"ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua i ʻAukake 1914 i ʻike i nā mea ʻai meaʻai he nui i kahi pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo. Pehea e hiki ai i na kanaka hoowahawaha i ka hookahe koko holoholona ke lawe i ke ola kanaka? Inā lākou i komo, e nānā anei ka pūʻali i kā lākou makemake i ka meaʻai? . ʻO kēia ke ʻano o The Veget a rian S ociety UK (Vegetarian Society of Great Britain) i kēia lā e hōʻike i ke kūlana o nā mea ʻai meaʻai Pelekane i ka pō o ke Kaua Honua Mua ma nā ʻaoʻao o kāna puka pūnaewele. ʻO kahi pilikia like ʻole i kū i ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea kanu Lūkini, ʻaʻole ia he iwakālua makahiki.
Ua loaʻa i ke Kaua Honua Mua nā hopena pōʻino no ka moʻomeheu Lūkini, no ka mea, ua hoʻopau koke ka pilina ma waena o Rūsia a me ʻEulopa Komohana, i hoʻomaka ma kahi o 1890. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hopena ma ke kahua liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nohona meaʻai meaʻai.
ʻO 1913 i lawe mai i ka hōʻike mua o ka meaʻai meaʻai Lūkini - ka All-Russian Vegetarian Congress, i mālama ʻia mai ʻApelila 16 a 20 ma Moscow. Ma ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Reference Vegetarian Bureau, ua lawe ka ʻaha kūkā i ka hana mua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka All-Russian Vegetarian Society. Ua hoʻoholo ka ʻumikūmākahi o nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo i ʻae ʻia e ka ʻaha kūkā e mālama ʻia ka "Second Congress" ma Kyiv i ka Easter 1914. Ua lilo ka manawa i pōkole loa, no laila ua waiho ʻia kahi manaʻo e mālama i ka ʻaha kūkā ma ka Easter 1915. No kēia. , ka lua o ka 'aha'ōlelo, he papahana kiko'ī. Ma ʻOkakopa 1914, ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua, ua hōʻike mau ka Vegetarian Herald i ka manaʻolana ʻo ka meaʻai meaʻai Lūkini ma ka pō o ka ʻaha kūkā ʻelua, akā ʻaʻohe kamaʻilio hou no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau hoʻolālā.
No ka poʻe meaʻai meaʻai Lūkini, a me kā lākou hui ma ʻEulopa Komohana, ua lawe mai ke kaua i kahi manawa kānalua - a me nā hoʻouka kaua mai ka lehulehu. Ua hoʻohenehene ʻo Mayakovsky iā lākou ma ka Civilian Shrapnel, a ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō. ʻO ka laulā nui a ʻaʻole like me ka ʻuhane o ka manawa ka leo o nā hoʻopiʻi e like me nā mea a II Gorbunov-Posadov i wehe ai i ka pukana mua o VO ma 1915: ke kanaka, e pili ana i nā berita o ke aloha no nā mea ola a pau, a ma kekahi hihia. , ka mahalo i na mea ola a pau a ke Akua me ke kaawale ole.
Eia naʻe, ua hahai koke nā hoʻāʻo kikoʻī e hōʻoia i ko lākou kūlana ponoʻī. No laila, no ka laʻana, i ka lua o ka VO i ka makahiki 1915, ma lalo o ke poʻomanaʻo "Vegetarianism in Our Days", ua paʻi ʻia kahi ʻatikala i kau inoa ʻia "EK ":" ʻO mākou, nā mea kanu, i kēia manawa e hoʻolohe pinepine i nā ʻōlelo hōʻino i kēia manawa paʻakikī. manawa, i ka wa e hookahe mau ai ke koko o kanaka, ke hoomau nei makou i ka paipai ana i ka vegetarianism <...> Vegetarianism i ko makou mau la, ua haiia mai ia makou, he mea hoohenehene ino, he hoohenehene; Hiki paha ke hana i ke aloha i nā holoholona i kēia manawa? Akā ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe e ʻōlelo like i ka vegetarianism ʻaʻole wale i keakea i ke aloha a me ke aloha i nā kānaka, akā, ma ka mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻonui i kēia manaʻo. No nā mea a pau, ʻōlelo ka mea kākau o ka ʻatikala, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole ʻae kekahi e lawe mai ka vegetarianism i kahi manaʻo maikaʻi a me nā manaʻo hou i nā mea āpau a puni, "ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻai ʻia ka ʻiʻo. ʻAʻole paha ia e hōʻemi i ka ʻeha <…> akā e hana wale nō, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, i nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia e ʻai ai ko mākou mau hoa paio ma ka papaʻaina…”.
Ma ka pukana like o ka puke pai, he ʻatikala na Yu. Ua paʻi hou ʻia ʻo Volin mai ka Petrograd Courier i ka lā 6 Pepeluali, 1915 - kahi kamaʻilio me kekahi Ilyinsky. Hoʻohewa ʻia ka mea hope: "Pehea ʻoe e noʻonoʻo ai a kamaʻilio i kēia manawa, i ko mākou mau lā, e pili ana i ka vegetarianism? Ua hana ʻino loa!.. ʻAi meaʻai – i ke kanaka, a me ka ʻiʻo kanaka – i nā pūkuniahi! "ʻAʻole au e ʻai i kekahi," ʻo kēlā me kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole he hare, ʻaʻole ʻaʻai, ʻaʻole moa, ʻaʻole hoʻi i honi ... ʻo ke kanaka wale nō! ..». ʻO Ilyinsky naʻe, hāʻawi i nā manaʻo hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka pane. Ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke ala i hele ʻia e ka moʻomeheu kanaka i ka makahiki o ka "cannibalism", "animalism" a me ka meaʻai meaʻai, hoʻoponopono ʻo ia i nā "weliweli koko" o ia mau lā me ka ʻai ʻana, me ka papaʻai pepehi kanaka, koko, a hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia ka mea ʻoi aku. paʻakikī e lilo i mea ʻai i kēia manawa , a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka lilo ʻana, no ka laʻana, he socialist, no ka mea, he mau wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka nohona ma ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka. A ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana mai kekahi ʻano ʻai i kekahi, mai ka ʻiʻo i ka meaʻai meaʻai, he hoʻololi i ke ola hou. ʻO nā manaʻo wiwo ʻole loa o nā "mea hana lehulehu", ma ka ʻōlelo a Ilyinsky, he "pōʻino palliatives" i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻololi nui o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā āna i ʻike mua ai a haʻi aku ai, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka loli o ka meaʻai.
Ma ka lā 25 o ʻApelila, 1915, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻatikala a ka mea kākau hoʻokahi i kapa ʻia ʻo "Pages of Life ("meat" paradoxes)" ma ka nūpepa Kharkov Yuzhny Krai, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā ʻike āna i hana ai ma kekahi o nā hale ʻai meaʻai Petrograd i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia. kipa ʻia i kēlā mau lā: “… Ke nānā aku nei au i nā mea ʻai meaʻai hou, ka poʻe i hōʻino ʻia no ka manaʻo ponoʻī a me ka “aristocratism” (ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo ia ka "hoʻomaikaʻi pilikino"! ʻoiai, ʻo ke ala kēia o nā ʻāpana pākahi, ʻaʻole ka masses!) - Me he mea lā ua alakaʻi pū ʻia lākou e kahi premonition, kahi ʻike intuitive o ke koʻikoʻi o kā lākou hana. ʻAʻole anei he mea kupanaha? Ke kahe nei ke koko o ke kanaka me he muliwai la, nahaha ka io kanaka i na paona, a ke kaumaha nei lakou i ke koko o ka bipi a me ka io hipa! .. A ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha! I ka kali ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻike lākou ʻaʻole i emi iki kēia "stump entrecote" i ka mōʻaukala kanaka ma mua o ka mokulele a i ʻole radium!
