Hōʻike nā haʻawina hou ʻaʻole naʻaupō nā holoholona e like me ka manaʻo o ka poʻe - hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole wale i nā noi a me nā kauoha maʻalahi, akā kamaʻilio pū kekahi, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou mau manaʻo a me nā makemake ...
Noho ʻo ia ma luna o ka papahele, i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā mea like ʻole a me nā mea hana, noʻonoʻo ka pygmy chimpanzee Kanzi no kekahi manawa, a laila e holo ana ka ʻōlinolino o kona mau maka ʻeleʻele wela, lawe ʻo ia i ka pahi ma kona lima hema a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻoki i ke aniani i loko o ke kīʻaha. i mua ona. Hana ʻo ia i nā mea a ka poʻe noiʻi e noi ai iā ia e hana ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, e like me ke ʻano o ke keiki liʻiliʻi. A laila, ʻōlelo ʻia ka monkey: "E kāpīpī i ka pōpō me ka paʻakai." ʻAʻole paha ʻo ia ka mākaukau maikaʻi loa, akā hoʻomaopopo ʻo Kanzi i ka manaʻo a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kāpīpī i ka paʻakai ma luna o ka pōleʻa kahakai waihoʻoluʻu e waiho ana ma hope ona.
Ma ke ʻano like, hoʻokō ka monkey i nā noi hou aʻe - mai "hoʻokomo i ke kopa i loko o ka wai" a "e ʻoluʻolu e lawe i ka TV mai ʻaneʻi." He mau huaʻōlelo nui loa ʻo Kanzi - he 384 mau huaʻōlelo i helu hope ʻia - a ʻaʻole kēia mau huaʻōlelo he mau huaʻōlelo maʻalahi wale nō e like me "mea pāʻani" a me "holo". Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻo ia i nā huaʻōlelo i kapa ʻia e nā mea noiʻi he "conceptual" - no ka laʻana, ka preposition "mai" a me ka adverb "ma hope", a hoʻokaʻawale hoʻi ʻo ia ma waena o nā ʻano grammatical - no ka laʻana, ka wā i hala a me kēia manawa.
ʻAʻole hiki iā Kanzi ke ʻōlelo maoli – ʻoiai he leo nui kona, pilikia ʻo ia i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo. Akā inā makemake ʻo ia e ʻōlelo i kekahi mea i ka poʻe ʻepekema, kuhikuhi wale ʻo ia i kekahi o nā haneli o nā hōʻailona kala ma nā pepa laminated e kū nei i nā huaʻōlelo āna i aʻo ai.
Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Kanzi, 29, i ka ʻōlelo Pelekane ma ka Great Ape Trust Research Center ma Des Moines, Iowa, USA. Ma waho aʻe o ia, ua aʻo ʻia nā apes nui 6 ma ke kikowaena, a ʻo kā lākou holomua e noʻonoʻo hou i nā mea āpau a mākou i ʻike ai e pili ana i nā holoholona a me kā lākou naʻauao.
ʻO Kanzi kahi mamao mai ke kumu hoʻokahi o kēia. I kēia mau lā, ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe noiʻi Kanada mai ke Kulanui ʻo Glendon (Toronto) e hoʻohana ikaika ana nā orangutans i nā hana e kamaʻilio me nā ʻohana, a me nā kānaka e kamaʻilio i ko lākou makemake.
Ua aʻo kekahi pūʻulu ʻepekema i alakaʻi ʻia e Kauka Anna Rasson i nā moʻolelo o ke ola o nā orangutans ma Indonesian Borneo i nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, ua ʻike lākou i ka helu ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia mau monkey i nā hana. No laila, no ka laʻana, lawe kekahi wahine i kapa ʻia ʻo City i kahi lāʻau a hōʻike i kona hoa kanaka pehea e ʻoki ai i ka niu - no laila ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e makemake ʻo ia e kiʻi i ka ʻāpana niu me ka pahi.
Hoʻohana pinepine nā holoholona i ka gesticulation ke hāʻule ka hoʻāʻo mua e hoʻokumu i ka pilina. Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe noiʻi e wehewehe kēia i ke kumu e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai nā hana i ka wā e launa pū me nā kānaka.
