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Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Cognitive Behavioral Therapy kekahi o nā hana psychotherapeutic maikaʻi loa. Ma ka liʻiliʻi, ʻike maopopo ka poʻe loea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kēia ʻano. He aha nā kūlana e mālama ai, he aha nā ala e hoʻohana ai, a pehea ka ʻokoʻa mai nā wahi ʻē aʻe?
ʻO ka hopohopo a me ke kaumaha, nā maʻi ʻai a me nā phobias, nā kāne a me nā pilikia kamaʻilio - ke ulu nei ka papa inoa o nā nīnau e pane ai ka cognitive-behavioral therapy e pane i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO kēia keʻano o ka psychology ua loaʻa i ke ao holoʻokoʻa "ki i nā puka āpau", he lāʻau no nā maʻi āpau? A i ʻole nā mea maikaʻi o kēia ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau i ʻoi aku ka hoʻonui? E ho'āʻo kākou e noʻonoʻo.
E hoʻihoʻi i ka manaʻo
ʻO ka mua he behaviorism. ʻO kēia ka inoa o ka ʻepekema o ka hana (no laila ka inoa ʻelua o ka cognitive-behavioral therapy - cognitive-behavioral, a i ʻole CBT no ka pōkole). ʻO ka psychologist ʻAmelika ʻo John Watson ka mea mua i hāpai i ka hae o ka behaviorism i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX.
ʻO kāna kumumanaʻo he pane ia i ka hoihoi ʻEulopa me Freudian psychoanalysis. ʻO ka hānau ʻana o ka psychoanalysis i hui pū me kahi manawa o ka pessimism, decadent moods a me nā manaʻolana o ka hopena o ka honua. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia i loko o nā aʻo a Freud, nāna i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ke kumu o kā mākou pilikia nui ma waho o ka noʻonoʻo - i ka ʻike ʻole, a no laila he paʻakikī loa ke hoʻokō iā lākou.
Ma waena o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o waho a me ka pane ʻana iā ia he mea nui loa - ʻo ke kanaka ponoʻī
ʻO ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o ʻAmelika, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi maʻalahi, olakino olakino a me ka manaʻo maikaʻi. Ua manaʻo ʻo John Watson e kau ka manaʻo ma luna o ke ʻano o ke kanaka, i ke ʻano o kā mākou hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoulu o waho. A - e hana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kēia mau hopena.
Eia naʻe, ua holomua kēia ala ʻaʻole ma ʻAmelika wale nō. ʻO kekahi o nā makuakāne o ka behaviorism ʻo ka physiologist Lūkini ʻo Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, ka mea i loaʻa ka makana Nobel no kāna noiʻi a aʻo i nā reflexes a hiki i 1936.
Ua ʻike koke ʻia i kāna ʻimi ʻana i ka maʻalahi, ua hoʻolei aku ka behaviorism i ka pēpē me ka wai ʻauʻau - ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻemi ana i ke kanaka i ka huina o nā hopena a me ka bracketing i ka psyche e like me ia. A neʻe ka manaʻo ʻepekema ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hewa o ka ʻike, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka hohonu o ka ʻike ʻole.
I ka makahiki 1950 a me 1960, ua hoʻihoʻi ka psychologists ʻo Albert Ellis lāua ʻo Aaron Beck i ka psyche i kona wahi, me ka kuhikuhi pololei ʻana ma waena o kahi hoʻoulu ʻana o waho a me ka pane ʻana iā ia he mea koʻikoʻi loa - ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke kanaka ponoʻī. A i ʻole, kona manaʻo.
Inā psychoanalysis wahi i ke kumu o ka nui pilikia i loko o ka unconscious, inaccessible ia makou, a laila Beck a me Ellis manaʻo mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i incorrect «cognitions» - hewa o ka ike. ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i ka mea, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maʻalahi, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka hohonu hohonu o ka ʻike ʻole.
ʻO ka hana a Aaron Beck lāua ʻo Albert Ellis i manaʻo ʻia ke kumu o CBT i kēia lā.
Nā hewa o ka ʻike
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā hewa o ka ʻike. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi ka manaʻo e nānā i kekahi hanana e pili ana iā ʻoe iho. E ʻōlelo kākou ua pōʻeleʻele ka haku i kēia lā a aloha mai iā ʻoe ma kona mau niho. "Ua inaina ʻo ia iaʻu a ua kokoke paha e puhi iaʻu" he ʻano maʻamau i kēia hihia. ʻAʻole naʻe he ʻoiaʻiʻo.