Aia nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana iā Leo Tolstoy. I ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa 1914, ua ʻōlelo ʻo VO i kahi ʻatikala mai Odessky Listok i kākau ʻia i ka lā 7 Nowemapa, "hāʻawi," e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka mea hoʻoponopono, "he kiʻi kūpono o nā hanana o kēia wā e pili ana me Leo Tolstoy i haʻalele":
"I kēia manawa ua mamao loa ʻo Tolstoy mai mākou ma mua o ka wā ma mua, ʻoi aku ka hiki ʻole a ʻoi aku ka nani; ua lilo ʻo ia i ʻoi aku ke kino, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea kaulana i ka wā paʻakikī o ka hana ʻino, ke koko a me ka waimaka. <...> Ua hiki mai ka manawa e kū'ē ikaika ai i ka hewa, ua hiki mai ka manawa no ka pahi kaua e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia, no ka mana e lilo i luna kānāwai kiʻekiʻe. Ua hiki mai ka manawa, i ka wa kahiko, ua auhee na kaula mai na awawa mai, i hopuia e ka weliweli, i ke kiekie, i mea e imi ai iloko o ka malie o na mauna, i mea e hoonawaliwali ai i ko lakou kaumaha. ʻo ka hana ʻino, i ka ʻā o ke ahi, ua heheʻe ke kiʻi o ka mea lawe i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a lilo i moeʻuhane. Me he mea lā ua waiho wale ka honua iā ia iho. "ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hamau" ʻaʻole e lohe hou ʻia a ʻo ke kauoha "Mai pepehi kanaka ʻoe" - ʻaʻole mākou e lohe. Hoʻolauleʻa ka make i kāna ʻahaʻaina, hoʻomau ka lanakila pupule o ka hewa. ʻAʻole i lohe ʻia ka leo o ke kāula.
Me he mea la he mea kupanaha ia Ilya Lvovich, ke keiki a Tolstoy, i ka ninaninau ana i haawiia mai e ia ma ka hale keaka o na hana, ua manao ia he mea hiki ke olelo aku, aole e olelo kona makuakane i kekahi mea e pili ana i ke kaua o keia wa, e like me ka mea i manaoia aole oia i olelo i kekahi mea e pili ana. ke kaua Russo-Iapana i kona manawa. Ua hōʻole ʻo VO i kēia ʻōlelo ma ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kekahi mau ʻatikala a Tolstoy i ka makahiki 1904 a me 1905 e hoʻāhewa ana i ke kaua, a me kāna mau leka. ʻO ka censorship, i kāʻei ʻia i loko o ka ʻatikala e EO Dymshits i nā wahi āpau e pili ana i ka ʻano o LN Tolstoy i ke kaua, a laila ua hōʻoia ʻole i ka pololei o ka makasina. Ma keʻano laulā, i ka wā o ke kaua, ua loaʻa i nā makasina meaʻai meaʻai he nui ke komo ʻana mai ka censorship: ʻo ka helu ʻehā o ka VO no 1915 i kāʻili ʻia i loko o ke keʻena hoʻoponopono ponoʻī, ʻekolu mau ʻatikala o ka lima o ka pukana i pāpā ʻia, me kahi ʻatikala a SP Poltavsky i kapa ʻia "Vegetarian and pilikanaka”.
Ma Rūsia, ua alakaʻi nui ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka meaʻai meaʻai e nā noʻonoʻo pono, e like me ka ʻike ʻia e nā ʻatikala he nui i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna. ʻAʻole i liʻiliʻi kēia kuhikuhi o ka neʻe Lūkini ma muli o ka mana nui o ko Tolstoy mana i loaʻa i ka meaʻai meaʻai Lūkini. Ua lohe pinepine ʻia nā mihi ma waena o nā mea ʻai meaʻai Lūkini, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā kumu hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke kua, e hāʻawi ana i ka mea nui i ka slogan "ʻAʻole ʻoe e pepehi" a me nā kumu kūpono a me ka pilikanaka, ka mea i hāʻawi i ka vegetarianism i ka malu o ka sectarianism hoʻomana a me ka politika a no laila ke keʻakeʻa nei i kona hoʻolaha ʻana. Ua lawa i kēia pili e hoʻomanaʻo i nā ʻōlelo a AI Voeikov (VII. 1), Jenny Schultz (VII. 2: Moscow) a i ʻole VP Voitsekhovsky (VI. 7). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka predominance o ka ethical component, ka makemake i nā manaʻo o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kaiāulu maluhia i hoʻopakele i ka vegetarianism Lūkini mai nā ʻano chauvinist i ʻike ʻia i kēlā manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, o nā meaʻai meaʻai Kelemania (ʻoi aku ka pololei, ko lākou mau ʻelele kūhelu) ma ka laulā. ka pōʻaiapili o ka pūʻali koa-ʻāina Kelemānia. Ua komo ka poʻe meaʻai meaʻai Lūkini i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻilihune, akā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i ke kaua he manawa kūpono e hoʻolaha ai i ka meaʻai meaʻai.
I kēia manawa, ma Germany, ua hāʻawi ka mea hoʻoponopono o ka puke pai Vegetarische Warte, Dr. Selss o Baden-Baden, i kahi manawa e haʻi ai ma ka ʻatikala "War of the Nations" ("Volkerkrieg") o ʻAukake 15, 1914. ʻo ka poʻe hihiʻo a me nā moeʻuhane wale nō e hiki ke manaʻoʻiʻo i ka "maluhia mau loa", e hoʻāʻo ana e hoʻohuli i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i kēia manaʻoʻiʻo. ʻO mākou, ua kākau ʻo ia (a i ka nui o kēia i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokō ʻia!), "I ka pō o nā hanana e waiho i kahi hōʻailona hohonu i ka mōʻaukala honua. Hele i mua! ʻO ka "makemake e lanakila", e like me nā ʻōlelo ahi a ko mākou Kaiser, e noho ana i loko o kā mākou mau squires, e noho ana i ke koena o ka poʻe, ka makemake e lanakila ma luna o kēia pohō a me nā mea a pau e pōkole ai ke ola, e noho ana i loko o kā mākou. palena! O ka poe e lanakila ana i keia lanakila, e ala io mai ana ka poe pela i ke ola mea ai, a e hanaia keia e ko kakou manao mea ai, aohe kumu e ae o ka paakiki i na kanaka [! – PB], ke kumu o na kanaka. "Me ka hauʻoli nui," i kākau ai ʻo Zelss, "Ua heluhelu au i nā leka mai ke kūkulu ʻākau, mai ka hema a mai ka hikina mai nā mea ʻai meaʻai hoihoi, me ka hauʻoli a me ka haʻaheo e hana ana i ka ʻoihana koa. "He mana ka ʻike," no laila, pono e hoʻolako ʻia i ka lehulehu kekahi o kā mākou ʻike meaʻai meaʻai, i nele i ko mākou kamaʻāina. Eia hou, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka Selss e kaupalena i ka hana ʻai holoholona ʻino a pale i ka ʻai nui. “E ʻoluʻolu ʻoe i ʻekolu ʻai i ka lā, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ʻelua ʻai i ka lā, a laila e ʻike ai ʻoe i ka pololi maoli. E ʻai mālie; nau loa [cf. ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻo a G. Fletcher! — PB]. E ho'ēmi i kāu inu waiʻona maʻamau a me ka mālie <…> I nā manawa paʻakikī, pono mākou i nā poʻo māmā <…> Iho me ka paka luhi! Pono mākou i ko mākou ikaika no ka maikaʻi. "
Ma ka pukana o Ianuali o Vegetarische Warte no 1915, ma ka ʻatikala "Vegetarianism and War", ua ʻōlelo kekahi Christian Behring e hoʻohana i ke kaua e hoʻowalewale i ka lehulehu Kelemania i ka leo o nā mea kanu: "Pono mākou e lanakila i kekahi mana politika no ka vegetarianism." No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia pahuhopu, hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka "Military Statistics of Vegetarianism": "1. ʻEhia ka nui o nā mea ʻai meaʻai a i ʻole nā hoaaloha i hoʻohiki ʻia o kēia ʻano o ke ola (ehia ka nui o lākou he lālā ikaika) i komo i ka hakakā; ʻEhia o lākou he mau kauoha manawaleʻa a me nā mea manawaleʻa ʻē aʻe? ʻEhia o lākou he mau luna? 2. ʻEhia mau mea ʻai meaʻai a ʻo wai nā mea ʻai meaʻai i loaʻa i nā makana koa? Pono e nalo, ʻōlelo ʻo Bering, ʻo ia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa pono: "No mākou, ka poʻe e hoʻowahāwahā i ka hōʻino ʻia ʻana o ko mākou koko Germanic e nā puʻu o nā kupapaʻu holoholona a me ka slurry purulent, ʻoiai lākou e hoʻowahāwahā ai i ke ahulau a i ʻole nā hewa, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻae ʻia ka manaʻo o nā maʻi mandatory ... ". Eia nō naʻe, ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēlā verbiage, i Iulai 1915 ka nūpepa ʻo Vegetarische Warte i hoʻopuka i kahi hōʻike e SP Poltavsky "Ke ola nei ka ʻike honua meaʻai?", Heluhelu ʻia e ia ma ka ʻaha kūkā o Moscow o 1913, a ma Nowemapa 1915 - kahi ʻatikala na T von. Galetsky "The Vegetarian Movement in Russia", i hana hou ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ma ka facsimile (ill. No. 33).
