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ʻO ka māhele o ka biology e aʻo ana i ke ʻano, ka meaʻai a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā haʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo mycology. He moʻolelo lōʻihi kēia ʻepekema a ua māhele ʻia i ʻekolu mau manawa (kahiko, hou a me nā mea hou loa). ʻO nā hana ʻepekema mua loa e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ka hana o nā haʻi i ola a hiki i kēia lā mai ka waena o 150 BC. e. No nā kumu maopopo, ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia kēia mau ʻikepili i nā manawa he nui i ka wā o ke aʻo hou ʻana, a ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nā ʻike he nui.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka fungi, a me nā hiʻohiʻona nui o kā lākou ulu ʻana a me ka meaʻai, e hōʻike ʻia i nā kikoʻī ma kēia ʻatikala.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ke ʻano o ka mycelium o ka fungus
He kino mea kanu ko nā halo a pau i kapa ʻia ʻo mycelium, ʻo ia hoʻi, mycelium. ʻO ke ʻano o waho o ka mycelium o nā halo e like me kahi pūʻulu o nā kaula wili lahilahi, i kapa ʻia ʻo "hyphae". Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ulu ka mycelium o nā haʻi ʻai maʻamau i ka lepo a i ka lāʻau palaho paha, a ulu ka mycelium parasitic i loko o nā kiko o ka mea kanu. Ke ulu nei nā kino hua ʻai ma luna o ka mycelium me nā spores kahi e hoʻohua ai nā haʻani. Eia nō naʻe, aia ka nui o nā haʻani, ʻo ia hoʻi nā parasitic, me nā kino hua ʻole. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano o ia mau haʻuki aia i ka ulu pono ʻana o kā lākou spores ma luna o ka mycelium, ma nā mea lawe spore kūikawā.
ʻO ka mycelium ʻōpio o ka halo ʻo, ka champignon a me nā mea ulu ʻē aʻe he mau kaula keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e like me ke keʻokeʻo, hina-keʻokeʻo a i ʻole keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo-uliuli ma ka substrate, e like me ka cobweb.
Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka mycelium o ka haʻuki ma kēia kiʻi:
I ke kaʻina hana o ka maturation, lilo ka malu o ka mycelium i ʻulaʻula a ʻike ʻia nā kaula liʻiliʻi o nā kaula i hoʻopili ʻia ma luna. Inā i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mycelium i loaʻa i nā fungi (i loko o kahi kīʻaha aniani a ʻeke paha) ma ka ʻili o ka substrate (hiki i ka palaoa a i ʻole ka compost ke hana e like me kāna kuleana), ʻo nā kaula he 25-30% (hoʻokomo ʻia e ka maka) , a laila, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mea kanu. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o nā kaula a me ka māmā o ka mycelium, ʻoi aku ka ʻōpio a ʻoi aku ka huahua. E aʻa kēlā mycelium me ka ʻole o nā pilikia a e hoʻomohala i ka substrate i nā greenhouses a me nā greenhouses.
Ma ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka haʻiki, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o ka mycelium oyster mushroom ma mua o ka mycelium champignon. I loko o nā halo oyster, lilo ka mea kanu i melemele ma hope o ka manawa pōkole a me ka nui o nā kaula.
Hōʻike kēia kiʻi i ke ʻano o ka halo ʻo:
ʻAʻole hōʻike iki ka malu o ka oyster mushroom mycelium i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻeleʻele nā kaula a me nā kaula me nā kulu ʻeleʻele o ka wai ma luna o ko lākou ʻili a i ʻole ma kahi pahu me ka mycelium, a laila he hōʻailona kēia ua ulu nui ka mycelium, ʻelemakule a i ʻole ua ʻike ʻia i nā mea ʻino (no ka laʻana, ua ua maloʻo a wela paha). I kēia hihia, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hilinaʻi i ke ola maikaʻi o ka mea kanu a me ka ʻohi.