"Loaʻa iaʻu ka manaʻo e manaʻo nei kēia mau holoholona he naʻaupō mākou no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo pono i kā lākou makemake iā mākou i kēia manawa, a ke manaʻo nei lākou i kekahi mau mea hoʻopailua i ka wā e "nau" ai i nā mea āpau me nā hana, wahi a Kauka Rasson.
Akā ʻo kēlā me kēia kumu, ua maopopo ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau orangutans i nā mana cognitive a hiki i kēlā manawa i manaʻo ʻia he kuleana kanaka wale nō.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka Rasson: “Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Gesticulation ma ka hoʻohālike, a ʻo ka hoʻohālike ponoʻī ʻo ia ka hiki ke aʻo, e aʻo ma ka nānā ʻana, ʻaʻole ma ka hana hou ʻana i nā hana. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ia he naʻauao ka poʻe orangutans ʻaʻole e hoʻohālike wale, akā e hoʻohana i kēia hoʻohālike no nā kumu ākea.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, hoʻomau mākou i ka pilina me nā holoholona a kahaha i ke kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou naʻauao mai ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai nā holoholona holoholona mua. Ua hoʻopuka hou ʻo Time Magazine i kahi ʻatikala e nānā ana i ka nīnau o ka naʻauao holoholona ma ka mālamalama o nā ʻikepili hou e pili ana i nā kūleʻa o Kanzi a me nā apes nui ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea nui, hōʻike nā mea kākau o ka ʻatikala ma ka Great Ape Trust e hānai ʻia nā monkey mai ka hānau ʻana mai i mea e pili ai ka kamaʻilio a me ka ʻōlelo i ko lākou ola.
E like me ka lawe ʻana o nā mākua i kā lākou mau keiki liʻiliʻi e hele wāwae a kamaʻilio pū me lākou e pili ana i nā mea a pau e hana nei a puni lākou, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo nā keiki i kekahi mea, kamaʻilio pū nā ʻepekema me nā pēpē chimpanzees.
ʻO Kanzi ka chimpanzee mua e aʻo i ka ʻōlelo, e like me nā keiki kanaka, ma ka noho ʻana i kahi ʻōlelo. A maopopo ke kōkua ʻana o kēia ʻano aʻo i nā chimpanzee e kamaʻilio maikaʻi me ke kanaka-ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki, me nā hale paʻakikī ma mua o ka wā ma mua.
ʻO kekahi o nā "'ōlelo" a nā chimps he mea weliweli. Ke nīnau ʻo Sue Savage-Rumbauch iā Kanzi, "Ua mākaukau ʻoe e pāʻani?" ma hope o ka pale ʻana iā ia mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pōleʻa āna e makemake ai e pāʻani, kuhikuhi ka chimpanzee i nā hōʻailona no ka "manawa lōʻihi" a "mākaukau" i kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa kokoke i ke kanaka.
I ka hāʻawi mua ʻia ʻana o Kanzi i kale e ʻono, ua ʻike ʻo ia he lōʻihi ka nau ʻana ma mua o ka letus, kahi āna i kamaʻāina mua ai, a kapa ʻia ʻo kale me kāna "punahele" he "lettuce lohi."
ʻO kekahi chimpanzee, ʻo Nyoto, makemake nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā honi a me nā mea ʻono, loaʻa iā ia kahi ala e noi ai - kuhikuhi ʻo ia i nā huaʻōlelo "manaʻo" a "honi", "ʻai" a me ka "ʻono" a pēlā mākou e loaʻa ai nā mea āpau a mākou i makemake ai. .
Ua hui pū ka hui o nā chimpanzees i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kahe a lākou i ʻike ai ma Iowa - kuhikuhi lākou i ka "nui" a me ka "wai". I ka noi ʻana i kā lākou meaʻai punahele, ka pizza, kuhikuhi nā chimpanzees i nā hōʻailona no ka berena, ka paʻakai, a me ka ʻōmato.
A hiki i kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke kanaka wale nō ka mana maoli o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo, ka moʻomeheu, ka pono a me ka ʻōlelo. Akā ʻo Kanzi a me nā chimpanzee ʻē aʻe e like me ia ke koi nei iā mākou e noʻonoʻo hou.