Ma muli o ke kānāwai kaua, ua hoʻomaka ka puka ʻana o nā nūpepa meaʻai meaʻai Lūkini me ka maʻamau: no ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia i ka makahiki 1915 e hoʻopuka ʻo VV i ʻeono wale nō puka ma mua o ka iwakālua (no ka hopena, he ʻumikūmāono i pau ʻole); a i ka makahiki 1916, ua hooki loa ka makasina i ka hoolaha ana.
Ua pau ka noho ʻana o VO ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka pukana Mei 1915, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki a nā mea hoʻoponopono e hoʻopuka i ka pukana e hiki mai ana i ʻAukake. Ma hope o Kekemapa 1914, ua haʻi aku ʻo I. Perper i ka poʻe heluhelu e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā limahana hoʻoponopono o ka puke pai i Moscow, ʻoiai ʻo Moscow ke kikowaena o ka neʻe ʻana i nā meaʻai a me nā limahana koʻikoʻi o ka puke pai e noho ana ma laila. Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻonoho hou ʻana, ʻo ia paha ka hoʻomaka ʻana o VV e paʻi ʻia ma Kyiv ...
Ma Iulai 29, 1915, i ka manawa o ka makahiki mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua, ua mālama ʻia kahi hālāwai nui o nā poʻe kākoʻo o Tolstoy i loko o ka lumi ʻaina vegetarian Moscow ma Gazetny Lane (i nā manawa Soviet - Ogaryov Street), me nā haʻiʻōlelo a me nā mele. Heluhelu. Ma kēia hālāwai, ua hōʻike ʻo PI Biryukov i ke kūlana ma Switzerland - mai 1912 (a a hiki i 1920) noho mau ʻo ia ma Onex, kahi kauhale kokoke i Geneva. Wahi a ia, ua piha ka ʻāina i ka poʻe mahuka: nā ʻenemi maoli o ke kaua, nā haʻalele a me nā kiu. Ma waho aʻe o ia, ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo II Gorbunov-Posadov, VG Chertkov a me IM Tregubov.
Mai ʻApelila 18 a hiki i ʻApelila 22, 1916, PI Biryukov i alakaʻi i ka "Vegetarian Social Congress" ma Monte Verita (Ascona), ka ʻaha kūkā meaʻai meaʻai mua i mālama ʻia ma Switzerland. ʻO ke kōmike o ka ʻaha kūkā, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Ida Hoffmann a me G. Edenkofen, nā mea komo i hele mai Rusia, Farani, Switzerland, Kelemānia, Holland, ʻEnelani a me Hungary. "I mua o nā weliweli o ke kaua i kēia manawa" ("en presence des horreurs de la guerre actuelle"), ua hoʻoholo ka ʻaha kūkā e kūkulu i kahi hui no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka "social and supranational vegetarianism" (nā kumu ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana i ka huaʻōlelo "anational. ”), kahi i manaʻo ʻia aia ma Ascona. Pono ka vegetarianism "Social" e hahai i nā loina etika a kūkulu i ke ola kaiaulu ma ke kumu o ka hui pū ʻana (ka hana a me ka ʻai ʻana). Ua wehe ʻo PI Biryukov i ka ʻaha kūkā me kahi haʻiʻōlelo ma ka ʻōlelo Farani; ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia i hōʻike i ka ulu ʻana o ka vegetarianism ma Rūsia mai ka makahiki 1885 ("Le mouvement vegetarien en Russie"), akā ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo ia me ka hoʻopono ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā kauā ("domestiques"). Ma waena o ka poʻe i komo i ka ʻaha kūkā, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka "hoʻokele waiwai manuahi" ("Freiwirtschaftslehre") ʻo Silvio Gesell, a me nā ʻelele o ka Genevan Esperantists. Ua hoʻoholo ka Congress e noi no ke komo ʻana i ka hui hou i ka International Vegetarian Union, i hui ʻia ma The Hague. Ua koho ʻia ʻo P. Biryukov i luna o ka hui hou, ʻo G. Edenkofen a ʻo I. Hoffmann nā lālā o ka papa. He mea paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i nā hopena kūpono o kēia ʻaha kūkā, ua ʻōlelo ʻo P. Biryukov: "He liʻiliʻi paha lākou." Ma kēia ʻano, ua pololei paha ʻo ia.
I ke kaua holoʻokoʻa, piʻi a hāʻule ka nui o ka poʻe kipa i nā hale ʻaina meaʻai meaʻai ma Rūsia. Ma Moscow, ua piʻi ka nui o nā hale ʻaina meaʻai, ʻaʻole i helu ʻia nā hale ʻaina pilikino, i ʻehā; i ka makahiki 1914, e like me ka mea i hoikeia maluna, 643 mau ipu i lawelawe ia iloko o lakou, aole helu i na mea i haawi manuahi; Ua lawe ke kaua i 000 mau malihini kipa i ka hapa lua o ka makahiki…. Ua komo nā hui mea kanu i nā hanana aloha, nā moena i lako no nā halemai koa a hoʻolako i nā hale ʻaina no ka humuhumu lole. ʻO kahi hale ʻai meaʻai meaʻai maʻamau ma Kyiv, e kōkua i ka waihona i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o ka pūʻali koa, hānai ʻia ma kahi o 40 mau ʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike ʻo BB i ka hale maʻi no nā lio. ʻAʻole i ʻaiʻē ʻia nā ʻatikala mai nā kumu haole mai ka Kelemania, akā ʻo ka hapa nui mai ka nūpepa meaʻai meaʻai Pelekane. No laila, no ka laʻana, ma VV (000) ua paʻi ʻia kahi haʻiʻōlelo e ka luna o ka Manchester Vegetarian Society e pili ana i nā manaʻo o ka vegetarianism, kahi i ʻōlelo aku ai ka mea haʻiʻōlelo e kūʻē i ka dogmatization a ma ka manawa like e kūʻē i ka makemake e kuhikuhi i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe pehea e pono ai. ola a me ka mea e ai ai; Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi ʻatikala Pelekane e pili ana i nā lio ma ke kahua kaua. Ma keʻano laulā, ua emi ka nui o nā lālā o nā hui meaʻai: ma Odessa, no ka laʻana, mai 110 a 1915; Eia hou, emi a emi mai na hoike i heluheluia.
I Ianuali 1917, ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki hoʻomaha, ua hoʻomaka hou ka Vegetarian Herald, i kēia manawa i paʻi ʻia e ka Kyiv Military District ma lalo o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o Olga Prokhasko, ma ke aloha "I ka poʻe heluhelu" hiki i kekahi ke heluhelu:
"ʻO nā hanana paʻakikī a Rūsia e hele nei, ka mea i hoʻopilikia i ke ola āpau, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kā mākou ʻoihana liʻiliʻi. <...> Akā i kēia manawa ke hala nei nā lā, ʻōlelo paha kekahi e hala ana nā makahiki - maʻa ka poʻe i nā mea weliweli a pau, a hoʻomaka mālie ka mālamalama o ka pono o ka vegetarianism e huki hou i ka poʻe luhi. ʻO ka mea hou loa, ʻo ka nele o ka ʻiʻo i koi i nā mea a pau e huli ikaika i ko lākou mau maka i kēlā ola ʻaʻole pono ke koko. Ua piha nā hale ʻaina meaʻai ma nā kūlanakauhale a pau, kūʻai ʻia nā puke kuke meaʻai meaʻai.
Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka pukana e hiki mai ana ka nīnau: “He aha ka vegetarianism? ʻO kona wā e hiki mai ana”; Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i ka huaʻōlelo "vegetarianism" i kēia manawa i loaʻa i nā wahi āpau, aia ma ke kūlanakauhale nui, no ka laʻana, ma Kyiv, nā hale ʻai meaʻai meaʻai ma nā wahi a pau, akā, ʻoiai ʻo kēia mau canteens, nā mea ʻai meaʻai, vegetarianism mea ʻē aʻe i nā kānaka, mamao loa. maopopo ole.
Ua hoʻokipa pū ʻia ka Feberuari Revolution me ka mahalo e ka poʻe mea ʻai meaʻai: "Ua wehe ʻia nā puka aniani o ke kūʻokoʻa ʻālohilohi i mua o mākou, kahi i neʻe lōʻihi ai ka poʻe Lūkini luhi!" ʻO nā mea a pau e hoʻomanawanui "e nā mea a pau o kā mākou gendarmerie Russia, kahi mai ka wā kamaliʻi ʻaʻole i ʻae ka ʻaʻahu uliuli i ka hanu" ʻaʻole ia he kumu no ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana: ʻaʻohe wahi no ia, kākau ka Vegetarian Bulletin. Eia kekahi, ua kāhea ʻia ke hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā kaiāulu meaʻai hoʻi; Ua hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻi make - ke kali nei nā hui meaʻai o Rūsia, i kākau ʻia e Naftal Bekerman, i ka hana hou aʻe - "ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka pepehi kanaka a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻi make i nā holoholona." Ua ʻae piha ka Vegetarian Herald i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka poʻe proletarians no ka maluhia a no ka lā hana 8-hola, a ua hoʻolālā ka moku kaua ʻo Kiev i kahi hoʻolālā e hoʻemi i ka lā hana no ka hapa nui o nā wahine ʻōpio a me nā kaikamahine hana ma nā canteens lehulehu mai 9-13. hola a 8 hola . Ma ka huli, ka Poltava Koa Apana koi (e nana ma luna p. yy) i kekahi simplification i loko o ka ai a me ka rejection o excessive pretentiousness i ka ai, i hookumuia mamuli o ka laʻana o nā canteens.
ʻO ka mea hoʻopuka o ka Vegetarian Vestnik, ʻo Olga Prokhasko, i kāhea aku i nā mea ʻai meaʻai a me nā hui meaʻai e lawe i ka ʻāpana ikaika loa i ke kūkulu ʻana o Rūsia - "Wehe nā mea kanu i kahi ākea ākea e hana i ka hoʻopau piha ʻana o nā kaua i ka wā e hiki mai ana." ʻO ka pukana ʻeiwa no 1917 i hoʻomaka me ka ʻōlelo ʻino: “Ua hoʻokomo hou ʻia ka hoʻopaʻi make ma Rusia!” (ill. 34 yy). Eia naʻe, i loko o kēia pukana aia kekahi hōʻike e pili ana i ke kahua ma Iune 27 ma Moscow o ka "Society of True Freedom (ma ka hoʻomanaʻo iā Leo Tolstoy)"; ʻO kēia hui hou, i helu kokeʻia mai ka 750 a hiki i ka 1000 mau lālā, aia ma ka hale o ka moku kaua o Moscow ma 12 Gazetny Lane. Eia kekahi, ua kūkākūkā ka VV hou i nā kumuhana maʻamau e pili ana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa i kēia lā, e like me: ka moe kolohe ʻana i ka meaʻai ( cream) a i ʻole ka make ʻana e pili ana i ka pena ʻana o nā lumi i hana ʻia e ka pena aila i loko o ka turpentine a me ke kēpau.
ʻO ka "conspiracy kipi" a General Kornilov i hoʻohewa ʻia e nā mea hoʻoponopono o ka Vegetarian Herald. Ma ka pukana hou loa o ka makasina (Dekemaba 1917) ua paʻi ʻia ka ʻatikala papahana a Olga Prohasko "The Present Moment and Vegetarianism". ʻO ka mea kākau o ka ʻatikala, he mea pili i ka socialism Christian, i ʻōlelo i kēia e pili ana i ka ʻOkakopa Revolution: "Pono e ʻike kēlā me kēia hui meaʻai meaʻai a me nā mea ʻai meaʻai āpau i ke ʻano o kēia manawa mai kahi ʻano meaʻai." ʻAʻole ka poʻe mea ʻai meaʻai a pau he Karistiano, ʻo ka meaʻai meaʻai ma waho o ka hoʻomana; akā, ʻaʻole hiki i ke ala o kahi Karistiano hohonu maoli ke kāpae i ka meaʻai meaʻai. Wahi a ke aʻo Karistiano, he makana ke ola mai ke Akua mai, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ke kūʻokoʻa i ke Akua. ʻO ia ke kumu i like ai ka manaʻo o ke Karistiano a me ka mea ʻai meaʻai i kēia manawa. I kekahi manawa, he mau ʻālohilohi o ka manaʻolana: ʻo ka ʻaha koa ma Kyiv, ua hoʻāpono i ka luna a me nā kūlana haʻahaʻa i hele ʻole i ke kaua, no laila ua ʻike i ke kuleana o ke kanaka e kūʻokoʻa e hōʻole i ke kuleana e pepehi kanaka. "He mea minamina ka nānā ʻole ʻana o nā hui meaʻai meaʻai i nā hanana maoli." I loko o kāna ʻike moʻolelo, i kapa ʻia ʻo "A Few More Words", ua hōʻike ʻo Olga Prokhasko i ka huhū i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā pūʻali (a ʻaʻole nā Bolsheviks, e noho ana i kēlā manawa ma ka hale aliʻi!) ua maʻa i ka ʻākoakoa pū ʻana e kūkākūkā i nā hanana, a ʻo kēia ma hope o ka lā ma mua o ka ʻike ʻana o nā Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies i ka mana o nā Soviets a hoʻolaha lākou ua kākoʻo lākou i ka Petrograd Soviets. "Akā ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike pehea e hoʻokō ai lākou, a no laila ua ʻākoakoa mākou no kahi hālāwai, loaʻa iā mākou nā pilikia koʻikoʻi no ke ola o ko mākou kaiāulu e pono e hoʻoholo. He hoʻopaʻapaʻa hahana a me ka hikiwawe loa, me he mea lā ma ko mākou mau puka makani ... ke kī ʻana! .. <...> ʻO ia ke kani mua o ke kipi, ma ke ahiahi o ʻOkakopa 28 ma Kyiv.
ʻO kēia ka pukana ʻumikūmākahi o ka makasina ka hope loa. Ua hoʻolaha nā mea hoʻoponopono ua loaʻa i ka moku kaua o Kiev nā poho nui mai ka paʻi ʻana o VV. "Ma lalo wale nō o ke kūlana," i kākau ai nā mea hoʻoponopono o ka puke pai, "inā e aloha nui ko mākou poʻe like like a puni ʻo Rūsia no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kā mākou mau manaʻo, hiki ke hoʻopuka i nā pilikia maʻamau."
Eia naʻe, ʻo ka Moscow Vegetarian Society i ka manawa mai ka ʻOkakopa Revolution a hiki i ka hopena o 20s. Ua hoʻomau ʻia ka noho ʻana, a me kekahi mau hui meaʻai kūloko. ʻO ka waihona GMIR ma St. Petersburg he mau palapala e pili ana i ka moʻolelo o ka moku kaua o Moscow mai 1909 a hiki i 1930. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi hōʻike e pili ana i ka hālāwai nui makahiki o nā lālā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lā 7 Mei 1918. Ma kēia hālāwai, ʻo Vladimir Vladimirovich. Ua noi ʻo Chertkov (ke keiki a VG Chertkova) i ka ʻaha kūkā o ka moku kaua o Moscow e hoʻolālā i kahi hoʻolālā no ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana i nā hale ʻaina lehulehu. Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 1917, ma waena o nā limahana o nā hale ʻaina a me ka ʻaha kūkā o ka moku kaua o Moscow, "ua hoʻomaka ka manaʻo ʻole a me ka antagonism, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ma mua." Ma muli o ka hui ʻana o nā limahana o nā hale ʻaina i ka "Union of Mutual Aid of Waiters", i ʻōlelo ʻia ua hoʻoulu ʻia lākou me ka ʻano ʻino i ka hoʻokele ʻana o ka ʻAhahui. Ua hoʻopilikia hou ʻia ke kūlana waiwai o nā hale ʻaina ma muli o ka hōʻole ʻana o ka Allied Association of Consumer Societies o Moscow i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā meaʻai meaʻai me nā huahana e pono ai, a ʻo ke Kōmike Meaʻai o ke kūlanakauhale, ua hāʻawi like i ka hōʻole ʻana, e hōʻike ana i ka mea ʻelua. ʻAʻole manaʻo ʻia nā hale ʻaina MVO-va ” i kaulana. I ka hālāwai, ua hōʻike hou ʻia ka mihi no ka haʻalele ʻana o ka poʻe meaʻai i ka "ʻaoʻao ideological o ka mea." ʻO ka helu o nā lālā o ka moku kaua o Moscow i ka makahiki 1918 he 238 mau kānaka, a he 107 ka mea i hana (me II Perper, kāna wahine ʻo EI Kaplan, KS Shokhor-Trotsky, IM Tregubov), 124 mau mea hoʻokūkū a me 6 mau lālā hanohano.