E kōkua kēia mau hōʻailona e hoʻoholo i ka ulu ʻana o ka mycelium i ka substrate. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā kaula i loko o ke ʻano maʻamau o ka fungus e hōʻike ana i ka mākaukau o ka mycelium no ka hua.
Inā loaʻa nā kiko a i ʻole nā palapala o ka ʻulaʻula, melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i loko o kahi pahu me ka mycelium a i loko o kahi substrate i lūlū ʻia (ma kahi moena māla, i loko o kahi pahu, i loko o kahi ʻeke plastik), hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia me ka maopopo o ka substrate. he poʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua uhi ʻia me nā haʻiki microscopic, he ʻano "hoʻokūkū" o nā champignons mahiʻai a me nā halo ʻoyster.
Inā maʻi ka mycelium, a laila ʻaʻole kūpono ia no ke kanu ʻana. Ke hoʻopili ʻia ka substrate ma hope o ke kanu ʻia ʻana o ka mycelium i loko, ua wehe pono ʻia nā wahi i hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia me kahi substrate hou.
A laila, e aʻo ʻoe i ke ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā spores o ka haʻiki.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kino hua o ka ʻōpala: ke ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā spores
ʻOiaiʻo ka mea kaulana loa keʻano o ke kino hua o ka haʻiki ma keʻano o ka pāpale ma kahi'ōpala, ua mamao loa ia mai ka mea hoʻokahi aʻo ia wale nō kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona he nui o nāʻano likeʻole.
Ma ke ʻano, ʻike pinepine ʻoe i nā kino hua e like me ka maiʻu. ʻO ia, no ka laʻana, nā haʻiki liʻiliʻi e ulu ana ma luna o nā kumulāʻau. ʻO ke ʻano like me ke ʻākoʻa he ʻano o nā halo ʻoi. I loko o nā marsupial, ua like ke ʻano o ke kino hua me ke kīʻaha a i ʻole ke aniani. ʻO nā ʻano o nā kino hua he ʻokoʻa a ʻokoʻa, a ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ke kala i kekahi manawa paʻakikī ke wehewehe i nā halo.
No ka noʻonoʻo maikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka haʻi, e nānā i kēia mau kiʻi a me nā kiʻi:
Loaʻa i nā kino hua nā spores, me ke kōkua o nā haʻani e hoʻonui ai i loko a ma luna o ka ʻili o kēia mau kino, ma nā papa, nā paipu, nā spines (cap mushrooms) a i ʻole i nā keʻena kūikawā (nā lole ua).
ʻO ke ʻano o nā spores i ke ʻano o ka haʻiki he oval a spherical paha. ʻOkoʻa ko lākou nui mai 0,003 mm a 0,02 mm. Inā mākou e nānā i ke ʻano o nā spores o ka haʻi ma lalo o kahi microscope, e ʻike mākou i nā kulu o ka ʻaila, kahi meaʻai mālama ʻia i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā spores e ulu i loko o ka mycelium.
Maanei hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kiʻi o ke ʻano o ke kino hua o ka ʻōpala:
ʻOkoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu o nā spores, mai ke keʻokeʻo a me ka ocher-brown a i ka poni a me ka ʻeleʻele. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu e like me nā papa o kahi fungus makua. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Russula e nā papa keʻokeʻo a me nā spores, i nā champignons he brown-violet, a i ke kaʻina o ka maturation a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā papa, hoʻololi ko lākou kala mai ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a i ka poni ʻeleʻele.
