ʻO ka holomua a me ke kūʻokoʻa

10 tausani makahiki aku nei BC, ma kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa kahi i noho ai ke kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke awāwa ʻo Ioredane, ua hana ʻia kahi kipi Neolithic i kahi manawa pōkole loa - ua hoʻomāliʻi ke kanaka i ka palaoa a me nā holoholona. ʻAʻole maopopo iā mākou ke kumu i hana ʻia ai kēia ma laila a laila - ma muli paha o kahi maʻi anu i hiki mai i ka Early Dryas. Ua pepehi ka Early Dryas i ka moʻomeheu Clavist ma ʻAmelika, akā ua koi paha i ka moʻomeheu Natufian ma ke awāwa ʻo Ioredane i ka mahiʻai. He kipi ka mea i hoʻololi loa i ke ʻano o ke kanaka, a me ia ka manaʻo hou o ke ākea, kahi manaʻo hou o ka waiwai (ʻo ka palaoa aʻu i ulu ai he pilikino ia, akā ʻo ka ʻaha o ka ululāʻau ke kaʻana like).

Ua komo ke kanaka i loko o ka symbiosis me nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona, ​​a ʻo ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o ke kanaka ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ka mōʻaukala o ka symbiosis me nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona, ​​​​no ka mea e hiki ai i ke kanaka ke noho ma ia ʻano kūlohelohe a hoʻohana. ia mau waiwai i hiki ole iaia ke hoohana pololei. Maʻaneʻi,ʻaʻoleʻai ke kanaka i ka mauʻu, akā,ʻo ka hipa, kahi kikowaena hana hele no ka hanaʻana i ka mauʻu iʻiʻo, e hana i kēia hana nona. I ke kenekulia i hala, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka symbiosis o ke kanaka me nā mīkini.

Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea nui loa i kaʻu moʻolelo, ʻo ia ka naʻi ʻana o ka honua holoʻokoʻa i nā mamo a nā Natufian. ʻAʻole ka poʻe Natufian, ʻaʻole Iudaio, ʻaʻole ʻArabia, ʻaʻole Sumeria, ʻaʻole Pākē, ʻo lākou nā kūpuna o kēia mau lāhui kanaka a pau. ʻO nā ʻōlelo āpau i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka honua, koe naʻe nā ʻōlelo ʻApelika, Papua New Guinea a me ke ʻano Quechua, nā ʻōlelo a nā mamo a ka poʻe e hoʻohana nei i kēia ʻenehana hou o ka symbiosis me kahi mea kanu a holoholona paha. noho ma waena o Eurasia millennia ma hope o ka millennium. ʻO ka ʻohana Sino-Caucasian, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Chechens a me Kina, ka ʻohana poly-Asiatic, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā Huns a me nā Kets, ka ʻohana barial, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā Indo-Europeans, a me nā lāhui Finno-Ugric, a ka Semitic-Khamites - ʻo lākou a pau nā mamo a ka poʻe i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 tausani makahiki BC ma ke awāwa ʻo Ioredane i aʻo i ka ulu palaoa.

No laila, manaʻo wau, nui ka poʻe i lohe ua noho ʻia ʻo ʻEulopa i ka Paleolithic Upper e Cro-Magnons a ʻo kēia Cro-Magnon ma aneʻi, nāna i pani i ka Neanderthal, nāna i kaha kiʻi i loko o ke ana, a no laila pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻohe mea. i koe o keia mau Cro-Magnons i noho ma Europa a pau, emi mai na Inia o Amerika Akau - nalo loa lakou, nana i pena kii i loko o na ana. ʻO kā lākou ʻōlelo, ka moʻomeheu, ka loina, ua hoʻopau loa ʻia e nā mamo a kēlā mau nalu ma hope o ka nalu nāna i hoʻokalakala i ka palaoa, nā bipi, nā hoki a me nā lio. ʻO nā Celts, Etruscans a me Pelasgians, nā lāhui i nalowale i mua, he mamo nō hoʻi nā Natufians. ʻO kēia ka haʻawina mua aʻu e makemake ai e ʻōlelo, ʻo ka holomua ʻenehana e hāʻawi i kahi pono i loaʻa ʻole ma mua o ka hana hou ʻana.