Ma waena o nā palapala ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i ka GMIR kahi kiʻi o kahi hōʻike a PI Biryukov (1920) e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o ka meaʻai meaʻai Lūkini mai 1896, i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Path Traveled" a uhi ʻia nā helu 26. ʻO Biryukov, ka mea i hoʻi mai mai Switzerland mai, a laila paʻa i ke kūlana o ke keʻena o ka ʻoihana manuscript o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Moscow ʻo Leo Tolstoy (ua neʻe ʻo ia i Kanada i ka waena o 1920s). Hoʻopau ka hōʻike me ka hoʻopiʻi: "Iā ʻoukou, e nā pūʻali ʻōpio, ke noi aku nei au i kahi noi ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka naʻau. Ke make nei mākou nā ʻelemakule. ʻO ka maikaʻi a i ʻole ka hewa, e like me ko mākou ikaika nāwaliwali, ua lawe mākou i kahi lapalapa ola a ʻaʻole i pio. E lawe mai iā mākou e hoʻomau a hoʻoulu i kahi lapalapa ikaika o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke aloha a me ke kūʻokoʻa "...
ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā Tolstoyans a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole e ka Bolsheviks, a ma ka manawa like "hoʻonohonoho" vegetarianism, hoʻomaka i ka wā o ke Kaua Kivila. I ka makahiki 1921, ua hui ʻia nā hui i hoʻomaʻau ʻia e ka tsarism, ʻoi aku ma mua o ke kipi ʻana o 1905, ma ka "First All-Russian Congress of Sectarian Agricultural and Productive Associations." Heluhelu mai ka § 1 o ka olelo hooholo o ka Ahaolelo: "O makou, he hui o na lala o ka All-Russian Congress of Sectarian Agricultural Communities, Communes and Artels, vegetarians by conviction, e noonoo ana i ka pepehi kanaka ole wale no, aka, o na holoholona kekahi hewa i ae ole ia. i mua o ke Akua a mai hoʻohana i ka meaʻai meaʻai pepehi kanaka, a no laila, ma ka inoa o nā mea āpau Vegetarian sectarians, noi mākou i ka People's Commissariat of Agriculture mai koi aku i ka ʻiʻo conscription mai nā mea ʻai meaʻai, e kūʻē i ko lākou lunamanaʻo a me nā manaʻo hoʻomana. ʻO ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo, i pūlima ʻia e 11 mau mea komo, me KS Shokhor-Trotsky a me VG Chertkov, ua ʻae ʻia e ka ʻaha kūkā.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich (1873-1955), he loea o ka ʻaoʻao Bolshevik ma nā ʻāpana, i kona manaʻo e pili ana i kēia ʻaha kūkā a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo i hāpai ʻia e ia ma ka hōʻike "The Crooked Mirror of Sectarianism", i paʻi koke ʻia ma ka nūpepa. . ʻO ia hoʻi, ua ʻōlelo ʻino ʻo ia i kēia lokahi, me ka kuhikuhi ʻana ʻaʻole nā sects a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaha kūkā e ʻike iā lākou iho he poʻe meaʻai: ʻo Molokans a me Baptists, no ka laʻana, ʻai lākou i ka ʻiʻo. ʻO kāna kamaʻilio e hōʻike ana i ke alakaʻi nui o ka hoʻolālā Bolshevik. ʻO kahi mea o kēia hoʻolālā ʻo ia ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana, ʻoi aku ka poʻe Tolstoyans, i nā hui holomua a me nā ʻano pane: ma ka ʻōlelo a Bonch-Bruyevich, "ʻo ka pahi kaua ʻoi a me ke aloha ʻole o ke kipi i hoʻokaʻawale" i waena o nā Tolstoyans pū kekahi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Bonch-Bruevich iā KS Shokhor-Trotsky lāua ʻo VG Chertkov i ka poʻe reactionaries, ʻoiai ʻo IM Tregubov lāua ʻo PI Biryukov i ka Tolstoyans, kokoke loa i ka poʻe - a i ʻole, e like me kā Sofia Andreevna i kapa ai iā lākou, i ka "pouli", e hoʻonāukiuki ai i kēia. manaʻo ʻia he "wahine puʻupuʻu, manaʻo nui, haʻaheo i kāna mau kuleana" .... Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohewa nui ʻo Bonch-Bruevich i nā ʻōlelo lokahi a ka ʻAhaʻōlelo o nā ʻAhahui Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻē e kūʻē i ka hoʻopaʻi make, ka lawelawe kaua āpau a me ka papahana hui o nā kula hana Soviet. Ua hoʻomaka koke kāna ʻatikala i nā kūkākūkā hopohopo ma ka hale ʻaina meaʻai ʻo Moscow ma Gazetny Lane.
Ua nānāʻia nā hālāwai pule o nā Tolstoyans ma ke kūkuluʻana i ka Apana Koa o Moscow. ʻO Sergei Mikhailovich Popov (1887-1932), ka mea i hui pū me Tolstoy, i ka lā Malaki 16, 1923, ua haʻi aku i ke akeakamai Petr Petrovich Nikolaev (1873-1928), i noho ma Nice mai ka makahiki 1905: a i kekahi manawa hōʻike ikaika i kā lākou kūʻē. No laila, no ka laʻana, i kaʻu kamaʻilio hope ʻana, kahi i loaʻa ai nā kolone o nā keiki 2, a me nā pākeke, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kamaʻilio ʻana, hele mai ʻelua mau ʻelele o nā luna i oʻu nei, i mua o nā mea a pau, a nīnau: Ua ʻae ʻia ʻoe e kamaʻilio?" "ʻAʻole," wahi aʻu, "e like me koʻu manaʻoʻiʻo, he mau kaikunāne nā kānaka a pau, a no laila ke hōʻole nei au i ka mana āpau a ʻaʻole wau e noi i ka ʻae e kamaʻilio." "E hāʻawi mai iaʻu i kāu mau palapala," wahi a lākou <...> "Ua hopu ʻia ʻoe," wahi a lākou, a lawe mai i nā pu panapana a hoʻolele mai iā lākou e kuhikuhi mai iaʻu me nā huaʻōlelo: "Ke kauoha nei mākou iā ʻoe e hahai iā mākou."
Ma ʻApelila 20, 1924, ma ka hale o ka Moscow Vegetarian Society, ua mālama ʻia ka ʻaha ʻepekema o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Tolstoy a me ka ʻaha kūkā o ka moku koa o Moscow i kahi hoʻolauleʻa paʻa o ka 60th anniversary o II Gorbunov-Posadov a me ka 40th anniversary o kāna palapala kākau. hana ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka hale hoʻopuka Posrednik.