Mahalo i ke ʻano o ka hana hou ʻana e like me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i nā piliona o nā spores, ua hoʻoholo maikaʻi nā halo i ka pilikia o ka hānau ʻana no hoʻokahi miliona mau makahiki. E like me ka mea kaulana kaulana o ka mea olaola a me ka geneticist, ʻo Professor AS Serebrovsky i hoʻokomo i loko o kāna "Biological Walks": "Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i kēlā me kēia hāʻule, ʻike ʻia nā poʻo ʻulaʻula o ka lele agaric ma ʻaneʻi a ma ʻaneʻi mai lalo o ka honua a me ka hoʻōho ʻana me ko lākou kala ʻulaʻula. : “E, e komo mai, mai hoopa mai, ua make au! ”, He mau miliona o kā lākou mau spores liʻiliʻi e hoʻopuehu i ka ea hāʻule mālie. A ʻo wai ka mea ʻike i ka nui o nā millennia e mālama nei kēia mau halo i kā lākou lele agaric genus me ke kōkua o nā spores mai ka wā i hoʻoponopono nui ai lākou i nā pilikia nui o ke ola ... "
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nui o nā spores i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa e ka haʻiki he nui wale. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo kahi pipi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nona ka pāpale he 2-6 knm wale nō ke anawaena, e hoʻopuka i 100-106 spores, a ʻo kahi mushroom lawa nui me kahi pāpale 6-15 cm ke anawaena e hua mai i 5200-106 spores. Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo ua ulu kēia nui o nā spores a ua ʻike ʻia nā kino momona, a laila e noho kahi kolone o nā haʻani hou i kahi o 124 km2.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o nā spores i hana ʻia e kahi haʻi ʻuʻuku pālahalaha me ke anawaena o 25-30 cm, ua mae kēia mau helu, no ka mea ua hiki i 30 biliona, a ma nā haʻuki o ka ʻohana puffball ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka nui o nā spores a ʻaʻole ia no ka mea ʻole. ʻo kēia mau haʻani kekahi o nā mea ola nui loa ma ka honua.
Hoʻokokoke pinepine ʻia kahi halo i kapa ʻia ʻo giant langermannia i ka nui o ka wai a hoʻohua mai i 7,5 trillion spores. ʻOiai i loko o kahi moeʻuhane, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i ka mea e hiki mai inā e ulu lākou a pau. ʻO nā halo i puka mai e uhi i kahi ʻāpana ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o Iapana. E hoʻokuʻu aku kākou i ko kākou noʻonoʻo ʻana a e noʻonoʻo kākou i ka mea e hiki mai ana inā e ʻōpuʻu nā spores o kēia hanauna lua o nā haʻi. He 300 ka nui o nā kino hua i ka nui o ka honua.
ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua hōʻoia ke ʻano ʻaʻole he nui ka nui o ka ʻaha. Kakaʻikahi loa kēia haʻihaʻi a no laila ʻike ʻia kahi helu liʻiliʻi o kāna mau spores i nā kūlana e hiki ai iā lākou ke ola a ulu.
E lele ana nā spores i ka lewa ma nā wahi a pau o ka honua. Ma kekahi mau wahi, he kakaikahi ka nui o lakou, no ka la'ana, ma ka aoao o na pou a maluna o ka moana, aole nae he kihi kahi e hiki ole ai lakou. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia mea a pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kino o ka haʻuki, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā e hoʻoulu ai i nā halo oyster i loko. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hua ʻana, pono e hana ʻia kā lākou hōʻiliʻili ʻana a mālama ʻia (hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka lumi) i loko o kahi respirator a i ʻole ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i kahi kāʻei gauze e uhi ana i ka waha a me ka ihu, no ka mea hiki i kāna spores ke hoʻoulu i nā allergies i nā poʻe maʻalahi.
ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke makaʻu i kēlā ʻano hoʻoweliweli inā e ulu ʻoe i nā champignons, ringworms, nā halo hoʻoilo, nā halo o ke kauwela, no ka mea ua uhi ʻia kā lākou mau papa me kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, i kapa ʻia he uhi pilikino, a hiki i ke kino hua. I ka wā e oʻo ai ka halo, ua haki ka uhi, a koe wale nō kahi kapuaʻi ʻano apo mai ia mea, a hoʻolei ʻia nā spores i ka lewa. Eia nō naʻe, me kēia hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hanana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa, a ʻaʻole lākou i pōʻino loa i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kahi hopena maʻi. Eia kekahi, e hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻohi ʻana o ia mau halo ma mua o ka haki ʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni (ma ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana kūʻai o ka huahana).