A he 10 tausani makahiki i hala aku nei BC, ua kū ka neolithic revolution. Ma hope o ʻelua mau makahiki, ua ʻike ʻia nā kūlanakauhale mua ʻaʻole wale ma ke awāwa ʻo Ioredane, akā a puni. ʻO kekahi o nā kūlanakauhale mua o ke kanaka - Ieriko, 8 tausani makahiki BC. He paʻakikī ke eli. ʻAe, no ka laʻana, ua ʻeli ʻia ʻo Chatal-Guyuk ma Asia Minor ma hope iki. A ʻo ka puka ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale he hopena ia o ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, kahi ala hou i ka lewa. A ke makemake nei au e noʻonoʻo hou ʻoe i ka ʻōlelo aʻu i ʻōlelo ai: "Ua puka mai nā kūlanakauhale." No ka mea, he banal ka huaʻōlelo, a i loko o ia mea, he mea kupanaha ka paradox weliweli.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka honua hou e noho ʻia e nā mokuʻāina lōʻihi, nā hopena o ka naʻi aupuni. ʻAʻohe kūlanakauhale-mokuʻāina i kēia ao hou, ʻae, koe wale nō ʻo Singapore. No laila no ka manawa mua i ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka mokuʻāina ma muli o ka lanakila ʻana o kekahi pūʻali koa me ke aliʻi ma ke poʻo, ua ʻike ʻia ka mokuʻāina e like me ke kūlanakauhale - he pā, nā luakini, nā ʻāina pili. A no 5 tausani makahiki mai ka 8 a hiki i ka 3 millennium BC, noho wale ka moku'āina ma ke ʻano he kūlanakauhale. ʻO 3 tausani makahiki wale nō BC, mai ka manawa o Sargon o Akkad, hoʻomaka nā aupuni hoʻonui ma muli o ka lanakila ʻana o kēia mau kūlanakauhale.

A i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o kēia kūlanakauhale, he 2 mau mea koʻikoʻi, ʻo kekahi o ia, e nānā ana i mua, ʻike wau i ka hoʻoikaika nui ʻana i ke kanaka, a ʻo kekahi, ma ke ʻano, pilikia. He mea hōʻeuʻeu ʻaʻohe aliʻi ma kēia mau kūlanakauhale. He mea nui loa. Maʻaneʻi, ua nīnau pinepineʻia au i ka nīnau "Ma keʻano laulā, nā mō'ī, nā kāne alpha - hiki anei i ke kanaka ke nele?" Eia ka mea hiki ke hana. ʻO koʻu kumu a me ka luna hoʻomalu, ʻo Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov, pili mau i ka manaʻo radical, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia i loko o ke kanaka, e like me nā ʻoki kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hana alakaʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā apes haʻahaʻa. A he mau mōʻī kapu wale nō ko ke kanaka ma mua. Makemake au i kahi manaʻo kūʻokoʻa, e like me ke kanaka, no ka mea ʻaʻohe ona genetically i hoʻoholo i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻano, hoʻololi maʻalahi i nā hoʻolālā, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke ʻano o nā apes kiʻekiʻe, no ka mea maikaʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia he ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā hui chimpanzees e like me ka samurai mai ʻEulopa. A aia nā hihia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wā i loko o kahi ʻohana o nā orangutans kahi kāne makua, i ka hihia o ka pōʻino, holo i mua a lawe i ka hahau, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ka wā i loko o kahi ʻohana ʻē aʻe, holo mua ke kāne nui.