I kekahi mau lā ma hope mai, i ka lā 28 ʻApelila, 1924, ua waiho ʻia kahi palapala noi i nā luna Soviet no ka ʻae ʻana i ka Draft Charter o ka Moscow Vegetarian Society. LN Tolstoy - hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1909! - me ka hōʻike ʻana he ʻumi nā mea noi a pau ʻaʻole pāʻina. Ma lalo o ka tsarism a ma lalo o ka Soviets - a me ka mea ma lalo o Putin pū kekahi (cf. below p. yy) - pono e loaʻa i nā palapala hoʻohui o nā hui aupuni āpau i ka ʻae kūhelu mai nā mana. Ma waena o nā palapala o ka waihona o ka moku kaua o Moscow, aia kahi palapala o ka leka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ʻAukake 13 o ia makahiki hoʻokahi, i haʻi ʻia iā Lev Borisovich Kamenev (1883-1936), i kēlā manawa (a a hiki i 1926) he lālā o ia. ʻO ka Politburo a me ke poʻo o ke kōmike hoʻokō o ka ʻaha kūkā o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Moscow, a me ka hope luna hoʻomalu o ka ʻaha kūkā o nā poʻe Komisina. Ua hoʻopiʻi ka mea kākau o ka leka ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia ka palapala hoʻohui o ka moku kaua ʻo Moscow: "Eia hoʻi, e like me kaʻu ʻike i loaʻa iaʻu, ʻike ʻia ka nīnau o kāna ʻae ʻia i ka maikaʻi ʻole. Me he mea lā aia kekahi ʻano kuhihewa e hele nei ma ʻaneʻi. Aia nā hui mea kanu ma kekahi mau kūlanakauhale - no ke aha e hiki ʻole ai i kahi hui like ma Moscow? Ua hamama loa ka hana o ka ahahui, ua hana ia iloko o ka poai palena o kona mau lala, a ina i ike ia he mea makemake ole ia, ua hiki ke hoopau ia ma na ano e ae. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i komo ka O-vo i ka hana politika. Mai kēia ʻaoʻao, ua ʻōlelo piha ʻo ia iā ia iho i kona ola ʻana he 15 mau makahiki. Nui koʻu manaʻolana, e Lev Borisovich, e ʻike ʻoe e hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻole i ala mai a kōkua iaʻu i kēia mea. Mahalo wau iā ʻoe inā ʻoe e hōʻike i kou manaʻo no kēia leka aʻu. Eia naʻe, ʻo ia mau hoʻāʻo e hoʻokumu i ka pilina me nā luna kiʻekiʻe ʻaʻole i lawe mai i ka hopena i makemake ʻia.
I ka nānā ʻana i nā kaʻina paʻa o nā mana Soviet, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻai meaʻai Tolstoyan e paʻi malū i nā makasina haʻahaʻa ma ka typewritten a i ʻole rotaprint a puni ka waena o nā makahiki 20. No laila, i ka makahiki 1925 (e hoʻoholo ana i ka pilina o loko: "i kēia manawa, e pili ana i ka make ʻana o Lenin") "ma ke ʻano he manuscript" me ka pinepine o ʻelua pule, ua paʻi ʻia kahi puke i kapa ʻia ʻo Common Case. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia e Y. Neapolitansky ka puke moʻokalaleo-social a vegetarian. Ua lilo kēia makasina i "leo ola o ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu." Ua hoʻohewa nui nā mea hoʻoponopono o ka puke pai i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi o ke ʻano o ka ʻaha kūkā o ka Moscow Vegetarian Society, e koi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi "Coalition Council" kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai nā hui koʻikoʻi a pau o ka Society; ʻO ia ʻōlelo aʻo wale nō, e like me ka mea hoʻoponopono, hiki ke lilo i mana no nā mea ʻai meaʻai a pau. E pili ana i ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā e kū nei, ua hōʻike ʻia ka makaʻu i ke komo ʻana o nā poʻe hou i loko o kāna haku, e loli paha ke "kuhikuhi" o kāna kulekele; Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokūpaʻaʻia e alakaʻiʻia kēiaʻaha kūkā e "nā poʻe koa hanohano o Tolstoy", ka poʻe i hala koke nei "i ke kenekulia" a lawe i nā manawa a pau e hōʻike i ko lākou aloha no ka'ōnaehana moku'āina hou (e like me ka mea kākau, "Tolstoy-moku'āina"); ʻO ka poʻe ʻōpio manaʻo kūʻē kūʻē i nā hui hoʻomalu o nā mea ʻai meaʻai ʻaʻole maopopo ka hōʻike. ʻO Y. Neapolitansky e hōʻino i ke alakaʻi o ka hui me ka nele o ka hana a me ka wiwo ʻole: "Ma ke ʻano like me ka wikiwiki o ke ola ʻo Moscow, no laila kūpaʻa a me ka feverishly turbulent, ua loaʻa i nā mea kanu ka maluhia mai ka makahiki 1922, ua hoʻonohonoho i kahi "noho palupalu". <...> Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma ka hale ʻaina o ka Mokupuni Vegetarian ma mua o ka ʻAhahui ponoʻī” (p. 54 yy). ʻIke loa, ʻoiai i ka wā Soviet, ʻaʻole i lanakila ka maʻi kahiko o ka neʻe ʻana i ka meaʻai: ʻokiʻoki, ʻokiʻoki i nā hui he nui a hiki ʻole ke hele i kahi ʻaelike.
Ma ka lā 25 o Malaki, 1926, ua mālama ʻia kahi hālāwai o nā lālā hoʻokumu o ka Apana Koa o Moscow, kahi i hui pū ai nā hoa hana lōʻihi o Tolstoy: VG Chertkov, PI Biryukov, a me II Gorbunov-Posadov. Heluhelu ʻo VG Chertkov i kahi ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hui hou, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Moscow Vegetarian Society", a ma ka manawa like he palapala hoʻolālā. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hālāwai aʻe ma Mei 6, pono e hoʻoholo ʻia: "No ka loaʻa ʻole o ka manaʻo mai nā keʻena e pili ana, pono e hoʻopanee ʻia ka palapala no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana." ʻOiai ke kūlana i kēia manawa, heluhelu mau ʻia nā hōʻike. No laila, i loko o ka diary o nā kamaʻilio ʻana o ka moku kaua ʻo Moscow mai Ianuali 1, 1915 a i Pepeluali 19, 1929, aia nā hōʻike o nā hōʻike (i hele ʻia e 12 a 286 mau kānaka) ma nā kumuhana e like me "The Spiritual Life of LN Tolstoy. "(N N. Gusev), "The Doukhobors in Canada" (PI Biryukov), "Tolstoy and Ertel" (NN Apostolov), "The Vegetarian Movement in Russia" (IO Perper), "The Tolstoy Movement in Bulgaria" (II Gorbunov-Posadov), "Gothic" (Prof. AI Anisimov), "Tolstoy and Music" (AB Goldenweiser) a me nā mea'ē aʻe. Ma ka hapa lua o ka makahiki 1925 wale no, 35 mau hoike.