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi o ke ʻano o nā halo oyster, ʻaʻohe o lākou wahi moe pilikino:
Ma muli o kēia, hoʻokumu koke ʻia nā spores i loko o nā halo oyster ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā papa a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa i ka ulu holoʻokoʻa o ke kino hua, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka ʻike ʻana o nā papa a hoʻopau me ka oʻo ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana (maʻa mau kēia 5- 6 mau lā ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o ke kino hua).
Ua ʻike ʻia aia nā spores o kēia haʻiki i ka lewa. Ma kēiaʻano,'ōlelo aʻo: 15-30 mau minuke ma mua o kaʻohiʻana, ponoʻoe e hoʻomaʻemaʻe iki i ka ea i loko o ka lumi me ka'ōmole'ōmole (ʻaʻole pono ka wai e kau i nā halo). Me nā kulu wai, e noho pū nā spores ma ka honua.
I kēia manawa ua kamaʻāina ʻoe iā ʻoe iho me nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano o ka haʻi, ʻo ia ka manawa e aʻo ai e pili ana i nā kūlana kumu no kā lākou ulu ʻana.
Nā kūlana kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā haʻiki
Mai ka manawa o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kumu kumu a hiki i ka piha ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ke kino hua ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 10-14 mau lā, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi: ka mahana maʻamau a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka lepo a me ka ea.
Inā mākou e hoʻomanaʻo i nā ʻano mea kanu ʻē aʻe i ulu ʻia ma ka ʻāina, a laila no nā strawberries mai ka manawa o ka pua a hiki i ka oʻo piha ʻana i ke kikowaena o kā mākou ʻāina e pono ai ma kahi o 1,5 mau mahina, no nā ʻano mua o nā ʻāpala - ma kahi o 2 mau mahina, no ka hoʻoilo a hiki i kēia manawa. 4 mahina.
I loko o ʻelua pule, hoʻomohala piha ʻia nā halo pāpale, ʻoiai hiki i nā puffballs ke ulu a hiki i 50 knm ke anawaena a ʻoi aku paha. Aia kekahi mau kumu no ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā fungi.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, i ka wā maikaʻi, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ka mycelium ma lalo o ka honua aia nā kino hua nui i hoʻokumu ʻia, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo primordia, nona nā ʻāpana piha o ke kino hua e hiki mai ana: stem, cap. , papa.
I kēia manawa o kona ola ʻana, hoʻomoʻa ikaika ka haʻuki i ka lepo lepo a hiki i ka nui o ka wai i loko o ke kino hua a hiki i 90-95%. ʻO ka hopena, piʻi ka paʻi o nā mea i loko o nā cell i ko lākou membrane (turgor), e hoʻonui ai i ka elasticity o nā ʻiʻo fungal. Ma lalo o ka mana o kēia kaomi, hoʻomaka nā ʻāpana a pau o ke kino hua o ka haʻiki.
Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e hāʻawi ka haʻahaʻa a me ka mahana i ka hoʻomaka o ka ulu ʻana o ka primordia. I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili ua hiki i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i kahi pae kūpono, a kū ka mahana i nā kūlana o ke ola, wikiwiki nā halo i ka lōʻihi a wehe i ko lākou mau pāpale. Eia kekahi, i ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, ke ʻano a me ka maturation o nā spores.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, no ka laʻana, ma hope o ka ua, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo e ulu ka nui o nā halo. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, i ka wā mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa, ʻike ʻia ka ulu ulu ʻana i ka mycelium wale nō (ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻopuka ai i ka ʻala ʻala maikaʻi i ʻike ʻia e nā mea he nui).
