Paukū mai ka mokuna 3. Hoʻomohala noʻonoʻo
ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao kindergarten kahi mea e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka mea ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe i ka hopena o nā kahu hānai a me nā kindergartens i nā keiki liʻiliʻi; manaʻo nui ka poʻe ʻAmelika e hānai ʻia nā keiki ma ka home e ko lākou mau makuahine. Eia naʻe, i loko o kahi hui kahi e hana ai ka hapa nui o nā makuahine, ʻo ke kula kindergarten kahi ʻāpana o ke ola kaiāulu; ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā keiki 3-4-makahiki (43%) hele i ke kula kindergarten ma mua o ka hānai ʻia ʻana ma ko lākou home ponoʻī a i ʻole ma nā hale ʻē aʻe (35%).
Ua ho'āʻo nā mea noiʻi he nui e hoʻoholo i ka hopena (inā loaʻa) o ka hoʻonaʻauao kindergarten i nā keiki. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina kaulana (Belsky & Rovine, 1988) ʻo nā pēpē i mālama ʻia ma mua o 20 mau hola o ka pule e kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ko lākou makuahine ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pili pono ʻole i ko lākou mau makuahine; akā naʻe, pili kēia mau ʻikepili i nā kamaliʻi pēpē ʻaʻole pili nā makuahine i kā lākou mau keiki, me ka manaʻo he ʻano paʻakikī ko lākou. Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia ʻo Clarke-Stewart (1989) ʻaʻole hiki i nā pēpē i hānai ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma waho o ko lākou makuahine ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pilina ikaika i ko lākou makuahine ma mua o nā pēpē i mālama ʻia e ko lākou mau makuahine (47% a me 53% pakahi). Ua hoʻoholo nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ke keiki e ka mālama maikaʻi i hāʻawi ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe (Phillips et al., 1987).
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻaʻole i kālele nui ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻonaʻauao kindergarten i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hopena o ke kula kindergarten me ka mālama makuahine, akā i ka hopena o ka maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻonaʻauao ma waho o ka home. No laila, ua ʻike ʻia nā keiki i hoʻolako ʻia me ka mālama maikaʻi mai ka wā ʻuʻuku mai i ke kula mua (Anderson, 1992; Field, 1991; Howes, 1990) a ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi iā lākou iho (Scan & Eisenberg, 1993) ma mua o nā keiki ka mea i hoʻomaka e hele i ke kula kindergarten ma hope o kona mau makahiki. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka hānai maikaʻi ʻole ke loaʻa i kahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā keikikāne, ʻoi aku ka poʻe e noho ana i kahi home maikaʻi ʻole (Garrett, 1997). ʻO ka maikaʻi maikaʻi o ka hoʻonaʻauao ma waho o ka home hiki ke kū'ē i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (Phillips et al., 1994).
He aha ka hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi ma waho o ka home? Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau kumu. Hoʻokomo lākou i ka helu o nā keiki i hānai ʻia i kahi ākea hoʻokahi, ka ratio o ka nui o nā mea mālama i ka helu o nā keiki, ka loli rarer i ka haku ʻana o nā mea mālama, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o nā mea mālama.
Inā maikaʻi kēia mau mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mālama ʻana a me ka pane ʻana i nā pono o nā keiki; ʻoi aku ka launa pū me nā keiki, a ʻo ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā keiki ma nā hoʻokolohua o ka ulu ʻana o ka naʻauao a me ka pilikanaka (Galinsky et al., 1994; Helburn, 1995; Phillips & Whitebrook, 1992). Hōʻike nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe he hopena maikaʻi nā kindergartens i lako maikaʻi a me nā ʻano like ʻole i nā keiki (Scarr et al., 1993).
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi nui o nā keiki ma mua o 1000 o nā kula ʻumi he ʻoi aku ka lanakila o nā keiki ma nā kula ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (i ana ʻia e ka pae akamai o nā kumu a me ka nui o ka nānā ʻana i nā keiki) . ma mua o nā keiki mai kahi ʻano like ʻole i loaʻa ʻole ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe ma waho o ka home. He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no nā keiki mai nā ʻohana haʻahaʻa loaʻa (Garrett, 1997).
Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole pili nui nā keiki i ka hānai ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka makuahine. ʻO nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ke ʻano o ka naʻau, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hopena maikaʻi; ʻO ka hopena ma ka ulu ʻana o ka naʻau he maikaʻi a ʻaʻole paha. Eia nō naʻe, pili wale kēia mau ʻikepili i ka hoʻonaʻauao ma waho o ka home kūpono. He hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka mālama makua ʻole i nā keiki, me ka nānā ʻole i ko lākou wahi home.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā kindergarten i hoʻolako maikaʻi ʻia me nā kahu hānai no nā keiki i ka hopena maikaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ke keiki.
aoi
ʻO ka wā ʻōpio ka wā hoʻololi mai ka wā kamaliʻi a i ka wā makua. ʻAʻole i wehewehe paʻa ʻia kona mau makahiki, akā ma kahi o 12 a 17-19 mau makahiki, ke pau ka ulu kino. I loko o kēia manawa, hiki i ke kanaka ʻōpio a i ʻole ke kaikamahine i ka wā ʻōpio a hoʻomaka e ʻike iā ia iho he kanaka kaʻawale mai ka ʻohana. E nana →