Maʻaneʻi, me he mea lā hiki i ke kanaka ke noho ma ke ʻano he ʻohana monogamous ma ka ʻāina, he kāne me ka wahine, hiki ke hana i nā ʻeke hierarchical me kahi kāne mana a me kahi harem, ʻo ka mua i ka hihia o ka maluhia a me ka nui, ʻo ka lua i ke kaua. a me ka hemahema. I ka lua, ma ke ala, hihia, hoʻonohonoho mau ʻia nā kāne maikaʻi i kahi mea e like me ka pūʻali koa proto. Ma ka laulā, ma waho aʻe o kēlā, ʻo ka moe kāne kāne ma waena o nā kāne ʻōpio he ʻano hoʻololi maikaʻi ia e hoʻonui ai i ke kōkua like ʻana i loko o ia pūʻali koa. A i kēia manawa ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa iki ʻia kēia instinct a ʻike ʻia nā kāne male ma ko mākou ʻāina. A, ma ka laulā, i ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka, ʻo nā gay ka mea ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka subclass. ʻO Epaminondas lāua ʻo Pelopidas, ma ke ʻano nui, ʻo ka hui kapu Theban holoʻokoʻa he mau kāne kāne. He kāne kāne ka samurai. ʻO nā kaiāulu koa o kēia ʻano he mea maʻamau i waena o nā Kelemania kahiko. Ma keʻano laulā, he mau hiʻohiʻona banal kēia. Ma ʻaneʻi, ʻaʻole maʻa loa - hwarang. Aia ma Korea Kahiko i loaʻa kahi elite pūʻali koa, a he ʻano ʻano ia, ma waho aʻe o ka huhū i ke kaua, ʻo ka Hwarang he wahine wahine loa, pena ʻia ko lākou mau maka, a ʻaʻahu ʻia i ke ʻano.

ʻAe, hoʻi i nā kūlanakauhale kahiko. ʻAʻohe o lākou mau mōʻī. ʻAʻohe hale aliʻi ma Chatal-Guyuk a ma Mohenjo-Daro. Aia nā akua, ma hope he ʻaha kanaka kaulana, he ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Aia kekahi epic e pili ana iā Gilgamesh, ke aliʻi o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Uruk, i noho aliʻi ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX BC. Ua hoʻomalu ʻia ʻo Uruk e kahi pāremata bicameral, ʻo ka mua (parliament) o nā lunakahiko, ʻo ka lua o ka poʻe hiki ke lawe i nā mea kaua.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka mele no ka pāremata, ʻo ia ke kumu. ʻO Uruk ma kēia wahi ma lalo o kekahi kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe, ʻo Kish. Koi ʻo Kish i nā limahana mai Uruk no ka hana irrigation. Kūkākūkā ʻo Gilgamesh inā e hoʻolohe ʻo Kisa. Wahi a ka ʻaha lunakahiko "E hoʻouna," wahi a ka ʻaha o nā koa "kaua." Ua lanakila ʻo Gilgamesh i ke kaua, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻoikaika kēia i kona mana.

Maʻaneʻi, ua'ōlelo wauʻo ia ke aliʻi o ke kūlanakauhaleʻo Uruk, i kēlā me kēia, ma ka kikokikona "lugal". Ua unuhi pinepine ʻia kēia huaʻōlelo ma ke ʻano he «king», ʻo ia ka hewa nui. He alakaʻi koa ʻo Lugal i koho ʻia no ka manawa paʻa, maʻamau a hiki i 7 mau makahiki. A mai ka moʻolelo wale nō o Gilegamesa, ua maʻalahi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka wā o ke kaua kūleʻa, ʻaʻohe mea pili i ka pale a i ʻole ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, hiki i kēlā aliʻi ke lilo i aliʻi hoʻokahi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole he mōʻī ka lugal, akā he pelekikena. Eia kekahi, ua maopopo i loko o kekahi mau kūlanakauhale ka hua'ōlelo "lugal" kokoke i ka hua'ōlelo "peresidena" i loko o ka hua'ōlelo "Peresidena Obama", ma kekahi mea kokoke i ke ano o ka hua'ōlelo "peresidena" i loko o ka hua'ōlelo "Peresidena Putin. ».

Eia kekahi laʻana, aia ke kūlanakauhaleʻo Ebla -ʻo ia ke kūlanakauhale kālepa nui loa o Sumer, he metropolis kēia me ka heluna kanaka o 250 tausani kānaka,ʻaʻohe mea like ma ka Hikina. No laila, a hiki i kona make ʻana, ʻaʻohe ona pūʻali maʻamau.