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kino hua i loko o kahi helu nui o nā haʻuki e kū ana ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka pono o nā halo i kahi ʻokoʻa o ka mahana ma kahi o ka haʻahaʻa e ulu ai. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā halo champignon he mahana o +24-25 ° C, ʻoiai hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kino hua ma +15-18 ° C.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hāʻule, ua noho aliʻi ʻo honey agaric i nā ululāʻau, makemake nui i ke anuanu a ʻike nui ʻia i nā loli wela. ʻO kona mahana "corridor" he +8-13 ° C. Inā kēia mahana iʻAukake, a laila hoʻomaka ka meli agaric e hua i ke kauwela. Ke piʻi koke ka mahana i + 15 ° C a ʻoi aʻe paha, pau ka hua ʻana o nā halo a nalowale.
Hoʻomaka ka mycelium o ka flammulina velvet-legged e ulu i kahi mahana o 20 ° C, ʻoiai ke ʻike ʻia ka haʻuki ponoʻī ma ka awelika ma kahi mahana o 5-10 ° C, akā naʻe, kūpono ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hiki i ka minus.
Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona like o ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā fungi i ka wā e hānai ʻia ai lākou ma ka ʻāina ākea.
Loaʻa i nā halo ka hiʻohiʻona o ka hua rhythmic i ka wā ulu. Hōʻike maopopo ʻia kēia i nā halo pāpale, e hua ana i nā hua ma nā papa a i ʻole nā nalu. Ma kēia ʻano, aia kahi ʻōlelo ma waena o nā mea ʻohi ʻohi: "Ua hele ka papa mua o nā halo" a i ʻole "Ua iho ka papa mua o nā halo." ʻAʻole nui loa kēia nalu, no ka laʻana, i ka boletus keʻokeʻo, hāʻule i ka hopena o Iulai. I ka manawa like, ʻoki ʻia ka palaoa, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai nā halo "spikelets".
I loko o kēia manawa, loaʻa nā halo ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe, kahi e ulu ai nā ʻoka a me nā birches. I ʻAukake, ua oʻo ka papa ʻelua, i ka hopena o ke kauwela, a i ka hopena o ke kauwela - i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hāʻule, hiki mai ka manawa o ka papa hāʻule. ʻO nā halo e ulu ana i ka wā hāʻule i kapa ʻia ʻo deciduous mushrooms. Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻākau o ko mākou ʻāina, ka tundra a me ka ululāʻau-tundra, a laila aia wale nō kahi papa hāʻule - hui pū ke koena i hoʻokahi, ʻAukake. ʻO keʻano likeʻole ka mea maʻamau no nā ululāʻau mauna kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO nā ʻohi waiwai loa ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi e hāʻule i ka lua a i ʻole ke kolu o nā papa (hopena o ʻAukake - Kepakemapa).
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ʻike ʻana o nā halo i nā nalu e wehewehe ʻia e nā kikoʻī o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mycelium, i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai nā halo pāpale e hua i ka hua i loko o ke kau ma kahi o ka wā ulu ulu. He ʻokoʻa loa kēia manawa no nā ʻano halo like ʻole a hoʻoholo ʻia e nā kūlana o ka wā.
No laila, i ka champignon i ulu i loko o ka hale kōmaena, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi ʻano maikaʻi loa, ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka mycelium mau 10-12 mau lā, ma hope o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hua ikaika no 5-7 mau lā, ukali ʻia e ka ulu ʻana o ka mycelium no 10 mau lā. A laila hana hou ka pōʻai.
Loaʻa kahi mele like i loko o nā halo i hoʻoulu ʻia: ʻo ka haʻi hoʻoilo, ʻoyster mushroom, ringworm, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili kēia i ka ʻenehana o kā lākou mahiʻai a me nā kikoʻī o kā lākou mālama.
ʻIke ʻia ka cyclicity ʻoi loa i ka wā e ulu ai nā halo i loko o ka hale ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻomalu. I ka ʻāina ākea, he hopena koʻikoʻi nā kūlana o ka wā, no laila e neʻe ai nā papa o ka hua.
Ma hope aʻe, e aʻo ʻoe i ke ʻano o nā ʻano meaʻai a me ke ʻano o kēia hana.
