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Nā lula no ka hānai ʻana o ke kumu ʻo Anton Makarenko
"ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke aʻo i ke kanaka e hauʻoli, akā hiki iā ʻoe ke aʻo iā ia i hauʻoli ʻo ia," i ʻōlelo ʻia e kahi kumu Soviet kaulana, nona ka ʻōnaehana hānai i hoʻohana ʻia a puni ka honua.
Ua kāhea ʻia ʻo Anton Semenovich Makarenko kekahi o nā kumu ʻehā ʻehā o ke kenekulia XNUMX, a me Erasmus o Rotterdam, Rabelais, Montaigne. Ua lilo ʻo Makarenko i mea kaulana no ke aʻo ʻana e aʻo hou i nā keiki o ke alanui, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna "kohola ʻekolu" kaulana: ka hana, pāʻani a me ka hānai ʻia ʻana e kahi kime. Loaʻa iā ia kāna mau lula ponoʻī i hiki ke lilo i mea kūpono i nā mākua o kēia au.
1. E hoʻonoho i mau pahuhopu kikoʻī no kāu keiki.
"ʻAʻole hiki ke hana maikaʻi kahi hana inā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea a lākou e makemake ai e hoʻokō," i ʻōlelo pololei ʻo Anton Semyonovich. Inā hewa ke keiki, hakakā a wahaheʻe paha, mai koi iā ia i ka manawa aʻe "e lilo i keikikāne maikaʻi", i kona ʻike ua maikaʻi ʻo ia. E noi iā lākou e haʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻonā i nā paio me ka ʻole o ka lima, a hoʻokō i kāu mau koi. Inā ua kākau ʻo ia i kahi hōʻike no ka deuce, lapuwale ke koi ʻana iā ia e lawe i kahi A i ka manawa aʻe. ʻAe e aʻo ʻo ia i nā mea a loaʻa ma kahi o ʻehā.
2. Poina i kāu mau makemake iho
He keiki ola kahi keiki. ʻAʻole ia i koi iki ʻia e kāhiko i ko mākou ola, e waiho wale ia i ko mākou wahi. ʻO ka ikaika o kona mau manaʻo, ʻoi aku ka momona o ka hohonu o kāna mau manaʻo ma mua o kā mākou. Mai ʻimi e kaohi i ke ola a me ke ʻano o ke keiki, e hoʻokau i kāu ʻono iā ia. E nīnau pinepine i kāna makemake a me kāna makemake. ʻO ka makemake ma nā ʻano āpau e hoʻolilo i kahi keiki i mea haʻuki poʻokela poʻokela, a hoʻohālikelike a ʻepekema paha, āu i moeʻuhane ai e lilo i kamaliʻi, e hopena i hoʻokahi mea: ʻaʻole e ola kāu keiki i ke ola hauʻoli loa.
"Hoʻonui mau ʻia kēlā me kēia pōpilikia. Hiki iā ʻoe ke lanakila mau iā ia, ”wahi a Anton Makarenko. ʻOiaʻiʻo, e hoʻomaopopo pono nā mākua ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pale piha i ka pēpē mai ka makaʻu, ʻeha, hōʻeha. Hiki iā lākou ke palupalu i nā hahau o ka hopena a hōʻike i ke ala kūpono, ʻo ia wale nō. He aha ka hana o ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana iā ʻoe iho inā hāʻule ke keiki a hōʻeha iā ia iho a i ʻole loaʻa i kahi anu? Kūpono kēia i nā keiki āpau, a ʻaʻole ʻo ʻoe wale nō nā "makua maikaʻi ʻole".
"Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ma ka home, haʻaheo, a ʻona paha, a ʻoi aku ka hewa, inā ʻoe e hōʻino i kou makuahine, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka makua: ke hānai nei ʻoe i kāu mau keiki - a ke hānai nei ʻoe i ka maikaʻi ʻole, ʻaʻohe mea maikaʻi loa. ʻO nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a me nā ʻano hana e kōkua iā ʻoe," - wahi a Makarenko a ua pololei loa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he nui nā hiʻohiʻona i ka mōʻaukala i ka wā i ulu ai nā keiki akamai a me nā akamai i waena o nā mākua inu ʻole, akā he kakaikahi wale nō o lākou. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ʻaʻole maopopo nā keiki i ke ʻano o ke kanaka maikaʻi ke loaʻa mau nā hōʻino, mālama ʻole a me ka waiʻona i mua o ko lākou mau maka. Makemake ʻoe e aʻo i ka poʻe kūpono? O' oe iho nō! Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e like me kā Makarenko i kākau ai, ʻo ka hoʻonaʻauao waha me ka ʻole o ka hele ʻana i ka gymnastics o ke ʻano o ka sabotage hewa loa.
"Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e koi nui i kahi kanaka, ʻaʻole ia e loaʻa iā ia nā mea nui," ʻo Anton Makarenko, nona nā haumāna i kūkulu i nā hale hana uila loea kiʻekiʻe a hana maikaʻi i nā mīkini ma lalo o nā laikini haole, i hōʻike mana ʻia. A ʻo nā mea āpau no ka ʻike mau o ke kumu Soviet i nā huaʻōlelo kūpono i mea e hoʻā ʻia ai i ka poʻe ʻōpio ka ʻuhane hakakā, ka makemake e lanakila a kālele ana i nā hopena. E haʻi i kāu keiki i ka loli o kona ola i ka wā e hiki mai ana inā e aʻo pono ʻo ia, ʻai pono a pāʻani hoʻi i nā haʻuki.
Mai hoʻāʻo e hōʻike mau i kou mana, hoʻāʻo e lilo i hoaaloha o kāu keiki, mea kōkua a hoa hana i kekahi o kāna hana. No laila e maʻalahi iā ia ke hilinaʻi iā ʻoe, a e hoʻohuli ʻoe iā ia e hana i kahi hana punahele ʻole. "E hana kākou i kā mākou haʻawina home, e holoi i kā mākou mau pā, e lawe i kā mākou ʻīlio no ka holoholo." I nā manawa he nui, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kuleana e hoʻokau i ke keiki e hoʻopau i nā hana, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ma kahi kokoke, no ka mea ma kēia ʻano kōkua ʻo ia iā ʻoe, e hoʻomaʻalahi i kou ola.
"ʻO kāu hana ponoʻī ka mea hoʻoholo loa. Mai noʻonoʻo e hānai ana ʻoe i kahi keiki ke kamaʻilio wale ʻoe iā ia, a aʻo aku iā ia, a ʻoka paha iā ia. Lawe ʻoe iā ia i kēlā me kēia manawa o kou ola, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻoe ma ka home, ”wahi a Makarenko.
7. E hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā ia e hoʻonohonoho pono.
E hoʻokumu i nā lula ma ka home e pili pono ai nā lālā o ka ʻohana. ʻO kahi laʻana, e hiamoe ma mua o 11 pm a ʻaʻole hoʻokahi minuke ma hope. No laila e maʻalahi ʻoe e koi i ka hoʻolohe mai ke keiki, no ka mea, like ke kānāwai no nā mea āpau. Mai ukali i ke alakaʻi o ka pēpē whimpering inā hoʻomaka ʻo ia e noi iā ʻoe e uhaʻi i ke kānāwai “ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi”. I kēia hihia, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou iā ia e kauoha. “Makemake ʻoe e hōʻino i ka ʻuhane o kāu keiki? A laila mai hōʻole iā ia i kekahi mea, - kākau ʻo Makarenko. "A ma hope o ka manawa e ʻike ʻoe ʻaʻole ʻoe e ulu ana i kahi kanaka, akā he lāʻau kekeʻe."
8. Pono pono nā hoʻopaʻi
Inā hōʻeha ke keiki i ke kauoha i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ka hale, lawehala a hoʻokuli paha iā ʻoe, e hoʻāʻo e wehewehe iā ia i ke kumu o kona hewa. Me ka uē ʻole, ka palu a me ka hoʻoweliweli, “e hoʻouna i kahi keiki makua ʻole.”
"He hana maʻalahi ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki ke hana ʻia me ka hahau ʻole ʻana i nā aʻa, i ke ʻano o ke ola olakino, mālie, maʻamau, kūpono a leʻaleʻa. ʻIke wale wau i kahi e hele ai ka aʻo me ka ʻole o ke koʻikoʻi, ma laila e kūleʻa ai, - wahi a Makarenko. "Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole wale ke ola no ka hoʻomākaukau no ka lā ʻapōpō, akā ʻo ka hauʻoli o ka noho koke ʻana."
No laila
ʻO nā lula i haku ʻia e Anton Makarenko i nā mea like me nā postulate i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e Maria Montessori, ka mea kākau o kekahi o nā ʻano hoʻomohala a me nā ʻano aʻo e kaulana loa ana. Eia kekahi, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hoʻomanaʻo nā mākua: he laʻa mau lākou no ke keiki. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohilahila i kahi keiki i ka lehulehu, e hoʻokomo i loko ona i kahi ʻano o ka lawehala, kahi e kipaku ʻole ai ʻo ia iā ia. A ma ka puʻuwai o kou pili pono ia ʻaʻole wale ke aloha, akā mahalo pū kekahi, ʻo ka mua o nā mea āpau. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e mahalo i ke ʻano o kāu pēpē, a laila ʻaʻohe mea nāna.