ʻO ka lua o ka pilikia aʻu e makemake ai e haʻi aku, aia ke kūʻokoʻa politika ma kēia mau kūlanakauhale a pau. A ʻoi aku ka manuahi ʻo Ebla i ka politika 5 tausani makahiki BC ma mua o kēia ʻāina i kēia manawa. A ma ʻaneʻi, ʻaʻohe kūʻokoʻa waiwai i loko o lākou ma mua. Ma keʻano laulā, ma kēia mau kūlanakauhale mua, ua hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia ke ola. A ʻo ka mea nui loa, ua make ʻo Ebla mai ka mea i lanakila ʻia e Sargon o Akkad i ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX BC. ʻO kēia ka honua mua ʻo Hitler, ʻo Attila a me Genghis Khan i loko o ka hue hoʻokahi, kahi e lanakila ai i nā kūlanakauhale a pau o Mesopotamia. ʻO ka papa inoa o ka pilina o Sargon penei: ʻo ka makahiki i luku ai ʻo Sargon iā Uruk, ka makahiki i luku ai ʻo Sargon iā Elama.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Sargon i kāna kapikala ʻo Akkad ma kahi i pili ʻole i nā kūlanakauhale kālepa hemolele kahiko. ʻO nā makahiki hope o Sargon ma laila ua hōʻailona ʻia e ka wī a me ka ʻilihune. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o Sargon, kipi koke kona aupuni, akā he mea nui kēia kanaka i loko o nā makahiki 2 e hiki mai ana ... ʻAʻole i 2 tausani mau makahiki. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻoikaikaʻo ia i ka poʻe lanakila a pau o ka honua, no ka mea, ua hele mai ka poʻeʻAsuria, Heta, Babulona, ​​Media, Peresia ma hope o Sarekona. A me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻohālike ʻo Kuro iā Sargon, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo Alexander ka Nui iā Cyrus, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo Napoleon iā Alexander the Great, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo Hitler iā Napoleon i kekahi ʻano, a laila hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i kēia kuʻuna, i hoʻomaka ʻia i ka 2,5 tausani makahiki BC, hiki i ko mākou mau lā. a hoʻokumu i nā mokuʻāina āpau.

No ke aha wau e kamaʻilio nei no kēia? I ke kenekulia 3 BC, kākau ʻo Herodotus i ka puke «History» e pili ana i ka hakakā ʻana o Helene me Asia despotic, ua noho mākou i kēia paradigm mai ia manawa. ʻO ka Middle East ka ʻāina o ka despotism, ʻo ʻEulopa ka ʻāina o ke kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka pilikia, ʻo ka despotism kahiko, ma ke ʻano i hoʻoweliweli ʻia ai ʻo Herodotus, ʻike ʻia ma ka Hikina i ka 5 millennium BC, 5 mau makahiki ma hope o ka puka ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale mua. Ua lawe ʻia i ka hikina despotic weliweli wale nō XNUMX mau makahiki e hele ai mai ke aupuni ponoʻī a i ka totalitarianism. ʻAe, manaʻo wau he nui nā democracies hou i ka manawa e hoʻokele wikiwiki ai.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēlā mau despotisms a Herodotus i kākau ai, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka hoʻopio ʻana i nā mokuʻāina ʻo Middle East, ʻo ko lākou hoʻohui ʻia ʻana i nā aupuni ākea. A ʻo nā kūlanakauhale Helene, nā mea lawe i ka manaʻo o ke kūʻokoʻa, ua hoʻohui like ʻia i loko o kahi aupuni ākea - ʻo Roma mua, a laila ʻo Byzantium. ʻO kēia Byzantium kahi hōʻailona o ka hoʻokauwā a me ke kauā o ka Hikina. A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻomaka ka mōʻaukala o ka Hikina Kahiko ma laila me Sargon e like me ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o ʻEulopa me Hitler a me Stalin.

ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka pilikia ma ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke kūʻokoʻa i ke kenekulia XNUMX me ke kau inoa ʻana o ka Hōʻike o ke Kūʻokoʻa, a i ʻole ka XNUMXth me ke kau inoa ʻana o ka Liberty Charter, a i ʻole, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia. o Atenai mai Peisistratus mai. Ua kū mau i ka wā mua, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ma ke ʻano o nā kūlanakauhale manuahi. A laila ua make a lilo i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā aupuni ākea, a ʻo nā kūlanakauhale ma laila i noho ai e like me ka mitochondria i loko o kahi keʻena. A ma nā wahi a pau ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ʻia a nāwaliwali paha, ua ʻike hou ʻia nā kūlanakauhale, no ka mea, ua lanakila mua nā kūlanakauhale o ka Hikina Waena e Sargon, a laila e ko Babulona a me ʻAsuria, nā kūlanakauhale Helene i hoʻopio ʻia e ko Roma ... o ka na'i aupuni, ua lilo ia i mea hoowahawaha. Italia, Palani, Paniolo medieval kulanakauhale lilo ko lakou kuokoa e like me ka ulu mana aliʻi, ka Hansa lilo kona koʻikoʻi, ka Vikings i kapaia Rusia «Gardarika», ka aina o na kulanakauhale. No laila, me kēia mau kūlanakauhale a pau, ua like ka mea me nā kulekele kahiko, nā hale kūʻai Italia a i ʻole nā ​​kūlanakauhale Sumerian. ʻO kā lākou lugal, i kāhea ʻia no ka pale, hopu i nā mana āpau a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea lanakila e hele mai, ma laila, ke aliʻi Farani a i ʻole nā ​​Mongols.

He manawa koʻikoʻi a kaumaha kēia. ʻŌlelo pinepine ʻia mākou e pili ana i ka holomua. Pono wau e ʻōlelo i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka aia hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano o ka holomua ʻole ʻole - ʻo ia ka holomua ʻenehana. ʻO ia ka hihia kakaʻikahi i poina ʻia kēia a i ʻole kēlā ʻenehana kipi, i ʻike mua ʻia. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa. Ua poina ka Middle Ages i ka sima a ko Roma i hoʻohana ai. ʻAe, eia wau e hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana o Roma i ka lua pele, akā like ka hopena. ʻO ʻAigupita, ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā kānaka o ke kai, poina i ka ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i ka hao. Akā ʻo kēia ka ʻokoʻa i ka lula. Inā aʻo ke kanaka, no ka laʻana, e honi i ke keleawe, a laila e hoʻomaka koke ka Bronze Age ma ʻEulopa. Inā hana ke kanaka i ke kaʻa, e holo koke ana nā mea a pau i nā kaʻa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka holomua o ka nohona a me ka politika i ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka - ke neʻe nei ka mōʻaukala kaiaulu i loko o ka pōʻai, nā kānaka āpau i loko o kahi spiral, mahalo i ka holomua ʻenehana. A ʻo ka mea ʻoluʻolu ʻole, ʻo ia nā mea ʻenehana i hoʻokomo i ka mea kaua weliweli loa i nā lima o nā ʻenemi o ka civilization. ʻAe, e like me Bin Laden ʻaʻole i hana i nā skyscrapers a me nā mokulele, akā hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻo ia iā lākou.

Ua ʻōlelo wale wau i ka makahiki 5 ua lanakila ʻo Sargon iā Mesopotamia, ua luku ʻo ia i nā kūlanakauhale hoʻomalu ponoʻī, ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia iā lākou i mau pōhaku o kona aupuni totalitarian. ʻO ka heluna kanaka i luku ʻole ʻia ua lilo i poʻe kauā ma kahi ʻē. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kapikala mai nā kūlanakauhale kūʻokoʻa kahiko. ʻO Sargon ka mea lanakila mua, ʻaʻole naʻe ka mea luku mua. I ka makahiki 1972th millennium, ua luku ko mākou mau kūpuna Indo-European i ka civilization o Varna. He moʻomeheu kupaianaha kēia, ʻo ke koena o ia mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka pōʻino i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana ma 5. ʻAʻole i ʻeli ʻia ka hapakolu o ka necropolis Varna. Akā ua maopopo iā mākou i kēia manawa i ka 2th millennium BC, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka manawa i koe he XNUMX tausani mau makahiki ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ʻAigupita, ma kēlā ʻāpana o nā Balkans e kū pono ana i ke Kai Mediterranean, aia kahi moʻomeheu Vinca i hoʻomohala nui ʻia. ʻIke ʻia he pili kokoke i ka Sumerian. He proto-kākau kona, ʻoi aku kāna mau mea gula mai ka necropolis Varna ma mua o nā hale kupapaʻu o nā pharaohs. ʻAʻole i luku wale ʻia kā lākou moʻomeheu - he pepehi kanaka holoʻokoʻa. ʻAe, ua holo paha kekahi o ka poʻe i pakele i laila ma o ka Balkans a lilo i ka heluna Indo-European kahiko o Helene, ka Pelasgians.