ʻAʻole mākou e noʻonoʻo i nā kūlana a mākou i ʻike ʻole ai. Pehea inā maʻi ke keiki a ka haku? Ina ua hakaka oia me kana wahine? A i ʻole ua hoʻohewa wale ʻia ʻo ia ma kahi hālāwai me nā mea kuleana? Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke kāpae i ka hiki ke loaʻa i ka haku kekahi mea kūʻē iā ʻoe.
Akā i kēia hihia, ʻo ka haʻi hou ʻana "He mea weliweli, ua pau nā mea āpau" he hewa hoʻi o ka ʻike. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nīnau ʻana iā ʻoe iho inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i kekahi mea i ke kūlana a he aha nā pōmaikaʻi e haʻalele ai i kāu hana o kēia manawa.
ʻO ka maʻamau, lōʻihi ka psychotherapy, aʻo ka cognitive-behavioral therapy hiki ke lawe i nā manawa 15-20.
Hōʻike maopopo kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka "scope" o CBT, ʻaʻole ʻimi e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea pohihihi e hele ana ma hope o ka puka o ke keʻena moe o ko mākou mau mākua, akā kōkua e hoʻomaopopo i kahi kūlana kūikawā.
A ua lilo kēia ala i mea maikaʻi loa: "ʻAʻole kahi ʻano psychotherapy i loaʻa kahi kumu hōʻike ʻepekema," wahi a ka psychotherapist Yakov Kochetkov.
Ke kuhikuhi nei ʻo ia i kahi noiʻi a ka psychologist Stefan Hofmann e hōʻoia ana i ka pono o nā ʻenehana CBT.1: he loiloi nui o 269 mau ʻatikala, ʻo kēlā me kēia o ia mea, aia ka loiloi o nā haneli haneli.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka pono
"ʻO ka psychotherapy-behavioral psychotherapy a me ka psychoanalysis ka mea maʻamau i manaʻo ʻia ʻelua mau wahi nui o ka psychotherapy hou. No laila, ma Kelemānia, i mea e loaʻa ai kahi palapala mokuʻāina o kahi psychotherapist loea me ka kuleana e uku ma o nā waihona kālā inikua, pono e loaʻa ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kumu ma kekahi o lākou.
ʻO ka Gestalt therapy, psychodrama, systemic family therapy, ʻoiai ko lākou kaulana, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia wale nō nā ʻano o nā ʻano loea hou, "ʻōlelo ʻo psychologists Alla Kholmogorova lāua ʻo Natalia Garanyan.2. Ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻāina hoʻomohala āpau, no ka poʻe insurers, kōkua psychotherapeutic a me cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy ua aneane like.
Inā makaʻu ke kanaka i nā kiʻekiʻe, a laila i ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa e piʻi ʻo ia i ka balcony o kahi hale kiʻekiʻe ma mua o hoʻokahi.
No nā hui ʻinikua, ʻo nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi i hōʻoia ʻia e ka ʻepekema i ka pono, kahi ākea o nā noi a me kahi manawa pōkole o ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Hoʻopili ʻia kahi moʻolelo leʻaleʻa me ke kūlana hope loa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Aaron Beck i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ʻo ia e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka CBT, ua aneane ʻo ia e banekorupa. ʻO ka maʻamau, lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka psychotherapy, akā ma hope o kekahi mau kau, nui nā mea kūʻai aku i haʻi iā Aaron Beck ua hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia ko lākou mau pilikia, a no laila ʻaʻole lākou e ʻike i kahi hana hou. Ua emi loa ka uku o ka psychotherapist.
Ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka lōʻihi o ka papa CBT. "Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka wā pōkole (15-20 mau manawa i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi hopohopo) a i ka wā lōʻihi (1-2 mau makahiki i ka hihia o nā maʻi pilikino)," wahi a Alla Kholmogorova lāua ʻo Natalya Garanyan.
Akā ma ka awelika, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēia ma mua, no ka laʻana, kahi papa o ka psychoanalysis maʻamau. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he hoʻohui, akā he minus.
Hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻia ʻo CBT no ka hana haʻahaʻa, e hoʻohālikelike ana i kahi lāʻau ʻeha e hoʻomaha ai i nā hōʻailona me ka ʻole o ka pili ʻana i nā kumu o ka maʻi. "Hoʻomaka ka lāʻau cognitive hou me nā hōʻailona," wehewehe ʻo Yakov Kochetkov. "Akā, ʻo ka hana ʻana me nā manaʻoʻiʻo hohonu he hana nui nō hoʻi.
ʻAʻole mākou manaʻo he nui nā makahiki e hana pū me lākou. ʻO ka papa maʻamau he 15-20 mau hālāwai, ʻaʻole ʻelua pule. A ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka papa e hana ana me nā hōʻailona, a ʻo ka hapalua e hana ana me nā kumu. Eia kekahi, pili pū ka hana me nā hōʻailona i nā manaʻoʻiʻo hohonu.
Inā makemake ʻoe i kahi hōʻoluʻolu wikiwiki i kahi kūlana, a laila 9 o 10 mau loea ma nā ʻāina Komohana e ʻōlelo iā CBT
ʻO kēia hana, ma ke ala, ʻaʻole wale nā kamaʻilio me ka mea lapaʻau, akā ʻo ke ʻano hoʻolaha. Aia ia i ka hopena i hoʻomalu ʻia i ka mea kūʻai aku o nā kumu pono e lawelawe ai i kumu o nā pilikia.
No ka laʻana, inā makaʻu ke kanaka i ke kiʻekiʻe, a laila i ka wā o ka lāʻau lapaʻau e piʻi ʻo ia i ka balcony o kahi hale kiʻekiʻe ma mua o hoʻokahi. ʻO ka mua, me ka mea lapaʻau, a laila kūʻokoʻa, a i kēlā me kēia manawa i kahi papahele kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO kekahi moʻolelo ʻē aʻe mai ka inoa ponoʻī o ka lāʻau lapaʻau: ʻoiai e hana ana me ka ʻike, a laila ʻo ka mea lapaʻau he kumu aʻoaʻo noʻonoʻo ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ke aloha a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i nā mea e pili ana i nā pilina pilikino.
ʻAʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia. ʻO ka cognitive therapy no nā kāne, no ka laʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ma Kelemania he mea maikaʻi loa ia i ke kūlana o kahi papahana mokuʻāina.
Nui nā ala i hoʻokahi
"ʻAʻole ʻo CBT ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻololi a hoʻololi i nā ʻano hana psychotherapy ʻē aʻe," wahi a Yakov Kochetkov. "Akā, hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻo ia i nā ʻike o nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe, i kēlā me kēia manawa e hōʻoia i ko lākou pono ma o ka noiʻi ʻepekema."
ʻAʻole hoʻokahi ʻo CBT, akā nui nā lāʻau lapaʻau. A kokoke i kēlā me kēia maʻi i kēia lā he mau ʻano CBT ponoʻī. No ka laʻana, ua hana ʻia ka schema therapy no nā maʻi pilikino. "I kēia manawa ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ʻo CBT i nā hihia o nā psychoses a me nā maʻi bipolar," hoʻomau ʻo Yakov Kochetkov.
- Aia nā manaʻo i ʻaiʻē ʻia mai ka psychodynamic therapy. A i kēia manawa, ua paʻi ʻo The Lancet i kahi ʻatikala e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka CBT no nā poʻe maʻi me ka schizophrenia i hōʻole i ka lawe ʻana i ka lāʻau. A i kēia hihia, hāʻawi kēia ʻano i nā hopena maikaʻi.
ʻAʻole kēia manaʻo ua hoʻokumu hope ʻo CBT iā ia iho ʻo ka No. 1 psychotherapy. He nui kona mau hoahewa. Eia nō naʻe, inā makemake ʻoe i kahi hōʻoluʻolu wikiwiki i kahi kūlana, a laila ʻo 9 o 10 mau loea ma nā ʻāina Komohana e ʻōlelo aku e hoʻopili i kahi psychotherapist cognitive-behavioral.
1 S. Hofmann et al. "ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: He Review of Meta-analyzes." Paʻi pūnaewele ma ka puke pai Cognitive Therapy and Research mai 31.07.2012.
2 A. Kholmogorova, N. Garanyan "Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy" (ma ka hōʻiliʻili "The main directions of modern psychotherapy", Kogito-center, 2000).