ʻO kekahi manaʻo kuhihewa maʻamau, ʻaʻole pilikia nā holoholona i ke ʻano o ke kanaka. ʻAʻole lākou he ala e noʻonoʻo ai a noʻonoʻo paha, a no laila ʻaʻole lākou e ʻike i ka hopohopo. ʻAʻohe o lākou manaʻo o ka wā e hiki mai ana a me ka ʻike i ko lākou make ponoʻī.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kumu o kēia manaʻo i loko o ka Baibala, kahi i kākau ʻia ai ua paʻa ke kanaka i ka mana ma luna o nā mea āpau, a ʻo Rene Descartes i ke kenekulia XNUMXth i hoʻohui ʻia "ʻaʻohe o lākou manaʻo." Hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao a i ʻole, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo kēlā me kēia ma hope o kekahi, ua hōʻole ʻia nā moʻolelo e pili ana i nā hiki (ʻoi aku ka pololei, hiki ʻole) o nā holoholona.
Ua manaʻo mākou he kanaka wale nō ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana i nā mea hana, akā i kēia manawa ua ʻike mākou ua hiki nō i nā manu, nā moʻo a me nā mea momona ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā Otters ke wāwahi i nā pūpū mollusk ma nā pōhaku no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻiʻo, akā ʻo kēia ka laʻana mua loa. Akā, ʻo ka crows, he ʻohana manu e komo pū ana me nā koʻo, nā magpies, a me nā jays, he mea akamai loa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana like ʻole.
I ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua, ua hana nā koʻo i nā makau mai ka uwea e ʻohi ai i kahi hīnaʻi meaʻai mai lalo o kahi paipu plastik. I ka makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻia e kahi kanaka noiʻi zoologist ma ke Kulanui o Cambridge ua ʻike kahi puʻu i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai i loko o ka hue i hiki ai iā ia ke komo a inu - ua hoʻolei ʻo ia i nā ʻiliʻili. ʻOi aku ka kupaianaha, ʻo ia ka manu i kamaʻāina i ke kānāwai o Archimedes – ma ka mua, ua ʻohi ʻo ia i nā pōhaku nui i mea e piʻi wikiwiki ai ka wai.
Ua manaʻo mau mākou e pili pono ana ka pae o ka naʻauao i ka nui o ka lolo. He lolo nui wale ko nā kohola pepehi kanaka - ma kahi o 12 paona, a he nui wale nā iʻa - ma kahi o 4 paona, ua like ia me ka lolo kanaka (e pili ana i 3 paona). Ua ʻike mau mākou he naʻauao nā koholā pepehi kanaka a me nā iʻa, akā inā mākou e hoʻohālikelike i ka ratio o ka lolo me ka nui o ke kino, a laila ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia ratio ma mua o kēia mau holoholona.
Akā ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi i nā nīnau hou e pili ana i ka pono o kā mākou mau manaʻo. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka lolo o ka Etruscan shrew he 0,1 grams wale nō, akā pili i ke kaumaha o ke kino o ka holoholona, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ko ke kanaka. Akā, pehea lā e wehewehe ai ʻo nā koo ka mea akamai loa i nā mea hana o nā manu a pau, ʻoiai he ʻuʻuku wale nō ko lākou lolo?
Ke hōʻike nei ka nui a me ka nui o nā ʻike ʻepekema e hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa mākou i ka hiki ke noʻonoʻo o nā holoholona.
Ua manaʻo mākou he kanaka wale nō ka manaʻo aloha a me ka lokomaikaʻi, akā ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hou e kanikau nā ʻelepani i ko lākou poʻe make a hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā monkey i ke aloha. Moe ka Elepani ma kahi kokoke i ke kino o ko lākou hoahānau i make me ke ʻano o ke kaumaha nui. Noho lākou ma kahi kokoke i ke kino no kekahi mau lā. ʻike lākou i ka hoihoi nui - a me ka mahalo - ke ʻike lākou i nā iwi o nā ʻelepani, nānā pono iā lākou, me ka nānā pono ʻana i ka iwi poʻo a me nā ʻiʻo.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Mac Mauser, ke kaukaʻi noʻonoʻo a me ka biology anthropological ma Harvard, hiki i nā ʻiole ke manaʻo aloha kekahi i kekahi: "I ka wā e ʻeha ai ka ʻiole a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e haʻalulu, ʻo nā ʻiole ʻē aʻe me ia."