ʻO kekahi moʻomeheu i luku loa ʻia e ka Indo-Europeans. Pre-Indo-European civilization kūlanakauhale o India Harappa Mohenjo-Daro. ʻO ia hoʻi, he nui nā hihia i ka mōʻaukala i ka wā i luku ʻia ai nā civilizations i ulu nui ʻia e ka poʻe barbarian kuko ʻaʻohe mea e nalowale koe ko lākou steppes - ʻo ia ka Huns, a me Avars, a me nā Turks, a me nā Mongols.

ʻO ka Mongols, ma ke ala, no ka laʻana, ʻaʻole i luku wale i ka civilization, akā ʻo ka ecology o Afghanistan i ka wā i luku ai lākou i kona mau kūlanakauhale a me nā ʻōnaehana irrigation ma nā luawai lalo. Ua hoʻohuli lākou iā Afghanistan mai kahi ʻāina kālepa a me nā mahina ʻai momona, i hoʻopio ʻia e nā mea a pau, mai Alexander the Great a hiki i ka Hephthalites, i ʻāina o nā wao nahele a me nā mauna, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke lanakila ma hope o ka Mongols. Maʻaneʻi, hoʻomanaʻo paha ka poʻe i ka moʻolelo o ka puhi ʻana o ka Taliban i nā kiʻi nui o Buddha kokoke i Bamiyan. ʻO ka puhi ʻana i nā kiʻi, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole maikaʻi, akā e hoʻomanaʻo i ke ʻano o Bamiyan iā ia iho. He kūlanakauhale kālepa nui, kahi i luku ai ka poʻe Mongol i nā mea āpau. Pepehi no 3 la, hoi mai, pepehi i ka poe kokolo mai lalo mai o na kupapau.

Ua luku nā Mongols i nā kūlanakauhale ʻaʻole no ka hewa o ke ʻano. ʻAʻole lākou i maopopo i ke kumu e pono ai ke kanaka i ke kūlanakauhale a me kahi māla. Mai ka manaʻo o ka poʻe nomad, ʻo ke kūlanakauhale a me ke kula kahi kahi e hiki ʻole ai i ka lio ke ʻai. Ua like ka hana a nā Huns a no nā kumu like.

No laila, he weliweli nā Mongols a me nā Huns, akā pono mau e hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ko mākou mau kūpuna Indo-European ka mea ʻino loa o kēia ʻano o nā mea lanakila. Ma ʻaneʻi, e like me ka nui o nā lāhui e kū mai ana e like me kā lākou i luku ai, ʻaʻole hoʻokahi Genghis Khan i luku. Ma keʻano, uaʻoi aku kaʻino ma mua o Sargon, no ka mea, ua hanaʻo Sargon i kahi aupuni holoʻokoʻa mai ka poʻe i lukuʻia, aʻaʻole i hana nā Indo-Europeans i kekahi mea mai Varna a me Mohenjo-Daro, uaʻoki wale lākou.

Akā ʻo ka nīnau ʻeha loa he aha. He aha ka mea i ʻae ai i ka Indo-Europeans a i ʻole Sargon a i ʻole nā ​​Huns e hana i kēlā luku nui? He aha ka mea i pale aku i ka naʻi aupuni o ka honua mai ka hōʻike ʻana ma laila i ka 7 millennium BC? He mea maʻalahi ka pane: ʻaʻohe mea e lanakila ai. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka make ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale Sumerian ʻo ia ko lākou waiwai, kahi i hiki ai ke kaua kūʻē iā lākou. E like me ke kumu nui o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o nā haole i ke aupuni Roma a i ʻole Kina, ʻo ia ko lākou pōmaikaʻi.

No laila, ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai o nā kūlanakauhale-mokuʻāina, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano kuʻuna kūikawā e pili ana iā lākou. A ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā mokuʻāina hou a pau ka hopena o kēia mau naʻi aupuni kahiko a hoʻomau pinepine ʻia.