Pehea ka hana o ka hānai ʻana i nā halo: nā ʻano ʻano a me nā ʻano
ʻAʻole hiki ke manaʻo nui ʻia ke kuleana o nā haʻani ma ke kaulahao meaʻai maʻamau o ka honua mea kanu, no ka mea, hoʻoheheʻe lākou i nā koena mea kanu a no laila ke komo pū nei lākou i ka pōʻai loli ʻole o nā mea ma ke ʻano.
ʻO nā kaʻina hana o ka decomposition o nā mea kūlohelohe paʻakikī, e like me ka cellulose a me ka lignin, nā pilikia nui loa i ka biology a me ka ʻepekema lepo. ʻO kēia mau mea nā mea nui o ka ʻōpala mea kanu a me ka lāʻau. Ma ko lākou palaho, hoʻoholo lākou i ka pōʻaiapuni o nā pūhui kalapona.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia he 50-100 biliona tons o nā mea kūlohelohe i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kā mākou honua i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea kanu. I kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka ʻāina taiga, ʻokoʻa ke kiʻekiʻe o ka litter mai 2 a 7 tons no 1 ha, ma nā ululāʻau deciduous hiki kēia helu i 5-13 tons no 1 ha, a ma nā māla - 5-9,5 tons no 1 ha.
ʻO ka hana nui e pili ana i ka decomposition o nā mea kanu make e hana ʻia e nā fungi, i hāʻawi ʻia i ke ʻano me ka hiki ke hoʻopau i ka cellulose. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he ala ʻē aʻe ka hānai ʻana i nā fungi, e pili ana i nā meaola heterotrophic, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā meaola i nele i ka mana kūʻokoʻa e hoʻohuli i nā mea inorganic i nā mea kūlohelohe.
I ke kaʻina hana o ka meaʻai, pono nā fungi e komo i nā mea kūlohelohe i hana ʻia e nā mea ola ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia ka ʻokoʻa nui a koʻikoʻi loa ma waena o nā haʻani a me nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, i kapa ʻia ʻo autotrophs, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea kūlohelohe me ke kōkua o ka ikehu lā.
E like me ke ʻano o ka meaʻai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā fungi i saprotrophs, e ola ana ma ka hānai ʻana i nā mea ola kino make, a me nā parasites, e hoʻohana ana i nā mea ola e loaʻa ai ka mea ola.
ʻO ke ʻano mua o nā haʻiki he ʻano like ʻole a laha loa. Loaʻa iā lākou nā haʻani nui loa - macromycetes, a me microscopic - micromycetes. ʻO ka wahi noho nui o kēia mau haʻani ʻo ia ka lepo, nona ka nui o nā spores a me ka mycelium. ʻAʻole i emi iki ka ulu ʻana o nā haʻi saprotrophic i ka turf nahele.
Nui nā ʻano haʻani, i kapa ʻia ʻo xylotrophs, i koho i ka lāʻau i wahi e noho ai. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i parasites (autumn honey agaric) a me saprotrophs (maʻamau tinder fungus, summer honey agaric, etc.). Mai kēia, ma ke ala, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo i ke kumu ʻaʻole pono ke kanu ʻana i nā agarics honey honey i loko o ka māla, ma ke kula ākea. ʻOiai ʻo kona nāwaliwali, ʻaʻole ia e pau i ka parasite hiki ke hoʻopili i nā lāʻau ma ka pūnaewele i ka manawa pōkole, ʻoiai inā nāwaliwali lākou, no ka laʻana, e ka hoʻoilo maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ke kauwela honey agaric, e like me ka oyster mushroom, he saprotrophic piha, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻino i nā lāʻau ola, e ulu wale ana ma luna o ka lāʻau make, no laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi palekana i ka substrate me ka mycelium mai loko o ka māla ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau a me nā kumu lāʻau.
ʻO ka mea kaulana i waena o nā mea ʻohi ʻohi, ʻo ka honey agaric i ka hāʻule he parasite maoli ia e hōʻino nui i ka ʻōnaehana kumu o nā kumu lāʻau a me nā kumu lāʻau, e hoʻopōʻino ai i ke aʻa. Inā ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia nā hana pale, a laila hiki i ka meli agaric i pau i ka māla ke hoʻopau i ka māla no kekahi mau makahiki wale nō.
