ʻIke ʻia ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā hue, mālama ʻia ka waina a lawelawe ʻia i loko o nā ipu lepo a hiki i kēia lā ke waiho nei ka pālolo i nā mea kūpono loa no kēia inu - pale ia i ka waina mai ka mālamalama, mālama i ka mahana i makemake ʻia a ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i ke ʻano o ka ʻala.
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha kokoke i ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o nā mea hana no ka mālama ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i ka waina ʻo ia ka mōʻaukala o ka ipu honua. Maliʻa kūkākūkā a hoʻokō ʻia paha nā manaʻo o ko mākou mau kūpuna enterprising no ka hana ʻana i nā ipu no ka inu waina, akā ʻaʻole ola iki i nā ʻeli ʻana koe ka pālolo, e hōʻoia ana i kona kaulana a me kona kūpaʻa.
Hōʻike nā ʻepekema hiki i ka poʻe kahiko ke hoʻohana i ka ʻili a hana a hoʻomaloʻo i loko o nā holoholona a me nā iʻa e mālama i nā mea inu. Akā ua hāʻule koke kēia mau mea i ka hōʻino, loaʻa kahi ʻala pala mai ka pulu, ka waiū hū a hōʻino i ka waina.
Amphora
ʻO ka ipu aniani mua i hana ʻia i ka pālolo no ka waina, kahi hue me nā paʻa ʻelua (Latin amphora) kahi amphora. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Amphorae ma mua o ke kākau ʻana, ua hoʻololi mau ʻia ke ʻano o ka hue a i ka kenekulia 18 wale nō i loaʻa nā kahakaha a mākou i ʻike ai - he ipu lōʻihi, elongated me kahi ʻāʻī hāiki a me kahi lalo ʻoi loa. I ka amphorae ʻaʻole wale ka waina i mālama ʻia, akā ʻo ka pia pū kekahi. Eia nō naʻe, mālama ākea ʻia ka waina a me ka pia ākea. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻike i ka poʻe e kahi loaʻa ma ka panalāʻau o ʻIrani - ka mea kaulana "Kahu Kanaana", ʻoi aku ma mua o 5 tausani makahiki.
Aia kekahi mau mea i loaʻa i ka wā kahiko, nā ipu, kahi i lilo ka waina i pōhaku i kēlā me kēia manawa - ʻo ia mau ʻōmole ma kahi o 7 tausani mau makahiki.
Ua kūpono ʻo Amphorae no ka mālama ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i ka wai, ka aila, nā cereals. Ma muli o kā lākou mau waiwai e mālama ai i nā huahana i ko lākou ʻano kumu, mai ʻae i nā mea ʻala ʻē aʻe e hele aku iā lākou a ʻaʻole e pane me nā mea i loko, i ka manawa like "hanu", ʻo amphorae ka mea i kaulana loa a kūpono hoʻi. A he nui nā mea hana no ka hana ʻana i nā hue - ua loaʻa ka pālolo i ka nui.
He piko lalo ko ka amphora maʻamau a he 30 mau lita paha kona. Ma nā moku i lawe aku i nā hue, aia nā kākoʻo lāʻau kūikawā no ka lalo ʻoi loa, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā amphorae me nā kaula i kekahi i kekahi. Hana lākou i nā amphoras liʻiliʻi no ka mālama ʻana i nā aila ala a me nā mea nui loa no kahi mālama o ke kūlanakauhale a i ʻole ka pā kaua. Ma muli o ko lākou palupalu, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka amphorae i ipu lawe no hoʻokahi ukana. ʻAʻole mamao aku iā Roma aia ka puʻu ʻo Monte Testaccio, nona nā ʻāpana amphorae 53 miliona. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hana i nā amphorae hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia e ka uhi ʻana i ka mea pālolo me ka aniani.