Mai nā minuke o nā hālāwai o ka ʻaha kūkā o ka moku kaua ʻo Moscow mai 1927 a 1929, ua maopopo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka hui e hakakā i ke kulekele o nā mana, e hoʻonui ana i kāna mau hana, akā i ka hopena ua koi ʻia e hāʻule. ʻIke ʻia, ʻaʻole i hala ma mua o 1923, ua ʻaihue kekahi "Artel "Vegetarian Nutrition" i ka lumi ʻaina nui o ka MVO-va, me ka ʻole o ka uku ʻana i nā huina kūpono no ka hoʻolimalima, nā pono hana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai nā peʻa a me nā kau inoa o ka MVO-va. hoʻohana mau ʻia. Ma kahi hālāwai o ka ʻaha kūkā o ka moku kaua ʻo Moscow ma ʻApelila 13, 1927, ua haʻi ʻia ka "hana hoʻomau" o ka Artel kūʻē i ka Society. "Inā ʻae ʻo Artel i ka hoʻoholo a kāna Papa e hoʻomau i ka noho ʻana i ka hale o ka moku kaua o Moscow, a laila ʻōlelo ka ʻaha kūkā o ka Society ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo i kahi ʻaelike me Artel ma kēia kumuhana." ʻO nā hālāwai maʻamau o ka ʻaha kūkā i hele ʻia e 15 a 20 o kona mau lālā, me kekahi o nā hoa pili loa o Tolstoy—VG Chertkov, II Gorbunov-Posadov, a me NN Gusev. ʻOkakopa 12, 1927 Council of the Moscow Military District, i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana o ka hānau ʻana o LN Tolstoy, "e noʻonoʻo ana i ka pili ʻana o ke alakaʻi ideological o ka moku kaua ʻo Moscow i ke ola o LN Tolstoy, a me ka nānā ʻana. o ke komo ʻana o LN i ka hoʻonaʻauao <...> O-va ma 1909″, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hāʻawi i ka inoa o LN Tolstoy i ka Apana Koa o Moscow a waiho i kēia noi no ka ʻae ʻia e ka hui nui o nā lālā o ka O-va. A ma Ianuali 18, 1928, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻomākaukau i kahi hōʻiliʻili "Pehea LN Tolstoy i hoʻoikaika ai iaʻu" a aʻo iā II Gorbunov-Posadov, I. Perper a me NS Troshin e kākau i kahi hoʻopiʻi no ka hoʻokūkū no ka ʻatikala "Tolstoy and Vegetarianism". Eia hou, ua kauoha ʻia ʻo I. Perper e noi i nā hui ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni meaʻai [hoʻolaha]. I ka lā 2 o Iulai o ia makahiki, ua ʻae ʻia kahi palapala nīnau nīnau no ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lālā o ka Hui, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia e mālama i kahi wiki Tolstoy ma Moscow. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka mahinaʻo Kepakemapa 1928, ua hoʻonohonoho ka moku kaua o Moscow i kahi hālāwai o nā lā he nui, kahi i hōʻea ai nā haneli o Tolstoyans i Moscow mai nā wahi a pau o ka'āina. Ua nānā ʻia ka hālāwai e nā mana Soviet; ma hope iho, ua lilo ia i kumu no ka hopu ʻia ʻana o nā lālā o ka ʻĀpana ʻōpio, a me ka pāpā ʻana i ka hope o nā nūpepa ʻo Tolstoy - ka nūhou mahina o ka moku kaua o Moscow.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 1929 ua piʻi nui ke kūlana. Ma Ianuali 23, 1929, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻouna iā VV Chertkov lāua ʻo IO Perper i ka 7th International Vegetarian Congress ma Steinshönau (Czechoslovakia), akā ma ka lā 3 Pepeluali, ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia ʻo VV va "no ka hōʻole ʻana o MUNI [ka Moscow Real Estate Administration] e hoʻololi i ka ʻaelike hoʻolimalima. Ma hope o kēlā, ua koho ʻia kahi ʻelele "no ke kūkākūkā ʻana me nā hui Soviet a me Party kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i kahi o ka O-va"; ʻo ia hoʻi: VG Chertkov, "luna hanohano o ka Apana Koa o Moscow", a me II Gorbunov-Posadov, NN Gusev, IK Roche, VV Chertkov a me VV Shershenev. Ma ka lā 12 o Pepeluali i ka makahiki 1929, ma kahi hālāwai pilikia o ka ʻAha o ka Apana Koa o Moscow, ua haʻi ka ʻelele i nā lālā o ka ʻaha kūkā "ʻo ka manaʻo o MOUNI i ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o ka hale ma muli o ka hoʻoholo a nā luna kiʻekiʻe" a me ka lohi. no ka mea, ʻaʻole e ʻae ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hale. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo All-Russian Central Executive Committee [kahi i hoʻomaka ai ʻo VV Mayakovsky i kahi hakakā ma 1924 ma ka mele kaulana ʻo "Jubilee" i hoʻolaʻa ʻia iā AS Pushkin] i hoʻoholo i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hale o ka moku kaua o Moscow. i ka anti-alcohol O. ka All-Russian Central Executive Committee ʻaʻole i hoʻomaopopo e pili ana i ka pani ʻana o ka moku kaua ʻo Moscow.
I kekahi la ae, Feberuari 13, 1929, ma ka halawai o ka Ahaolelo o ka Apana Koa o Moscou, ua hooholoia e koho i halawai nui pilikia o na lala o ka Apana Koa o Moscou no ka Poakahi, Feberuari 18, ma ka hora 7:30 ahiahi e kukakuka ai. ke kūlana o kēia manawa e pili ana i ka hoʻonele ʻana o ka hale O -va a me ka pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe iā ia ma ka lā 20 o Pepeluali. - 18. ʻO ka hālāwai aʻe o ka ʻaha kūkā (9 i kēia manawa) i mālama ʻia ma Pepeluali 31: VG Chertkov i hōʻike i ka extract i loaʻa iā ia mai ka protocol o ka Presidium o ka All-Russian Central Executive Committee mai 20/2–2, Helu 29, e olelo ana i ka Moscow Military District ma ke 'ano he "mua" O-ve, a ma hope o VG Chertkov i aʻo 'ia e ho'ākāka pono i ka ninau o ke kūlana o ka O-va i loko o ka All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻoholoʻia ka hopena o ka hale waihona puke o ka Apana Koa o Moscow: i mea e hoʻohana maikaʻi ai ia mea, ua hoʻoholoʻia e hoʻoili i ka kuleana piha o ka luna hanohano o ka O-va, VG Chertkov; Ma Pepeluali 95, ua hoʻoholo ka ʻaha kūkā e "noʻonoʻo i ka Kiosk Book i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai 27 / II - p. , a ma ka la 26 o Maraki, ua hooholoia: “E noonoo i ka Puuwai o na Keiki o ka Mokupuni i hookaheia mai ka la 9 o Maraki o keia makahiki. G.”. Ma kahi hālāwai o ka ʻaha kūkā ma Malaki 15, 31, ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hale ʻaina o ka hui, i mālama ʻia ma Malaki 1929, 17.
Mālama ka GMIR (f. 34 op. 1/88. No. 1) i kahi palapala i kapa ʻia ʻo "Charter of the Moscow Vegetative Society i kapa ʻia ma hope o ALN Tolstoy. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao poʻomanaʻo he hōʻailona o ke Kakauolelo o ka ʻAha o ka Apana Koa o Moscow: “22/5-1928 <…> no ka palapala hoʻopaʻa helu 1640 o ka general. ua hoʻouna ʻia i ka secretariat <…> o ka Presidium o ka All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Ma ka manaʻo <...> 15-IV [1929] No. 11220/71, ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻAhahui ua hōʻole ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o ka palapala hoʻopaʻa inoa a <...> hoʻopau i nā hana āpau mai lākou. MVO”. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia kauoha a ka All-Russian Central Executive Committee i ka "Attitude of AOMGIK-a mai 15-1929 p. [11220131] Helu 18 e hōʻike ana ua hōʻole ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o ka palapala hoʻohui o ka O-va e ke Kōmike Hoʻokō Gubernia Moscow, no ke aha i manaʻo ai ʻo AOMGIK e hoʻopau i nā hana āpau ma ka inoa o ka O-va. Ma ʻApelila 1883, ua hoʻoholo ka ʻaha kūkā o ka Apana Koa o Moscow, e pili ana i ka "manaʻo" o AOMGIK e hoʻōki i nā hana o ka O-va, ua hoʻoholo e hoʻouna i kahi kūʻē me ka hoʻopiʻi kūʻē ʻana i kēia noi i ka ʻaha kūkā o nā Komisina o ka poʻe. RSFSR. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kākau ʻana o ka kikokikona iā IK Roche lāua ʻo VG Chertkov (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Chertkov i kākau ai ʻo LN Tolstoy i nā leka he nui ma waena o 1910 a me 5 a ua hana lākou i 90 mau puke o kahi puke haʻawina 35-volume ...). Ua hoʻoholo hoʻi ka ʻaha kūkā e noi i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Tolstoy, no ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka O-va, e ʻae i kāna mau mea āpau i loko o ka waihona o ka hale hōʻikeʻike (ill. 1932 yy) - ke poʻo o ka hale hōʻikeʻike i kēlā manawa ʻo NN Gusev … ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Tolstoy, no kāna ʻāpana, pono e hoʻoili i kēia mau palapala i ka Leningrad Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma XNUMX - GMIR o kēia lā.
Heluhelu ʻia nā minuke helu 7 o ka moku kaua o Moscow i ka lā 18 o Mei, 1929: "E noʻonoʻo i nā hihia hoʻokaʻawale a pau o ka O-va i hoʻopau ʻia."