ʻAʻole pono e ninini ʻia ka wai ma hope o ka holoi ʻana i nā halo i loko o ka māla, ke ʻole i loko o kahi puʻu compost. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he nui nā spores o ka parasite a, i ke komo ʻana i loko o ka lepo, hiki iā lākou ke hele mai kona ʻili a hiki i nā wahi palupalu o nā kumulāʻau, a laila e hoʻoulu ai i ko lākou maʻi. ʻO kahi pōʻino hou aʻe o ka honey agaric i ka hāʻule ʻana, ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, hiki ke lilo i saprotroph a ola ma luna o ka lāʻau make a hiki i ka manawa e hiki ai i kahi lāʻau ola.
Hiki ke loaʻa pū ka meli agaric Autumn ma ka lepo ma kahi kokoke i nā kumulāʻau. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kaula o ka mycelium o kēia parasite i loko o ka mea i kapa ʻia he rhizomorphs (nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele mānoanoa), hiki ke hoʻolaha i lalo o ka honua mai kahi lāʻau a i kahi lāʻau, e hoʻopaʻa ana i ko lākou aʻa. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻopili ka meli agaric iā lākou ma kahi nui o ka nahele. I ka manawa like, hoʻokumu ʻia nā kino hua o ka parasite ma nā kaula e ulu ana ma lalo o ka lepo. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ia ma kahi mamao mai nā kumulāʻau, ʻike ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka meli agaric ma ka lepo, akā naʻe, ʻo kona mau kaula i kēlā me kēia hihia he pilina me ke kumu kumu a i ʻole ke kumu lāʻau.
I ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā halo o ka hāʻule, pono e noʻonoʻo pehea e hānai ʻia ai kēia mau halo: i ke kaʻina o ke ola, hōʻiliʻili nā spores a me nā ʻāpana o ka mycelium, a inā ʻoi aku lākou ma mua o kahi paepae, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi o nā kumulāʻau, ʻaʻohe mea e mālama ai. kokua maanei.
ʻO nā halo e like me ka champignon, ʻoyster mushroom, ringworm, he saprotroph lākou a ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ke ulu i waho.
ʻO ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei e wehewehe i ke kumu o ka paʻakikī loa o ka hānai ʻana i nā halo ululāʻau waiwai ma lalo o nā ʻano hana (porcini mushroom, boletus, camelina, butterdish, etc.). Hoʻopili ka mycelium o ka hapa nui o nā halo pāpale i ke aʻa o nā mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kumulāʻau, a laila e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi aʻa haʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mycorrhiza. No laila, kapa ʻia kēlā mau haʻani ʻo "mycorrhizal".
ʻO Mycorrhiza kekahi o nā ʻano symbiosis, ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o nā haʻiki a hiki i kēia manawa ua lilo ia i mea pohihihi i ka poʻe ʻepekema. Hiki i ka Symbiosis me nā haʻi ke hana i ka nui o nā mea kanu lāʻau a me nā mea kanu, a ʻo ka mycelium i loko o ka lepo ke kuleana o ia pilina. Ke ulu pū nei me nā aʻa a hoʻokumu i nā kūlana e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻoiai i ka manawa like e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai mākaukau no ia iho a me ke kino hua.
Hoʻopili ʻo Mycelium i ke aʻa o kahi lāʻau a i ʻole nā lāʻau me kahi uhi paʻa, ʻoi loa mai waho, akā komo i loko. ʻO nā lālā kūʻokoʻa o ka mycelium (hyphae) lālā mai ka uhi a, e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole i ka lepo, e hoʻololi i nā lauoho aʻa.