Ua hoʻopaʻa hermetically ka amphorae me ka kēpau a me ka pālolo; ʻoiai i ka ʻeli ʻana, ua loaʻa nā ipu paʻa o ka waina i hoʻopā ʻole ʻia e ka manawa a me nā kumu o waho. ʻO ka waina i loko o ia mau mea i loaʻa, ʻoiai ka kānalua o ka ʻepekema, kūpono ia no ka ʻai a maikaʻi. Kuai ʻia ka waina kahiko i nā hōʻiliʻili pilikino, a hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻono i kahi kīʻaha o ka inu kahiko ma ka uku ʻana i kahi kālā nui, ma kahi o 25 tausani euro.
I ka mua, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā ʻike o ka amphorae kahiko, no ka mea ʻaʻohe māka ma nā ipu. Akā ʻo kekahi amphorae kahiko e pili ana i nā manawa ma mua i hoʻomaka i loko o nā kaha. ʻO nā luna kiaʻi, ka mea i ka wā kahiko ke kuleana no ka palekana o nā ʻōmole, hoʻomaka e waiho i nā kiʻi ma nā amphoras - kahi iʻa a kaikamahine paha me ke kumu waina. Ma hope iki aku, ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ʻohi ʻana o ka huahana, ka ʻano hua waina, nā waiwai a me ka ʻono o ka waina, ka nui a me nā makahiki o nā mea inu ma luna o nā ʻōmole.
Nā barela ʻoka
ʻO kekahi mea makemake ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka waina, he lāʻau ia, a mālama ʻia ka ʻono a me ka ʻaʻala o ka inu. A ua hoʻohui pū nā barela ʻoka i ka astringency a me kahi ʻala ʻokoʻa iā ia. ʻO nā paʻakikī wale nō i ka hana ʻana i nā ipu lāʻau i hoʻemi iki a emi iki hoʻi kēia mea, keu hoʻi ke hehi ʻia ka pālolo maʻalahi i nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae.
I ka wā waena, eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ka manaʻo nui i ka nui, akā i ka maikaʻi o ka inu, ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka wahie. ʻO nā tannin e hana i kēia mea i hana i ka waina i hanohano a olakino hoʻi. ʻO nā mea inu e kū mai ana, ka cognac a me ke awa, ua hoʻokomo wale ʻia i nā pahu lāʻau, a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻoiai ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ipu aniani a me nā pā pākaukau pālolo, e mālama nui ʻia nā pahu lāʻau i nā mea inu waina.
ʻO Glassware
6 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea huna o ka hana aniani i ka poʻe. Ua hana ko ʻAigupita i mau ʻōmole aniani liʻiliʻi no ka mea ʻala a me nā mea hoʻonani. He mea nui ia no nā aniani like ʻole i hana ʻia i ke aniani - nā hua, nā holoholona, nā kānaka, e pena ana i nā mea i nā kala like ʻole. Liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka ipu aniani.
I ka wā o ka wā waena, ua emi iki ka ʻoihana aniani, no ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻia he mau mea hoʻonani maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole ia. I ke kenekulia 13, ua hoʻihoʻi ke aupuni Roma i ke ʻano i ke aniani, no laila ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka ʻike i ka pohihihi i Venice, a ua kapu loa ʻia e kaʻana like iā ia, a hiki i ka hopena o ke ola. I loko o kēia wā, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke akamai o ka hana ʻana i nā aniani, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hou a me ka maikaʻi, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka ikaika o nā ipu aniani. Ua hiki i nā ʻenehana hana ke hōʻemi i ke kumukūʻai o nā aniani, a ua hoʻonui ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka "teritori" o kāna hoʻohana.