Ma kahi noiʻi 2008, ua hōʻike ʻo Frans de Waal o ka Atlanta Research Center i ka ʻike ʻana i nā monkey capuchin he lokomaikaʻi.
I ka noi ʻia ʻana o ka monkey e koho ma waena o ʻelua ʻāpana ʻāpala nona iho, a i ʻole hoʻokahi ʻāpana ʻāpala i kēlā me kēia nona a me kāna hoa (kanaka!), ua koho ʻo ia i ka lua. A ʻike maopopo ʻia kēlā ʻano koho no nā monkey. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi e hana paha nā monkey i kēia no ka mea ʻike lākou i ka leʻaleʻa maʻalahi o ka hāʻawi ʻana. A pili kēia me kahi noiʻi e hōʻike ana e hoʻāla ʻia nā kikowaena "uku" i loko o ka lolo o ke kanaka ke hāʻawi manuahi ʻia kēlā kanaka.
A i kēia manawa - ke ʻike mākou ua hiki i nā monkey ke kamaʻilio me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōlelo - me he mea lā e nalowale ana ka pale hope ma waena o ke kanaka a me ka honua holoholona.
Hiki i nā kānakaʻepekema ke hoʻoholo i ka hikiʻole i nā holoholona ke hana i kekahi mau mea maʻalahi,ʻaʻole no ka hikiʻole iā lākou, akā no ka meaʻaʻole lākou i loaʻa ka manawa e hoʻomohala ai i kēia akamai. He laʻana maʻalahi. Ua ʻike nā ʻīlio i ke ʻano o ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kekahi mea, e like me ka lawelawe ʻana i ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka puddle i ʻike ʻia ma ka papahele. Hoʻomaopopo lākou i ke ʻano o kēia ʻano: aia kekahi ʻike a lākou e makemake ai e kaʻana like, a i kēia manawa ke huki nei lākou i kou manaʻo i ʻike ʻoe.
I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki i nā "apes nui", ʻoiai ko lākou naʻauao kiʻekiʻe a me nā lima lima lima, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana i kēia ʻano - kuhikuhi. Hoʻomaopopo kekahi poʻe noiʻi i kēia no ka ʻae ʻole ʻia o nā pēpē pēpē e haʻalele i ko lākou makuahine. Hoʻopau lākou i ko lākou manawa e pili ana i ka ʻōpū o ko lākou makuahine i kona neʻe ʻana mai kēlā wahi a i kēia wahi.
Akā,ʻo Kanzi, ka mea i ulu i ke pio, ua lawe pinepineʻia i nā lima o nā kānaka, a no laila ua kūʻokoʻa kona mau lima no ka kamaʻilioʻana. "I ka manawa o Kanzi he 9 mau mahina, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā hana e kuhikuhi ai i nā mea like ʻole," wahi a Sue Savage-Rumbauch.
Pēlā nō, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻōlelo no kekahi manaʻo (feeling). E noʻonoʻo pono e wehewehe ke kanaka i ke ʻano o ka "hauʻoli", inā ʻaʻohe huaʻōlelo kūikawā no kēia manaʻo.
Ua ʻike ʻo psychologist David Premack o ke Kulanui o Pennsylvania inā i aʻo ʻia nā chimpanzees i nā hōʻailona no nā huaʻōlelo "like" a "ʻokoʻa," a laila ua ʻoi aku ka lanakila ma nā hoʻokolohua e pono ai lākou e kuhikuhi i nā mea like a ʻokoʻa paha.
He aha ka mea a kēia mau mea e haʻi mai ai iā mākou nā kānaka? ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke hoʻomaka nei ka noiʻi ʻana i ka naʻauao a me ka ʻike o nā holoholona. Akā, ua maopopo loa ua noho naʻaupō mākou no ka manawa lōʻihi e pili ana i ka naʻauao o nā ʻano ʻano. ʻO ka ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi, ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona o nā holoholona i ulu i loko o ka noho pio ʻana i ka pilina pili me nā kānaka e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea hiki i ko lākou lolo. A ʻoiai mākou e aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i ko lākou mau manaʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manaʻolana e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pilina kuʻikahi ma waena o ke kanaka a me ka honua holoholona.
Loaʻa mai dailymail.co.uk