Pono e hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā hana ʻē aʻe o ka hui, me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hectographed "Letters from Friends of Tolstoy". ʻO ke kikokikona o kēia kope i kākau ʻia:
“E ka makamaka, ke haʻi aku nei mākou iā ʻoe ua hoʻopau ʻia nā Leta a nā Hoa o Tolstoy no nā kumu ma waho o kā mākou mana. O ka helu hope loa o na Leta, he 1929 no ka la 7 o Okatoba, aka, makemake makou i ke dala, no ka mea, ua loaa ka nui o ko makou mau makamaka iloko o ka halepaahao, a no ka mahuahua ana o na palapala, e pani ana i na Leta i hoopauia mai na Hoa o Tolstoy. pono ka manawa a me ka leka uila.
Ma ka lā 28 o ʻOkakopa, ua hopu ʻia kekahi o kā mākou mau hoaaloha Moscow a lawe ʻia i ka hale paʻahao o Butyrka, ʻo 2, ʻo IK Rosha lāua ʻo NP Chernyaev, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ʻekolu pule ma hope o ka bail, a me 4 mau hoaaloha - IP Basutin (ke kākau ʻōlelo o VG Chertkov), Sorokin , IM, Pushkov, VV, Neapolitan, Yerney i lawe pio ia i Solovki no 5 makahiki. Me lākou, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kā mākou hoaaloha AI Grigoriev, ka mea i hopu ʻia ma mua, no ka makahiki 3. Ua hopu ʻia ko mākou mau hoaaloha a me nā poʻe like ʻole ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Rusia.
Ianuali 18 p. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia e nā luna kūloko e hoʻopuehu i ke kamaʻāina hoʻokahi kokoke i Moscow o Leo Tolstoy, Life and Labor. Hoʻoholo ʻia e kāpae ʻia nā keiki o nā Communards mai nā kula hoʻonaʻauao, a ua hoʻokolokolo ʻia ka ʻaha kūkā o nā Communards.
Me ke kakaka aloha ma ka inoa o V. Chertkov. E haʻi mai iaʻu inā ua loaʻa iā ʻoe ka Leta mai nā Hoa o Tolstoy No. 7.
I nā makahiki iwakālua ma nā kūlanakauhale nui, ua hoʻomau ka noho ʻana o nā canteens vegetarian no ka manawa mua - ʻo kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻike ʻia e ka moʻolelo a I. Ilf a me E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". Ma hope o Kepakemapa 1928, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Vasya Shershenev, ka luna o ka New Yerusalim-Tolstoy commune (ma ke komohana ʻākau o Moscow), e holo i ka Vegetarian Canteen ma Moscow i ka wā hoʻoilo. Ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i pelekikena o ka Moscow Vegetarian Society a no laila ua hele pinepine ʻo ia mai ke kamaʻāina ʻo "New Yerusalim-Tolstoy" i Moscow. Eia naʻe, ma kahi o 1930, ua kapa ʻia nā kamaʻāina a me nā hui. Ua hoʻonoho hou ʻia ʻo LN Tolstoy; mai ka makahiki 1931, ua puka mai he kamaaina ma ka mokuna Kuznetsk, me 500 mau lala. He mau hana mahiai huahua keia mau kauna; no ka laʻana, ka commune "Life and Labor" kokoke i Novokuznetsk, ma Western Siberia, ma 54 degere latitude, i hoʻolauna i ka mahiʻai o strawberries hoʻohana 'ana i greenhouses a me ka hothouse moe (ill. 36 yy), a me ka hoʻolako hou 'oihana mea kanu, ma Kuznetskstroy. , mea kanu pono loa. Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 1935-1936. ua hoʻopau ʻia ke kamaʻāina, ua hopu ʻia ka nui o kona mau lālā.
ʻO ka hoʻomāinoino a nā Tolstoyans a me nā hui ʻē aʻe (me nā Malevanians, Dukhobors a me Molokans) i hoʻokau ʻia ma lalo o ke aupuni Soviet i wehewehe ʻia e Mark Popovsky ma ka puke Russian Men Tell. ʻO nā mea hahai iā Leo Tolstoy i ka Soviet Union 1918-1977, i paʻi ʻia ma 1983 ma Lākana. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "vegetarianism" ma M. Popovsky, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa wale nō, ʻo ia hoʻi ma muli o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka moku kaua ʻo Moscow a hiki i ka makahiki 1929 ʻo ia ke kikowaena hālāwai nui loa no nā poʻe kākoʻo o Tolstoy.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana Soviet ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 1920 e hoʻopau i nā hoʻokolohua meaʻai meaʻai a me nā nohona kuʻuna ʻole. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo ʻokoʻa e hoʻopakele i ka vegetarianism - ʻo ka hopena o lākou ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka vegetarianism i ka meaʻai ma ke ʻano haiki, me ka hōʻole ʻana i nā manaʻo hoʻomana a me ka pono. No laila, no ka laʻana, ua kapa hou ʻia ka Leningrad Vegetarian Society i ka "Leningrad Scientific and Hygienic Vegetarian Society", e hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1927 (e nānā i luna, pp. 110-112 yy), hoʻomaka e hoʻolaha i kahi ʻelua mahina Diet Hygiene (maʻi). 37 makahiki). I loko o kahi leka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Iulai 6, 1927, ua huli ka hui Leningrad i ka ʻaha kūkā o ka moku kaua o Moscow, nāna i hoʻomau i nā kuʻuna a Tolstoy, me kahi noi e hāʻawi i nā manaʻo no ka puke pai hou.
Ma ka lā hoʻomanaʻo o Leo Tolstoy i ka makahiki 1928, ua paʻi ka puke pai Food Hygiene i nā ʻatikala e hoʻokipa ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua lanakila ka ʻepekema a me ka noʻonoʻo maʻamau i ka hakakā ʻana ma waena o ka hoʻomana a me ka meaʻai meaʻai a me ka ʻepekema a me ka meaʻai meaʻai maʻemaʻe. Akā, ʻaʻole i kōkua kēlā mau hana manawaleʻa: i ka makahiki 1930 ua nalowale ka huaʻōlelo "vegetarian" mai ka inoa o ka makasina.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i hiki ke hoʻololi ʻē aʻe nā mea āpau e ka hiʻohiʻona o Bulgaria. I ka wā e ola ana ʻo Tolstoy, ua hoʻolaha nui ʻia kāna mau aʻo ʻana ma ʻaneʻi (e nānā i ka ʻaoʻao 78 ma luna no ka hopena o ka paʻi ʻana o ka First Step). I ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia 1926, ua ulu ka Tolstoyism ma Bulgaria. Ua loaʻa i ka poʻe Bulgarian Tolstoyans kā lākou mau nūpepa ponoʻī, nā nūpepa, nā hale paʻi puke a me nā hale kūʻai puke, ka mea i hoʻolaha nui i ka palapala Tolstoyan. Ua hoʻokumu pū ʻia kahi hui meaʻai meaʻai, me ka nui o nā lālā, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, loaʻa kahi pūnaewele o nā hale ʻaina, kahi i lilo ai i wahi no nā hōʻike a me nā hālāwai. Ma 400, ua mālama ʻia kahi ʻaha kūkā o nā mea ʻai meaʻai Bulgarian, kahi i komo ai ka poʻe 1913 (e hoʻomanaʻo mākou i ka helu o ka poʻe i komo i ka ʻaha kūkā o Moscow ma 200 i 9 wale nō). I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kamaʻāina mahiʻai ʻo Tolstoy, ʻoiai ma hope o Kepakemapa 1944, 40, ka lā i hiki mai ai ka poʻe komunista i ka mana, ua hoʻomau ʻia e mālama ʻia me ka mahalo e ke aupuni, no ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mahiʻai hui maikaʻi loa ma ka ʻāina. . "ʻO ka Bulgarian Tolstoyan neʻe i loko o kona mau lālā ʻekolu mau lālā o ka Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, ʻelua mau mea pena kaulana, nā kumu aʻoaʻo kulanui a ma kahi o ʻewalu mau haku mele, nā mea pāʻani a me nā mea kākau moʻolelo. Ua ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ia he kumu koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana i ka pae moʻomeheu a me ka moʻomeheu o ke ola pilikino a me ka nohona o ka poʻe Bulgarians a hoʻomau i ke ʻano o ke kūʻokoʻa pili a hiki i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1949. I Pepeluali 1950, ua pani ʻia ke kikowaena o ka Sofia Vegetarian Society a lilo i hui o nā luna. I Ianuali 3846, ua pau ka Bulgarian Vegetarian Society, i kēlā manawa he 64 mau lālā ma XNUMX mau hui kūloko.