I ka waena o ke kenekulia 17, ua hoʻohana ikaika ka poʻe Pelekania i nā ʻōmole aniani no ka mālama ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā lāʻau - no ka mea he helehelena maikaʻi, hoʻomaka ke kūʻai aku ʻoi aku nā lāʻau. Ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe kālepa waina i kēia ʻano a hoʻoholo e lawe i ka makaʻu o ka ninini ʻana i ka waina i loko o nā ʻōmole aniani, e kau ana i nā lepili nani iā lākou. A ʻoiai ka lōʻihi o ka hui ʻana me ka lāʻau, ua makemake ka waina i ka poʻe e kūʻai i kahi mea inu e hāpai pono ai i kou ʻuhane a hoʻomaikaʻi i kou olakino.
Mahalo i kahi ʻōmole aniani, ʻo ka waina mai ka mahele o kahi inu banal o kēlā me kēia lā ua lilo i mea inu elite, mahalo ʻia, kūpono i kahi papa ʻaina. Hoʻomaka ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka waina, a hiki i kēia lā aia ka waina mai ka hopena o 18th - kakahiaka 19 mau makahiki.
I nā 20 o ke kenekulia 19, ua lilo ka ʻōmole aniani i ipu ʻalekō kaulana loa i hiki ʻole i nā hale hana ʻōmole ke kāohi i nā kauoha he nui.
I ka makahiki 1824, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻenehana hou no ka hana ʻana i ke aniani ma lalo o ke kaomi, a i ka hopena o ke kenekulia, he mīkini no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōmole. Mai ia manawa, ua lilo ka ʻōmole i mea ipu momona a kaulana hoʻi, i ka manawa like, ua nalowale ke kū hoʻokahi a me ke kumu o nā ʻōmole hana lima.
750 ml - ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano maʻamau ma muli o ka hiki i ka nui o kahi ʻōmole ke puhi ʻia e kahi kīʻaha kīʻaha ʻoihana, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ana mai ka damask "hewa" - hapalua ʻewalu o kahi bākeke , 0,76875 liters.
Me ka hoʻolana o ka hana aunoa, ua hoʻomaka nā ʻōmole ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano - huinahā, conical, ʻokoʻa ka laulā a me ka mānoanoa o nā paia. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻokoʻa kala, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi ʻōmole aniani ka mea maʻalahi, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka amber kahi hōʻailona o ka maikaʻi maʻamau o ka inu, a me nā aka ʻulaʻula a me nā polū kahi mea inu inu.
I ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o kēlā me kēia hui e hana i kāna ʻōmole like ʻole, ua lilo ke ʻano a me ke kala i hōʻailona o kahi mana. Hoʻomaka ka māka ʻana o nā mea inu ʻona me kahi hōʻailona, a e hōʻike pū i kahi o ka mea kanu a me ka makahiki o ka hana ʻana ma luna o lākou. ʻO kahi māka kūikawā o ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻi o kahi ʻaeto ʻelua poʻo - kahi makana aliʻi e hōʻike ana i kahi kūlana i ʻike ʻia.
ʻ packagingpala ʻē aʻe
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōmole PET. He māmā māmā lākou, kūpaʻa a me ka hana hou. Hoʻopili ʻia lākou me ka palaka a me nā mea kūleʻa aluminika, kūlike ʻole i ka wahi ʻakika o ka waina.
ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻūlū ʻē aʻe e koi ʻia nei ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi, maʻalahi a me ka launa aloha ʻana i nā pahu pahu pahu i piha i kahi ʻōmole PET a i ʻole ʻeke lavsan me kahi papa aniani. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ka waina i loko o ia mau ʻōmole no ka manawa lōʻihi, akā maʻalahi ke lawe pū me ʻoe a hoʻolilo i nā ʻōpala hakahaka.
I kēia lā, mau ke aniani ka ipu maikaʻi loa no ka waina, akā mahalo pū ʻia nā mea inu ʻelemakule i nā pahu lāʻau. Noho maluhia nā pūʻolo āpau ma nā papa o kā mākou mau hale kūʻai a hoʻolālā ʻia no nā loaʻa kālā like ʻole o nā mea kūʻai aku.