A ʻo ka lua, he aha ka mea e hiki ai kēia mau lanakila? He mau hana ʻenehana kēia, ʻaʻole i haku ʻia e ka poʻe lanakila. Pehea ʻaʻole i hana ʻo bin Laden i nā mokulele. Ua luku ka Indo-Europeans iā Varna ma luna o ka lio, ʻaʻole naʻe lākou i hoʻoluhi iā lākou. Ua luku lākou iā Mohenjo-Daro ma luna o nā kaʻa, akā ʻo nā kaʻa kaʻa ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole paha he mea hana Indo-European. Ua lanakila ʻo Sargon o Akkad iā Sumer no ka mea ʻo ia ka makahiki keleawe a he mau mea kaua keleawe kona mau koa. "ʻAi nā koa 5400 i kā lākou berena i mua o koʻu mau maka i kēlā me kēia lā," wahi a Sargon. Hoʻokahi kaukani makahiki ma mua o kēlā, he mea ʻole ka helu o ia mau koa. Ua nalowale ka heluna o nā kūlanakauhale e uku ai i ke ola ʻana o ia mīkini luku. ʻAʻohe mea kaua kūikawā i hāʻawi maikaʻi i ke koa ma mua o kāna mea i pepehi ʻia.

No laila e hōʻuluʻulu kākou. Maʻaneʻi, mai ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka Bronze Age,ʻo ka 4th millennium BC, ua kū mai nā kūlanakauhale kālepa ma ka Hikina Kahiko (ma mua o ko lākou kapuʻana), i hoʻomaluʻia e kahi hui kaulana a me kahi lugal i kohoʻia no ka manawa. Ke kaua nei kekahi o kēia mau kūlanakauhale me nā mea hoʻokūkū e like me Uruk, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe pūʻali koa e like me Ebla. I kekahi, lilo ke alakaʻi no ka manawa lōʻihi, i kekahi ʻaʻole. E hoʻomaka ana mai ka 3rd millennium BC, hele ka poʻe lanakila i kēia mau kūlanakauhale e like me nā nalo i ka meli, a me ko lākou pōmaikaʻi a make lākou e like me ka pōmaikaʻi o ʻEulopa hou ke kumu o ka neʻe ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻArabia a me ke ʻano o ka pōmaikaʻi o ke aupuni Roma. ke kumu o ka neʻe ʻana o ka lehulehu o nā Kelemania i laila.

I nā makahiki 2270, lanakila ʻo Sargon o Akkad i nā mea āpau. A laila ʻo Ur-Nammu, ka mea i hoʻokumu i kekahi o nā mokuʻāina nui loa a me ka huina o ka honua me ke kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Uri. A laila ʻo Hammurabi, a laila ko ʻAsuria. Ua lanakila ʻo Northern Anatolia e ka Indo-Europeans, nona nā ʻohana i luku iā Varna, Mohenjo-Daro a me Mycenae ma mua. Mai ke kenekulia XIII, me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka poʻe o ke kai ma ka Hikina Waena, hoʻomaka nā makahiki pōʻeleʻele, ʻai nā mea a pau. Hānau hou ʻia ke kūʻokoʻa ma Helene a make i ka wā, ma hope o ke ʻano o nā hoʻopiʻi, huli ʻo Helene i Byzantium. Hoʻōla hou ʻia ʻo Liberty ma nā kūlanakauhale medieval o Italia, akā ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia lākou e nā dictators a me nā aupuni ākea.

A ʻo kēia mau ala āpau o ka make o ke kūʻokoʻa, nā civilizations a me nā noosphere he nui, akā pau. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me Propp i hoʻokaʻawale i nā kumu o nā moʻolelo. Make ke kūlanakauhale kālepa mai nā parasite kūloko a i ʻole mai waho. Ua lanakila ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he Sumerians a he Helene paha, a ʻo ia iho, ma ka pale kaua, e hoʻomohala i kahi pūʻali koa ikaika a lilo ʻo ia i aupuni e like me Roma. ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka aupuni irrigation a lanakila. A i ʻole pinepine pinepine ia i ka salinization o ka lepo, make iā ia iho.