Ma muli o ke ʻano kūikawā o ka meaʻai, me ke kōkua ʻana o ka hyphae, hoʻomoʻi ka haʻuki i ka wai, nā paʻakai mineral a me nā mea ʻona ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka hapa nui o ka nitrogen, mai ka lepo. Ke komo nei ka nui o ia mau mea i ke aʻa, a ʻo ke koena e hele i ka fungus ponoʻī no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mycelium a me nā kino hua. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi ke aʻa i ka haʻiki me ka meaʻai carbohydrate.
No ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻepekema ke wehewehe i ke kumu o ka ulu ʻole ʻana o ka mycelium o ka hapa nui o nā halo ululāʻau cap inā ʻaʻohe lāʻau kokoke. I nā makahiki 70 wale nō. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo XNUMXth century ʻaʻole makemake wale nā halo e noho kokoke i nā kumulāʻau, no lākou he mea koʻikoʻi kēia kaiāulu. Hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻike ʻepekema i nā inoa o nā halo he nui - boletus, boletus, cherry, boletus, etc.
ʻO ka mycelium o nā haʻiki mycotic e komo i ka lepo o ka ululāʻau i ke aʻa o nā kumulāʻau. No kēlā mau haʻani, he mea koʻikoʻi ka symbiosis, no ka mea inā hiki ke ulu ka mycelium me ka ʻole o ia, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kino hua.
Previously, the characteristic way of feeding mushrooms and mycorrhiza was not given much importance, because of which there were numerous unsuccessful attempts to grow edible forest fruit bodies in artificial conditions, mainly boletus, which is the most valuable of this variety. White fungus can enter into a symbiotic relationship with almost 50 tree species. Most often in forests there is a symbiosis with pine, spruce, birch, beech, oak, hornbeam. At the same time, the type of tree species with which the fungus forms mycorrhiza affects its shape and color of the cap and legs. In total, approximately 18 forms of white fungus are isolated. The color of the hats ranges from dark bronze to almost black in oak and beech forests.
Hoʻokumu ka boletus i ka mycorrhiza me kekahi mau ʻano birches, me ka dwarf birch, aia i loko o ka tundra. Ma laila ʻoe e ʻike ai i nā lāʻau boletus, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā birches ponoʻī.
Aia nā halo i pili wale me kekahi ʻano lāʻau. ʻO ka mea kūikawā, hana ka larch butterdish i kahi symbiosis wale nō me ka larch, i hōʻike ʻia ma kona inoa.
No nā lāʻau ponoʻī, he mea koʻikoʻi ka pilina me nā fungi. Ke hoʻoholo nei i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻāpana ulu lāʻau, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia me ka ʻole o ka mycorrhiza, ulu maikaʻi nā kumulāʻau, nāwaliwali a pili i nā maʻi like ʻole.
He hana paʻakikī loa ka Mycorrhizal symbiosis. ʻO ia mau ratio o nā haʻiki a me nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻoholo pinepine ʻia e nā kūlana kaiapuni. Ke nele nā mea kanu i ka meaʻai, "ʻai" lākou i nā lālā o ka mycelium i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, ʻo ka fungus, e ʻike ana i ka "pōloli", e hoʻomaka ana e ʻai i nā mea i loko o nā aʻa aʻa, ma nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, e kipa aku i ka parasitism.
He maʻalahi ke ʻano o ka pilina symbiotic a paʻakikī loa i nā kūlana o waho. Hoʻokumu ʻia paha ia ma luna o ka parasitism maʻamau i nā fungi ma nā aʻa o nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, i ka wā o ka lōʻihi o ka ulu ʻana, ua lilo ia i symbiosis ponoʻī. Ua ʻike ʻia nā hihia mua loa o ka mycorrhiza o nā ʻano lāʻau me nā haʻani ma nā waihona ʻo Upper Carboniferous ma kahi o 300 miliona mau makahiki.
ʻOiai ʻo ka paʻakikī o ka ulu ʻana i ka ulu lāʻau mycorrhizal mushroom, pono mau ke hoʻāʻo e hānai iā lākou i nā hale kauwela. Inā lanakila ʻoe a ʻaʻole paha ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia ka holomua ma aneʻi.