai no nā pono ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mau kini wai i kekahi manawa me ka pālolo, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka lepo a me ka ʻōnaehana kānana. No ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe iā lākou, ua hana ʻia kahi puka wai kūikawā ma kahi kokoke i ka paila i loko o kahi ʻāpana paipu me nā mea pono no 5 mau kini wai. I ka ʻole o ka kahe wai, hoʻomohala ka paila i ke kaomi ʻoi aku ma mua o 1 atm. Ua lawa kēia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā kini wai ma ka wili ʻana iā lākou ma luna o kahi ʻāpana paipu a pani ʻia ka pahu wai i ka ʻōnaehana wai. I ka manawa like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka mea kanu holoʻokoʻa o nā halo, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā puʻu compost, raspberries, cherries a me nā kumulāʻau apple.
ʻElima mau kini e pīpī ana i ka wai ma luna o kahi mahiko me ke apo. ʻO ka nui o ka moena he 3 x 10 m. Hāʻule ka wai irrigation ma luna o kekahi o kāna mau ʻāpana, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e noho ʻole me ka wai ʻole. E like me kaʻu ʻike e hōʻike nei, makemake ka mea kanu apo e hua i kēlā mau wahi i komo ʻole ai ka wai irrigation. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka maʻi o ka substrate i loko o ka moena hua hua i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole pono ka wai i ka ʻili āpau o ka moena. Hāʻawi ka pahu mushroom ringworm i ka makū mai ka hoʻoinu ʻana i kekahi mau wahi o ka māla ma luna o ka ʻili āpau. Hōʻike kēia i nā pono kānalua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mycelium i loko o ka māla.