Ma Ebla, ua hoʻololi ke aliʻi mau i ke aliʻi, i koho ʻia no 7 mau makahiki, a laila hele mai ʻo Sargon. Ma nā kūlanakauhale kahiko o Italia, ua hopu mua ka condottiere i ka mana ma luna o ke kaiāulu, a laila hele mai kekahi mō'ī Farani, ka mea nona ke aupuni lōʻihi, lanakila i nā mea āpau.

ʻO kekahi ala a i ʻole, ʻaʻole e ulu ka pilikanaka mai ka despotism i ke kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, loaʻa hou i ke kanaka i nalowale kahi kāne alpha i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻano i ka wā i loaʻa ai i ke kāne alpha nā ʻenehana hou, nā pūʻali koa, a me kahi ʻoihana. A ʻo ka mea hoʻonāukiuki loa, ʻo ia, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, loaʻa iā ia kēia mau ʻenehana ma muli o nā hana a nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. A kokoke i kēlā me kēia holomua i ka noosphere - ka pōmaikaʻi o nā kūlanakauhale, nā kaʻa, ka irrigation - ke kumu i ka pōʻino pilikanaka, ʻoiai i kekahi manawa ke alakaʻi nei kēia mau pōʻino i nā holomua hou i ka noosphere. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka make a me ka hāʻule ʻana o ke aupuni Roma a me ka lanakila ʻana o ka hoʻomana Kalikiano, ke kūʻē nui nei i ke kūʻokoʻa kahiko a me ka hoʻomanawanui, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo no ka manawa mua i loko o kekahi mau tausani makahiki, ua hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia ka mana kapu mai ka mana o ke ao nei. . A no laila, mai ka inaina a me ka hakakā ma waena o kēia mau mana ʻelua, i ka hopena, ua hānau ʻia ke kūʻokoʻa hou o ʻEulopa.

Eia kekahi mau mea aʻu i makemake ai e hoʻomaopopo i ka holomua ʻenehana a ʻo ka holomua ʻenehana ka mīkini o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nohona kanaka. Akā, me ka holomua o ka nohona, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kūlana. A i ka wā i ʻōlelo ʻia ai mākou me ka hauʻoli "ʻike ʻoe, eia mākou, no ka manawa mua, i ka hopena, ua kūʻokoʻa ʻo ʻEulopa a ua kūʻokoʻa ka honua," a laila i nā manawa he nui i ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka, ua kūʻokoʻa kekahi mau wahi o ke kanaka. a laila nalowale ko lākou kūʻokoʻa ma muli o nā kaʻina hana kūloko.

Makemake au e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole makemake ke kanaka e hoʻolohe i nā kāne alpha, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke Akua, akā makemake ʻo ia e hoʻolohe i kahi kuʻuna. Ua haʻi aku ʻo Gu.e. ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻaʻole makemake ke kanaka e hoʻolohe i kahi dictator, akā makemake ʻo ia e hoʻoponopono i nā ʻano o ka hoʻokele waiwai, ma ke ʻano o ka hana. A ʻo ka mea i hana ʻia i ke kenekulia XNUMX, i ka wā i loko o ʻAmelika kahi moeʻuhane ʻAmelika a me ka manaʻo e lilo i billionaire, ʻo ia, he mea kupanaha, ke kūʻē nei i nā ʻano hohonu o ke kanaka, no ka mea, no nā makahiki he nui, ke kanaka, Oddly enough, ua komo i loko o kēlā kaʻana like i ka waiwai o ka poʻe waiwai i waena o nā lālā o ka hui. Ua hana ʻia kēia ma Helene kahiko, ua hana pinepine ʻia i nā hui mua, kahi i hāʻawi aku ai ke kanaka i ka waiwai i kona mau hoa ʻohana i mea e hoʻonui ai i kona mana. Maʻaneʻi, ua hoʻoloheʻia nā mea koʻikoʻi, ua hoʻoloheʻia nā aliʻi, aʻo ka poʻe waiwai i ka moʻolelo o ke kanaka, akā,ʻaʻole i alohaʻia. ʻO ka holomua ʻEulopa o ke kenekulia XNUMX he ʻokoʻa. A ʻo kēia ʻokoʻa ka mea i alakaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka.